flipv 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 


AND 


HIS  CAMPAIGNS 


OF 


1763  AND   1764. 


BY  REV.  CYRUS  CORT, 
\\ 

OF  GREENCASTLE,  FRANKLIN   COUNTY,  PA. 


LANCASTER,  PA. 

STBIWMAN  &  HENSEL.  PRINTERS. 

1883. 


B3 
•  7k 


Entered  According  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1888,  by 

CYRUS    CORT, 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 
f  *    AH  Rights  Reseryed.  c 


TO  THE  PRECIOUS  MEMORY  OF 

BEATRICE  BYERLY, 

WHO  ESCAPED  PONTIAC'S  CONFEDERATES  AND*  BORE  HER  TENDER 
BABES  THROUGH  THE  WILDERNESS  FROM  BUSHY  RUN  TO  FORT 
LIGONIER,  IN  1763;  WHO  ORGANIZED  AND  CONDUCTED  A  SUN 
DAY  SCHOOL  AT  FORT  WALTHOUR,  IN  WESTMORELAND  COUNTY, 
PENNSYLVANIA,  DURING  THE  DARK  AND  DANGEROUS  DAYS  OF 
THE  REVOLUTION,  AND  WHO  WAS  A  BLESSING  TO  HUNDREDS  OF 
PIONEER  SETTLERS  BY  HER  DEEDS  OF  CHRISTIAN  CHARITY  AND 
PATRIOTIC  DEVOTION  DURING  A  LONG  AND  EVENTFUL  LIFE  ON 
THE  FRONTIERS,  THIS  LITTLE  VOLUME  IS  DEDICATED  BY  ONE 
OF  HER  GRATEFUL  DESCENDANTS. 

THOUGH  HEAVEN  ALONE  RECORDS  THE  TEAR, 
AND  FAME  SHALL   NEVER  KNOW  HER  STORY, 
HER   HEART  HAS  SHED   A   DROP  AS  DEAR 
AS  E'ER  BEDEWED   THE  FIELD  OF  GLORY." 


M212531 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Introduction, I 

Bouquet's  Birth-place, 4 

Bouquet  Leaves  Home, 6 

How  he  Spent  Leisure  Time, 7 

Enters  British  Service — Royal  Americans, 8 

Goes  to  Philadelphia, 9 

Forbes'  Expedition  and  Dispute  with  Washington, 10 

Bouquet  in  Command, 1 6 

Byerly  at  Bushy  Run, 17 

Pontiac's  Conspiracy, 1 8 

Siege  of  Detroit, 20 

Siege  of  Forts  Pitt  and  Ligonier, 21 

Flight  of  Byerlys  to  Fort  Ligonier, 23 

Defence  of  Forts  Ligonier  and  Bedford, 27 

The  Situation  at  Carlisle, 30 

The  March  to  Bedford, 33 

The  March  to  Ligonier, 34 

Bushy  Run  Battle, 36 

Report  of  First  Day's  Fight  Near  Bushy  Run, 38 

Second  Day's  Fight,  August  6, 39 

Bouquet's  Report  of  Second  Day's  Fight, 44 

Ownership  of  Bushy  Run  Tract, 51 

Evil  Results  of  Provincial  Apathy, 55 

Massacre  of  School-master  and  Scholars, 58 

Campaign  of  1 764, 6l 

Desertion  of  Provincial  Troops, 62 

Arrival  at  Fort  Pitt, 63 

The  March  into  Ohio, 63 

Council  on  the  Muskingum — Captives  Restored, 64 

Public  Thanks  to  Bouquet, 72 

Injustice  and  Ingratitude  of  Virginia, 73 

Promotion  to  Brigadier, 74 

Leaving  for  Pensacola — Will  and  Death, 75 

Bouquet's  Grave  Unknown, 7$ 

A  Monument  Due  Bouquet, 81 

Concluding  Remarks, 83 

Pontiac's  Submission, 84 

His  Assassination  and  its  Expiation, 85 

Westmoreland  County  Before  and  During  the  War, 88 

Attack  on  Hannastown, 93 

Addenda, .  96 


COL  HENRY  BOUQUET 


HIS  CAMPAIGNS  OF  1763  AND  1764. 


INTRODUCTION. 

On  the  26th  of  April  1883,  a  meeting  was  held  in  the 
arbitration  room  of  the  court  house  at  Greensburg,  West 
moreland  county,  Pa.,  to  consider  the  propriety  of  cele 
brating  the  1 20th  anniversary  of  the  victory  of  Col.  Henry 
Bouquet  at  Bushy  Run,  August  5  and  6,  1763,  over  the 
Confederates  of  Pontiac. 

Ex-Lieut. -Gov.  John  Latta  was  called  to  the  chair,  and 
Gen'l  Richard  Coulter  and  Hon.  Jacob  Turney  were 
elected  Vice  Presidents  ;  Maj.  Jas.  M.  Laird,  Frank  Vo- 
gle  and  Curtis  Gregg  were  chosen  as  Secretaries. 

By  request  of  the  meeting  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort,  a  resident 
of  Greencastle,  Pa.,  but  a  native  of  Greensburg,  Pa.,  was 
called  upon  to  address  the  meeting,  which  he  did  for  over 
half  an  hour,  eulogizing  the  character  and  achievements  of 
Bouquet  and  showing  the  far-reaching  results  of  his  de 
cisive  victory  at  Bushy  Run.  Rev.  Cort  read  a  letter 
from  Hon.  Joseph  H.  Kuhns,  regretting  his  inability  to  be 
present  and  heartily  approving  the  object  of  the  meeting 
in  its  efforts  to  honor  the  memory  of  Bouquet,  whose 
march  and  victory  in  1763  were  wonderful  military 
achievements  and  did  much  to  promote  the  rapid  settle 
ment  of  the  west. 

On  motion,  Revs.  J.  W.  Love,  W.  W.  Moorehead,  Lucien 
Cort  and  Philip  Kuhns,  Dr.  Kline  and  A.  M.  Sloan,  Esq., 
A 


<  *  c '  COL   HENRY  BOUQUET 

were  appointed  a  committee  to  draft  resolutions  expressive 
of  the  sense  of  the  meeting.  The  following  were  reported: 

Resolved,  That  in  the  judgment  of  this  meeting,  it  is  emi 
nently  right  and  proper  to  commemorate  the  1 2oth  anniversary 
of  the  victory  of  Col.  Henry  Bouquet  over  Pontiac's  confederates 
at  Bushy  Run,  August  5th  and  6th,  1763. 

Resolved,  That  inasmuch  as  August  5th  comes  on  Sunday 
this  year,  and  inasmuch  as  all  the  interests  of  humanity  and 
Christian  civilization  were  promoted  by  the  decisive  victory  of 
Bouquet,  we  would  respectfully  suggest  to  the  pastors  of  all  of 
our  churches  in  the  town  and  county,  the  propriety  of  making 
such  special  reference  to  the  anniversary,  in  their  regular  religious 
services,  as  in  their  judgment  may  be  right  and  proper. 

Resolved,  That  the  victory  of  Bouquet  be  commemorated  Au 
gust  6th,  in  the  grove  of  the  old  Bushy  Run  battle-field,  by  a 
public  celebration,  embracing  addresses,  a  poem,  a  military  dis 
play,  pic-nic,  dinner,  &c. 

Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  arrangements,  to  secure  and 
prepare  the  grounds ;  a  committe  on  finance,  to  raise  funds  to 
defray  necessary  expenses  of  the  celebration,  and  a  committee 
to  invite  speakers,  distinguished  guests,  military  organizations, 
&c.,  be  appointed. 

The  resolutions  were  adopted  and  committees  in  ac 
cordance  appointed,  as  follows: 

Commitee  of  Arrangements  to  Secure  and  Prepare  Grounds 
for  the  Celebration. — Amos  B.  Kline,  J.  B.  Laux,  Lewis  Wanna- 
maker,  E.  F.  Houseman,  Lewis  Gongaware,  William  Moore, 
Mr.  Shadwick,  Jos.  Clark,  Robert  Byerly,  Wm.  G.  Shuster,  Ab- 
ner  Cort. 

Committee  on  Finance. — Jas.  Gregg,  Esq.,  Geo.  F.  Huff,  Capt. 
J.  J.  Wirsing,  Dr.  Sowash,  Wm.  B.  Skelly,  Paul  Lauffer,  David 
Snyder,  John  Rankin,  Sebastian  Baer,  Esq.,  Hon.  N.  M.  Marker, 
H.  F.  Ludwick,  Esq.,  Hon.  John  Hugus,  and  George  Plumer 
Smith  of  Philadelphia. 

Committee  on  Invitation. — General  R.  Coulter,  Hon.  Jos.  H. 
Kuhns,  Hon.  Jacob  Turney,  Hon.  John  Latta,  Maj.  James  M. 
Laird,  G.  D.  Albert,  Esq.,  John  A.  Marchand,  Esq.,  Dr.  Frank 
Cowan. 

The  annexed  resolution  was  likewise  adopted: 

Resolved,  That  the  chairmen  of  the  three  committees  afore 
said  be  an  executive  committee  to  fill  all  vacancies  and  have  a 
general  oversight  of  the  celebration. 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  3 

A  discussion  then  took  place  in  regard  to  the  advisabil 
ity  of  issuing  a  pamphlet  for  popular  circulation,  giving  a 
sketch  of  Col.  Bouquet  and  his  campaigns.  It  was  felt 
that  such  a  work  would  form  a  very  important  factor  in 
the  celebration,  and  the  sentiment  of  the  meeting  was  that 
it  should  be  issued  without  delay.  Next  day  Rev.  C.  Cort 
received  a  letter  from  Gen.  Richard  Coulter,  A.  B.  Kline, 
Esq.,  and  James  Gregg,  Esq.,  stating  that  it  was  the 
sense  of  the  meeting  that  a  pamphlet,  consisting  of  one 
hundred  pa.ges,  should  be  prepared  as  soon  as  possible, 
containing  a  historical  sketch  of  Bouquet  and  all  matters 
of  colonial  interest  bearing  especially  on  his  campaign 
against  the  Confederates  of  Pontiac.  These  gentlemen, 
forming  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  celebration,  also 
stated  further  that  it  was  their  wish  that  he  (Rev.  C.) 
should  prepare  the  aforesaid  pamphlet.  This  task  was 
accepted  as  a  labor  of  love,  with  the  understanding  that 
the  writer  would  assume  all  pecuniary  responsibilities,  and 
that  if  any  profits  resulted  from  the  sale  of  the  book  or 
pamphlet  above  necessary  cost  of  publication,  the  pro 
ceeds  should  be  devoted  to  a  fund  for  a  monument  to 
Bouquet 

As  the  time  was  limited,  and  the  duties  of  a  large  and 
laborious  pastoral  charge  devolved  upon  the  writer,  the 
work  has  been  prepared  in  great  haste,  but  with  conscien 
tious  care  and  fidelity  to  the  facts  of  history  and  reliable 
traditions.  I  would  gratefully  acknowledge  my  obliga 
tions  to  writings  of  Francis  Parkman,  Geo.  Harrison 
Fisher,  C.  W.  Butterfield  and  the  Penn'a  Historical  Soci- 
ty  for  valuable  assistance  in  preparing  this  imperfect  sketch 
of  the  best  military  man  and  one  of  the  finest  gentlemen 
and  scholars  of  colonial  times.  May  it  help  to  rescue  from 
oblivion  the  memory  of  a  truly  good  and  great  man, 
whose  heroic  efforts  saved  our  colonial  ancestors  from  the 
tomahawk  and  scalping  knife  and  established  the  suprem 
acy  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race  in  the  valley  of  the  Mis 
sissippi. 

Dr.  Wm  Smith's  publication  in  1765,  and  Dumas'  sketch 
in  1769,  form  the  basis  of  this  present  effort  to  present 
the  facts  of  his  life  for  general  circulaton. 


4  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

At  a  meeting  of  the  executive  committee  and  commit 
tee  on  invitation,  at  which  Rev.  Cort  was  present,  June 
1 9th,  it  was  decided  to  issue  special  invitations  to  the 
governors  of  Pennsylvania,  Ohio  and  West  Virginia,  to 
the  British  Minister,  Swiss  Consul,  Gen.  R.  C.  Drum,  &c. 
Also  that  Rev.  Samuel  Wilson,  D.D.,  Gen.  James  A.  Bea 
ver,  Hon.  W.  S.  Stenger  and  W.  U.  Hensel,  Esq.,  be  in 
vited  to  deliver  addresses  at  the  celebration  on  the  battle 
field,  Aug.  6  ;  Dr.  Frank  Cowan  to  read  a  poem,  and  Dr. 
Wm.  H.  Egle  to  read  a  paper. 

May  the  skies  be  bright  and  all  things  propitious. 

BOUQUET'S  BIRTH-PLACE. 

HENRY  BOUQUET,  the  subject  of  our  sketch,  was  born 
at  Rolle,  a  small  Swiss  town  on  the  northern  shore  of  Lake 
Geneva  in  1719.  This  town  at  that  time  belonged  to  the 
Canton  of  Berne,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  influential  Can 
tons  of  the  Swiss  Confederation.  It  now  belongs  to  the 
Caiiton  of  Vaud,  which  is  a  part  of  French  Switzerland,  the 
dialect  spoken  being  the  Vaudois.  The  inhabitants  since 
Reformation  days  have  been  chiefly  members  of  the  Re 
formed  church,  and  always  ardent  lovers  of  civil  and  reli 
gious  liberty.  They  are  noted  for  industry  and  intelligence. 

From  this  part  of  Switzerland  comes  a  large  proportion 
of  the  Swiss  teachers  and  governesses  to  be  met  with  in  all 
parts  of  the  world. 

Lansanne,  the  capital  of  the  Canton  Vaud,  is  pictur 
esquely  situated  on  the  southern  slope  of  the  Jura  moun 
tains  and  near  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Geneva.  It  is 
distinguished  for  its  religious,  educational  and  scientific 
institutions.  The  beautiful  Gothic  Cathedral,  begun  in 
the  joth  and  completed  in  the  i3th  century,  adorns  the 
city  and  helps  to  attract  vast  crowds  of  visitors  from  all 
parts  of  the  world.  Here  Gibbon,  the  historian  resided 
many  years,  and  here  he  wrote  the  greater  part  of  his 
great  work  on  the  "  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Em 
pire."  Here,  in  the  western  corner  of  Switzerland,  between 
the  Jura  and  the  Bernese  Alps,  near  the  French  borders, 
Henr\  Bouquet  first  saw  the  light.  Amid  the  most  beau- 


AND  JUS  CAMPAIGNS.  5 

tiful  scenery  on  the  northern  shores  of  the  celebrated  Lake 
Geneva  which  is  fifty  miles  long  and  eight  wide,  amid  or 
chards,  vineyards  and  fertile  farming  and  pasture  lands,  in 
full  view  of  Mount  Blanc  and  the  most  inspiring  Alpine 
scenery  he  spent  the  formative  days  of  childhood  and 
youth.  All  these  left  their  impress  upon  his  soul  and 
aided  greatly  in  forming  the  noble  and  heroic  character 
which  shone  forth  resplendantly  in  his  future  eventful 
career,  both  in  the  old  world  and  the  new. 

Little  is  known  of  the  family  of  Bouquet.  The  Deutsche 
Pioneer  of  Cincinnati  has  contended  that  his  family  name 
was  originally  Strauss  from  which  it  was  changed  into 
Bouquet,  its  French  equivalent,  when  our  hero  had  fairly 
begun  his  military  career. 

This  is  certainly  a  mistake  founded  on  mere  conjecture 
based  on  the  analogy  of  such  changes  as  Schoenberg  to 
Belmont,  etc.  There  is  no  reliable  evidence  to  show  that 
Bouquet  ever  changed  his  family  name,  much  less  to  show 
that  he  had  any  special  predilection  for  France  or  the 
French.  The  Vaudois  people  amongst  whom  he  was  born 
and  reared  have  always  spoken  a  French  dialect,  and  in 
that  language  particularly  he  doubtless  received  his  edu 
cation.  But  it  is  a  noteworthy  fact  that  Bouquet  always 
fought  against  France.  He  seemed  to  regard  her  as  the 
representative  of  civil  and  religious  despotism,  and  he  gal 
lantly  fought  against  her  under  the  banner  of  the  govern 
ment  which  for  the  time  being  best  represented  the  cause 
and  principles  of  constitutional  liberty. 

I  have  before  me  a  copy  of  Bouquet's  last  Will  and 
Testament  made  June  5,  1765,  from  which  I  transcribe  a 
clause,  viz  :  "  I  give  and  bequeath  to  my  father,  if  then 
living,  or  after  him  to  Colonel  Lewis  Bouquet  and  heirs 
all  the  effects  of  any  nature  whatsoever  which  I  may  die 
possessed  of  in  the  Continent  of  Europe  without  excep 
tion."  This  would  indicate  that  Bouquet  was  the  original 
and  genuine  family  name,  and  not  merely  the  result  of  a 
capricious  predilection  for  foreign  terms.  It  would  indi 
cate  also  that  the  family  was  not  so  obscure  as  some  have 
supposed.  Mr.  Koradi,  the  Swiss  consul,  has  undertaken 
to  gather  data  on  this  point  which  we  hope  will  be  on 
hand  at  an  early  day. 


6  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

The  war  of  American  Independence  which  was  loom 
ing  up  at  the  time  of  Bouquet's  death  in  1765,  and  the 
fact  that  Col.  Frederick  Haldirnand,  his  executor,  and  to 
a  large  extent  the  legatee  of  his  American  possessions  re 
mained  loyal  to  King  George  III.  in  that  struggle,  pre 
vented  proper  examination  of  these  matters  by  those  most 
interested  in  Bouquet's  career  over  a  hundred  years  ago. 
This  accounts  in  a  measure  also  for  the  obscurity  and  com 
parative  injustice  connected  with  the  treatment  of  Bou 
quet  by  writers  of  Colonial  history. 

A  hundred  and  twenty  years  ago  his  name  was  a  house 
hold  word  in  America,  and  the  memory  of  his  heroic 
deeds  was  cherished  for  a  generation  with  fond  affection, 
by  descendants  of  pioneer  settlers  whom  he  had  rescued 
from  the  tomahawk  of  the  red  savages.  Perhaps  because 
he  was  a  Swiss  and  gained  his  greatest  distinction  in  the 
British  service  on  Pennsylvania  soil  in  Colonial  times  the 
muse  of  history  and  poetry  has  failed  to  embalm  and  per 
petuate  his  name  and  achievements  in  a  more  worthy  and 
grateful  manner. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  the  time  has  come  when  the  grateful 
and  intelligent  descendants  of  pioneer  Colonial  settlers, 
and  all  public  spirited  citizens  are  called  upon  to  remedy 
the  defect  and  rectify  the  wrongs  or  omissions  of  a  cen 
tury,  as  regards  the  memory  of  one  of  the  very  best  men 
that  trod  this  continent  before  our  country  became  a  free 
and  independent  republic.  To  this  end  I  have  begun  this 
narrative  as  an  aid  to  the  forthcoming  celebration  of  the 
one  hundred  and  twentieth  anniversary  of  the  victory  of 
Bouquet  over  the  confederates  of  Pontiac  at  Bushy  Run, 
Aug.  6,  1763. 

BOUQUET    LEAVES    HOME. 

Growing  up  amid  the  inspiring  scenery  of  liberty  loving 
Switzerland,  Bouquet  sought  a  theatre  more  commensurate 
with  his  talents  and  aspirations  than  the  narrow  confines 
bounded  by  his  native  Alps.  In  1736  at  the  age  of  seven 
teen  he  made  his  way  along  the  historic  Rhine  to  the  Low 
lands  of  Holland  and  entered  the  service  of  the  Dutch 
Republic,  as  a  cadet  in  the  Regiment  of  Constant.  In 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  7 

1738  he  obtained  the  commission  of  an  ensign  in  the  same 
regiment.  He  thus  began  his  career  under  the  govern 
ment  that  long  had  championed  the  cause  of  civil  and  re 
ligious  liberty,  and  which  was  the.  forerunner  of  our  own 
great  Republic.  The  King  of  Sardinia,  whose  country 
borders  on  Switzerland  near  the  home  of  Bouquet,  became 
involved  in  a  war  with  the  combined  forces  of  France  and 
Spain,  then  leading  powers  of  Europe.  Bouquet  entered 
the  Sardinian  service  and  distinguished  himself  greatly 
first  as  lieutenant,  and  afterwards  as  adjutant  in  several 
memorable  and  ably  conducted  campaigns.  At  the  battle 
of  Cony  especially  did  he  display  great  presence  of  mind 
and  strategic  talent  in  occupying  a  perilous  position  in 
such  a  way  that  his  men  were  not  aware  of  the  imminent 
risk  to  which  they  were  exposed.  His  very  accurate  and 
interesting  accounts  of  these  campaigns  sent  to  Holland, 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  Prince  of  Orange,  and  in 
duced  him  to  secure  the  services  of  Bouquet  in  the  army 
of  the  Dutch  Republic.  He  entered  it  in  1748  as  captain 
commandant  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant  colonel  of  the 
Swiss  guards,  a  regiment  lately  formed  at  the  Hague. 

He  was  sent  at  once  with  Generals  Burmannia  and  Cor- 
nabe  to  receive  from  the  French  the  posts  in  the  Low 
Countries  about  to  be  evacuated,  and  the  prisoners  of  war 
given  up  to  the  Republic  by  France  at  the  close  of  the 
war,  according  to  the  terms  of  the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle.  A  few  months  later  he  accepted  an  invitation  to 
accompany  Lord  Middleton  in  a  tour  through  France 
and  Italy.  It  is  supposed  that  in  his  intimate  associations 
with  this  nobleman,  Bouquet  gained  his  surprising  knowl 
edge  of  the  English  language  which  he  wrote  better  than 
the  great  majority  of  English  officers. 

HOW    BOUQUET    SPENT    LEISURE    TIME. 

On  his  return  to  the  Hague,  Bouquet  devoted  every 
moment  not  needed  in  the  discharge  of  regimental  duties, 
to  the  careful  study  of  matters  pertaining  to  military  art 
and  tactics,  especially  of  the  higher  mathematics  which 
forms  their  basis.  At  the  Hague  he  always  moved  in  the 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

best  society  and  cultivated  the  friendship  of  the  learned 
Professors  Hemsterhius,  Keening  and  Allamand  and  other 
leading  men  in  every  department  of  science. 

Instead  of  gambling  and  carousing  as  many  military 
men  are  wont  to  do  when  off  active  duty,  Bouquet  always 
improved  his  leisure  moments,  by  enlarging  his  acquisi 
tions  of  knowledge.  At  Philadelphia  he  was  a  great  favor 
ite  in  the  most  intelligent  circles  and  enjoyed  the  confiden 
tial  friendship  of  Chief  Justice  Allen,  Benj.  Chew,  the 
Attorney  General,  Dr.  Wm.  Smith  Provost  of  the  Univer 
sity  and  Bertram  the  Botanist.  His  tastes,  like  his  talents, 
were  of  a  high  order. 

ENTERS    BRITISH    SERVICE.       ROYAL    AMERICANS. 

In  1754  war  broke  out  between  France  and  England  on 
a  scale  that  involved  two  continents.  It  was  resolved  to 
raise  a  corps  under  the  name  of  Royal  Americans  con 
sisting  of  four  battallions  each  containing  one  thousand 
men.  It  was  proposed  to  fill  the  ranks  of  this  regiment 
by  enlisting  Protestant  German  and  Swiss  settlers  in  Penn 
sylvania  and  Maryland,  who  for  the  most  part  were  un 
able  to  speak  or  understand  the  English  language, 

About  $400,000  was  voted  for  this  purpose  by  Parlia 
ment.  Smollet,  in  speaking  of  these  German  and  Swiss 
settlers  says  :  "  As  they  were  all  zealous  Protestants  and 
in  general  strong,  hardy  men  accustomed  to  the  climate,  it 
was  judged  that  a  regiment  of  good  and  faithful  soldiers 
might  be  raised  out  of  them,  particularly  proper  to  oppose 
the  French  ;  but  to  this  end  it  was  necessary  to  appoint 
some  officers,  especially  subalterns,  who  understood  mili 
tary  discipline  and  could  speak  the  German  language  ;  and 
as  a  sufficient  number  of  such  could  not  be  found  among 
the  English  officers  it  was  necessary  to  bring  over  and 
grant  commissions  to  several  German  and  Swiss  officers 
and  engineers.  But  as  this  step  by  the  Act  of  Settlement 
could  not  be  taken  without  the  authority  of  Parliament,  an 
act  was  now  passed  for  enabling  his  majesty  to  grant  com 
missions  to  a  certain  number  of  foreign  Protestants  who 
had  served  abroad  as  officers  or  engineers  to  act  and  rank 
as  officers  or  engineers  in  America  only." 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  9 

Henry  Bouquet  and  his  intimate  friend  and  countryman 
Frederick  Haldiman  were  appointed  lieutenant  colonels  of 
this  Royal  American  Brigade,  and  as  colonels  command 
ant  each  of  a  thousand  men  were  placed  on  an  equality 
with  the  colonel-in-chief.  They  were  allowed  to  select 
subordinate  officers  especially  for  the  artillery  and  engi 
neer  departments,  and  these  were  chosen  with  rare  judg 
ment,  for  the  most  part  from  the  lately  disbanded  armies 
of  the  Dutch  Republic.  Hence  it  was  that  such  gallant 
soldiers  and  good  scholars  as  Ecuyer,  a  countryman  of  Bou 
quet,  obtained  command  in  this  famous  regiment. 

Sir  Joseph  Yorke  major  general  and  English  minister 
to  the  Dutch  Republic  was  mainly  instrumental  in  the 
creation  of  this  body  of  troops  and  also  in  securing  the 
services  of  such  able  continental  commanders  as  Haldi- 
mand  and  Bouquet.  Fifty  of  the  officers  might  be  foreign 
Protestants  according  to  the  Act  of  Parliament,  while  the 
enlisted  men  were  to  be  raised  principally  amopg  the 
German  settlers  in  America. 

Bouquet  sailed  for  America  in  the  summer  of  1756,  the 
year  after  Braddock's  disastrous  defeat.  Lord  Loudoun 
was  colonel  of  the  Royal  American  corps  and  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  British  army  in  America.  Like  some  other 
British  officers  of  Colonial  days  he  was  haughty  and  blust 
ering  in  peaceful  communities,  but  very  slow  in  facing  the 
foe  where  actual  danger  and  military  duty  called.  As  re 
marked  by  a  friend  of  Franklin,  Loudoun  was  like  the  figure 
of  St.  George,  painted  on  the  sign  boards — always  on 
horseback  but  never  riding  on. 

BOUQUET    GOES    TO    PHILADELPHIA. 

Under  the  orders  of  Londoun  Bouquet  first  appears  in 
Philadelphia  late  in  the  Fall  of  1756,  in  command  of  550 
officers  and  men,  consisting  of  a  battallion  of  Royal  Ame 
ricans  and  two  independent  companies.  A  demand  for 
comfortable  quarters  for  the  troops  did  not  meet  the  re 
sponse  from  the  Assembly  which  the  Governor  and  Brit 
ish  officers  deemed  proper,  and  considerable  bad  blood 
was  stirred  up,  which,  under  a  less  judicious  officer  than 


TO  COL.   HENRY  BOUQUET 

Bouquet  might  have  resulted  disastrously  to  all  concerned. 
The  breach  of  faith  on  the  part  of  the  sheriff  in  laying  the 
warrant  for  lodgings  in  private  houses  prematurely  before 
the  Assembly,  almost  led  to  a  collision  between  the  civil 
and  military  authorities.  Had  Londoun  himself  been 
present  at  Philadelphia  it  is  probable  that  the  sack  and 
pillage  of  part  of  the  city  would  have  been  the  outcome  of 
this  dispute.  During  the  remainder  of  the  winter  matters 
moved  along  smoothly,  and  Bouquet  mingled  in  the  best 
intellectual  and  social  circles  of  the  city.  He  was  particu 
larly  intimate  with  the  Shippen  family,  and  formed  a  very 
tender  attachment  for  a  Miss  Anne  Willing,  whose  mother 
was  a  Shippen.  He  carried  on  a  very  interesting  corres 
pondence  with  this  young  lady,  even  amid  the  cares  and 
turmoils  of  the  camp,  verifying  in  a  measure  the  sentiment 
of  the  old  Castillian  song. 

" 'Tis  the  spirit  most  gallant  in  war 
That  is  fondest  and  truest  in  love." 

In  May,  1757,  Bouquet  was  ordered  to  South  Carolina 
with  a  detachment  of  Royal  Americans.  In  September  he 
wrote  that  his  men  were  fast  dying  of  the  fever,  and  he 
seemed  anxious  for  a  more  healthy  location.  In  a  quarrel 
that  arose  between  Governor  Lyttleton  and  the  Assembly 
of  South  Carolina,  Bancroft  tells  us  that  Bouquet  suc 
cessfully  acted  the  part  of  a  conciliator. 

FORBES'  EXPEDITION  AND  DISPUTE  WITH  WASHINGTON. 

Military  matters  were  in  a  very  lethargic  state  in  America 
during  1756  and  1757*  until  William  Pitt  took  the  reins 
with  a  master  hand  and  a  giant's  grasp.  A  change  soon 
came  over  the  face  of  affairs.  New  Jersey,  New  York  and 
New  England  were  to  assist  in  Northern  campaigns  against 
the  French.  Pennsylvania  and  the  more  Southern  colo 
nies  were  to  aid  in  the  conquest  of  the  WTest,  and  finish 
the  work  in  which  Braddock  so  miserably  failed  three 
years  previous.  England  was  to  provide  arms,  ammunition 
and  tents,  and  even  in  the  end,  reimburse  the  colonies  for 
all  other  expenses.  With  this  expectation  Pennsylvania 
went  into  the  the  campaign  of  1758  with  great  earnestness 


A  NO  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  T  r 

and  furnished  2,700  men  for  the  expedition  against  Fort 
Duquesne. 

General  John  Forbes,  a  brave  and  meritorious  Scotch 
officer,  was  placed  in  command. 

Bouquet  was  re-called  from  South  Carolina  with  his 
Royal  Americans  and  given  charge  of  the  First  Division, 
while  Colonel  George  Washington  had  command  of  the 
Second  Division,  Virginia  having  furnished  2,600  troops 
for  the  campaign.  Bouquet  was  at  Fort  Bedford  early  in 
July,  with  a  part  of  the  forces  in  advance  of  the  main 
army.  Washington  was  at  Fort  Cumberland,  30  or  40 
miles  south  of  Bedford.  July  25,  he  wrote  Bouquet,  ear 
nestly  advising  that  the  expedition  should  advance  at  once 
by  the  Braddock  road  from  Cumberland,  instead  of  de 
laying  to  cut  a  aoad  through  the  wilderness  of  Pennsylva 
nia  to  Fort  Duquesne.  But  Bouquet  did  not  see  it  in  that 
light.  He  thought  that  a  new  road  was  demanded  by  the 
exigencies  of  the  situation.  As  a  military  necessity,  and 
on  account  of  other  important  considerations,  he  proposed 
to  cut  one  by  as  short  and  direct  a  route  as  possible  to 
the  Loyalhannah  creek.  Washington  bitterly  opposed  this, 
and  some  very  sharp  correspondence  ensued  on  the  sub 
ject.  Bouquet's  motives  have  been  impugned  by  some 
writers,  and  it  has  been  asserted  by  Hildreth  that  the 
choice  was  made  in  the  interest  of  Pennsylvania  land  specu 
lators.  But  he  adduces  no  evidence  to  prove  his  asser 
tion.  It  is  enough  to  know  that  Bouquet's  route  was 
nearly  fifty  miles  shorter  from  Bedford  to  Duquesne  than 
the  Cumberland  route.  This  would  commend  it  in  a  mili 
tary  point  of  view,  and  the  subsequent  course  of  events 
fully  vindicated  the  wisdom  of  Bouquet  in  selecting  it  in 
spite  of  the  strenuous  opposition  of  the  Father  of  our 
Country.  Great  and  good  as  Washington  was,  or  after 
wards  became,  he  was  still  human,  and,  as  an  ardent  Vir 
ginian,  looked  with  a  jealous  eye  upon  any  project  that 
would  tend  to  rob  Virginia  of  her  wonted  prestige.  His 
two  older  brothers  were  members  of  the  Ohio  Land  Com 
pany,  whose  interests  were  at  stake  in  this  affair.  Besides 
the  monopoly  of  the  Indian  fur  traffic  would  pass  from  the 
hands  of  Virginia  traders,  if  a  more  direct  and  rival  route 


I  2  COL.  HENR  Y  BO  UQ  VET 

were  opened  up  through  the  province  of  Pennsylvania  to 
the  headwaters  of  the  Ohio.  Selfish  considerations  are 
just  as  likely  to  have  influenced  the  one  side  as  the  other. 
When  we  recollect  the  long  contest  for  the  Monongahela 
region  and  a  large  part  of  Westmoreland  county  as  origi 
nally  constituted,  reaching  through  the  dark  days  of  the 
Revolution,  even  after  the  new  road  was  made,  we  need 
not  wonder  at  the  jealousy  and  opposition  of  Virginians  to 
any  project  or  enterprise  that  would  in  the  least  jeopardize 
their  supremacy  in  that  coveted  locality. 

Washington  could  not  yield  the  point  with  a  very  good 
grace.  He  predicted  defeat  and  disaster  to  the  expedi 
tion.  September  i,  he  writes  "All  is  dwindled  into  ease, 
sloth  and  fatal  inactivity.  Nothing  but  a  miracle  can 
bring  the  campaign  to  a  happy  issue."  Bouquet  convinced 
Forbes  that,  the  proposed  new  route  was  preferable,  and 
Col.  James  Burd  was  sent  forward  to  cut  a  way  through 
the  forest  and  erect  a  stockade  at  Loyalhannah.  Col. 
Armstrong,  who  was  a  captain  in  this  expedition,  wrote 
under  date  of  Raystown,  (Bedford)  October  3,  1758,  to 
Richard  Peters  "  The  general  (Forbes)  came  here  at  a 
critical  and  seasonable  juncture  ;  he  is  weak  but  his  spirit 
is  good  and  his  head  clear,  firmly  determined  to  proceed 
as  far  as  force  and  provisions  will  admit,  which  through 
divine  favor  will  be  far  enough.  ******* 
The  Virginians  are  much  chagrined  at  the  opening  of  the 
road  through  this  government,  and  Col.  Washington  has 
been  a  good  deal  sanguine  and  obstinate  upon  the  occa 
sion  ;  but  the  presence  of  the  general  (Forbes)  has  been 
of  great  use  on  this  as  well  as  other  accounts.  *  *  * 
Col.  Bouquet  is  a  very  sensible  and  useful  man  ;  not 
withstanding  had  not  the  general  come  up  the  conse 
quences  would  have  been  dangerous.  ****** 
I  leave  this  place  to-day  as  does  Col.  Bouquet  and  some 
pieces  of  artillery." 

Bouquet  gave  very  careful  instructions  to  Col.  Burd  not 
to  beat  a  drum  or  fire  an  unnecessary  shot  while  cutting 
the  road  through  the  forest.  In  silence  but  with  energetic 
dispatch  the  work  was  pushed  forward.  Nor  did  Bou 
quet  neglect  to  drill  his. troops  and  keep  them  well  in  hand 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  13 

for  the  kind  of  fighting  needed  to  cope  with  the  denizens 
of  the  woods.  "  Every  afternoon  he  exercises  his  men  in 
the  woods  and  bushes  in  a  particular  manner  of  his  own 
invention  which  will  be  of  great  service  in  an  engagement 
with  the  Indians,"  is  what  Joseph  Shippen  wrote  to  his 
father  from  Bedford. 

,  In  a  letter  to  Chief  Justice  Allen,  written  on  the  day  of 
arrival  at  Fort  Duquesne,  November  25,  1758,  Bouquet 
attributes  the  success  of  the  expedition  in  great  part  to 
the  adoption  of  his  route.  Besides  being  much  nearer 
Philadelphia,  the  base  of  supplies,  the  route  secured  the 
favor  and  co-operation  of  the  Pennsylvania  German  far 
mers  on  whom  he  had  to  depend  for  transportation  and 
who  would  have  been  unwilling  to  leave  their  own  province 
to  follow  the  longer  Braddock  road.  This  contest  was 
the  beginning  of  the  struggle  for  commercial  supremacy 
which,  with  varying  fortunes,  has  gone  forward  ever  since 
and  which  now  finds  its  leading  champions  in  the  Penn 
sylvania  Central  and  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroads.  While 
we  would  not  detract  one  iota  from  the  fame  and  merits 
of  Washington,  and  feel  that  under  the  circumstances  it 
was  quite  natural  for  him  to  contend  for  what  was  mani 
festly  the  interest  of  Virginia  and  the  Ohio  land  company, 
we  yet  must  say  that  the  logic  of  events  fully  vindicated 
the  course  of  Bouquet  and  Forbes  in  cutting  a  short  and 
direct  road  to  Fort  Duquesne. 

As  Pennsylvanians,  at  least,  we  should  feel  thankful  to 
the  firm  and  sagacious  man  who  did  so  much  to  open  up 
the  western  part  of  our  state  to  settlement  and  put  matters 
in  the  best  possible  shape  for  military  defence  along  the 
borders.  It  was  hard  and  slow  work  to  open  a  wagon 
track  through  the  dense  forests  and  over  towering  moun 
tains,  but  with  an  army  of  over  6,000  men,  including  many 
frontiersmen  and  woodsmen,  now  was  the  time  to  have  it 
done  if  the  campaign  was  to  be  a  complete  success.  His 
torians  agree  that  thus  twenty  years  were  gained  in  the 
settlement  of  Western  Pennsylvania.  Forbes  was  a  man 
of  courage  and  sterling  merit,  and  the  fact  that  a  com 
mander  such  as  he  endorsed  the  Loyalhannah  route,  is 
strong  proof  and  presumption  that  Bouquet  had  the  better 


14  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

cause  and  better  argument  over  against  his  indignant  col 
league,  even  the  great  and  good  Washington. 

It  is  very  probable,  however,  that  this  dispute  may  have 
contributed  to  the  neglect  or  disparagement  of  Bouquet 
by  biographers  and  historians,  whose  great  object  was  to 
glorify  the  Father  of  our  Country  and  present  him  as  a 
hero  and  a  sage  under  all  circumstances,  before  as  well  as 
during  and  after  the  War  of  Independence. 

Forbes  was  a  lion  hearted  old  Scotchman.  Weak  and 
emaciated  in  body  but  dauntless  in  spirit,  he  had  himself 
conveyed  through  the  wilderness  on  a  litter  between  two 
horses.  He  reached  Bedford  September  15,  but  remained 
there  six  weeks  waiting  for  the  opening  of  the  road.  No 
vember  i,  he  arrived  at  the  Loyalhannah.  A  stockade 
had  been  erected  here  by  the  road  building  party  under 
Col.  Burd  by  direction  of  Col.  Bouquet.  This  had  been 
assailed  by  the  French  and  Indians,  who  made  a  deter 
mined  sortie  from  Fort  Duquesne  to  surprise  and  cut  off 
the  advance  guard  and  pioneers  before  the  main  body 
could  come  up  to  their  relief.  But  the  assault  was  re 
pulsed  and  in  consequence  the  Indians  became  discour 
aged  and  left  for  their  forest  homes.  A  reconnoitering 
party  of  800,  mostly  Highlanders  under  Maj.  Grant  had 
previously  pushed  forward  from  the  Loyalhannah,  and 
had  gained  possession  of  a  hill  in  the  rear  of  the  Fort, 
but  with  strange  infatuation  they  failed  to  improve  their 
advantages  and  opportunities.  Failing  to  advance  and 
surprise  the  garrison  and  making  an  ostentatious  display 
they  were  soon  surrounded  by  the  French  and  Indians 
who  shot  down  their  huddled  ranks  from  behind  trees  and 
ravines  like  so  many  sheep.  Grant's  Hill,  in  the  centre  of 
Pittsburg,  marks  the  scene  of  this  disastrous  affray.  A 
stand  made  by  Col.  Lewis  with  Provincial  troops  pre 
vented  the  annihilation  of  the  impracticable  Scotch  officer 
and  his  Highlanders  who  seemed  to  have  learned  nothing 
from  Braddock's  disaster  or  Bouquet's  discipline.  De  Lig- 
nery  cruelly  gave  up  five  of  the  prisoners  captured  in  the 
route  to  be  burned  at  the  stake  by  the  Indians  and  al 
lowed  the  remainder  to  be  tomahawked  in  cold  blood  on 
the  parade  ground  of  the  fort. 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  1 5 

Washington  was  directed  to  open  the  last  fifty  miles  of 
the  road  between  the  Loyalhannah  and  Fort  Duquesne. 
On  the  24th  of  November,  1758,  Forbes  and  his  army 
were  encamped  at  Turtle  Creek,  near  the  scene  of  Brad- 
dock's  defeat  three  years  before. 

Provisions,  forage,  &c.,  were  so  nearly  exhausted  that 
some  advised  a  retreat,  but  the  "  iron-headed  "  old  Scotch 
man,  as  Forbes  was  called,  would  listen  to  no  such  talk, 
but  announced  his  intention  of  sleeping  in  the  fort  on  the 
next  night.  That  same  evening  a  great  smoke  was  seen 
ascending  in  the  direction  of  the  fort,  and  at  midnight  the 
camp  was  startled  by  the  jar  of  a  great  explosion.  The 
French  had  evacuated  the  post  and  had  set  fire  to  the 
magazine.  They  resolved  to  destroy  what  they  despaired 
of  defending.  The  last  of  their  troops  had  embarked  in 
boats  and  were  seen  hurrying  down  the  Ohio  as  the  British 
army  approached. 

The  Highlanders  were  infuriated  by  the  sight  of  the 
heads  of  slaughtered  countrymen  impaled  on  stakes  along 
the  race  course  as  they  neared  the  fort.  These  were  vic 
tims  of  Grant's  defeat.  As  one  has  said  who  was  present, 
"  foaming  like  mad  boars,  engaged  in  battle,  they  rushed 
madly  on  with  hope  to  find  an  enemy  on  whom  to  accom 
plish  retribution."  But  the  detested  foe  was  gone,  and 
gone  forever  was  French  power  and  prestige  at  the  forks 
of  the  Ohio.  A  square  stockade  was  built  and  placed  in 
charge  of  Colonel  Hugh  Mercer  with  200  men.  Next 
year  a  fort  was  at  considerable  cost  erected  on  the  ruins  of 
the  old  fort  by  General  Stanwix  and  named  Fort  Pitt,  in 
honor  of  the'  English  statesman,  whose  energetic  policy 
had  secured  British  supremacy  in  the  New  World.  Pitts 
burgh  was  laid  out  at  the  confluence  of  the  Allegheny  and 
Monongahela  rivers.  As  early  as  April  1761,  there  were 
162  houses,  221  men,  73  women  and  38  children  in  the 
young  town  of  Pittsburgh,  according  to  the  returns  made 
to  Colonel  Bouquet. 

The  capture  of  Fort  Duquesne  and  the  opening  of  the 
new  road,  proved  as  great  a  blessing  to  the  people  of 
Pennsylvania  as  Bouquet  and  his  friends  had  predicted. 
The  army  speedily  returned  to  their  homes.  Forbes  was 


i6 


COL.  PIENRY  BOUQUET 


borne  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  died   a  few  weeks  later, 
and  was  buried  with  great  honor  in  Christ  church. 

The  following  extract  from  a  letter  to  his  lady  friend  at 
Philadelphia,  written  on  the  day  of  the  army's  arrival  at 
the  fort,  shows  the  high  estimate  in  which  Bouquet  held 
his  hoary-headed  chief  : 

FORT  DUQUESNE,  Nov.  25,  1758. 

DEAR  NANCY. — I  have  the  satisfaction  to  announce  to  you  the 
agreeable  news  of  the  conquest  of  this  terrible  fort.  The  French, 
seized  with  a  panic  at  our  approach,  have  destroyed  themselves ; 
— that  nest  of  Pirates  which  has  so  long  harboured  the  murder 
ers  and  destructors  of  our  people.  They  have  burned  and  de 
stroyed  to  the  ground  their  fortifications,  houses  and  magazines, 
and  left  us  no  other  cover  than  the  heavens — a  very  cold  one 
for  an  army  without  tents  and  equipages.  We  bear  all  this 
hardship  with  alacrity,  by  the  consideration  of  the  immense  ad 
vantage  of  this  important  acquisition.  The  glory  of  our  success 
must,  after  God,  be  allowed  to  our  general,  who,  from  the  be 
ginning,  took  those  wise  measures  which  deprived  the  French  of 
their  chief  strength,  and  by  a  treaty  at  Easton  kept  such  a  num 
ber  of  Indians  idle  during  the  whole  campaign  and  procured  a 
peace  with  those  inveterate  enemies  more  necessary  and  benefi 
cial  than  the  driving  of  the  French  from  the  Ohio.  His  prudence 
in  all  his  measures  in  the  numberless  difficulties  he  had  to  sur 
mount  deserves  the  highest  praises. 


BOUQUET    IN    COMMAND. 

Bouquet  was  now  in  command  and  by  judicious  confer 
ences  with  the  Delaware  Indians  and  energetic  manage 
ment,  he  soon  restored  peace  and  tranquility  to  the  bor 
ders,  so  that  the  pioneer  settlers  met  with  little  disturbance 
during  the  remainder  of  the  French  war.  Four  thousand 
settlers,  who  had  left  their  homes  in  terror  during  the  past 
few  years,  in  consequence  of  the  ravages  that  succeeded 
the  defeat  of  Braddock  and  the  cowardly  retreat  of  Dun- 
bar,  now  returned.  Bouquet,  with  his  Royal  Americans, 
garrisoned  the  forts  and  posts,  reaching  from  Philadelphia 
via  Carlisle,  Bedford,  Fort  Pitt,  Lake  Erie,  Sandusky,  &c. 
to  Detroit.  This  regiment,  largely  composed  of  recruits 
from  the  German  and  Swiss  settlers  of  Pennsylvania  and 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  1 7 

Maryland,  as  we  have  seen,  held  the  outposts  of  civiliza 
tion  in  the  midst  of  savage  beasts  and  savage  men  for 
seven  years.  Communication  was  kept  up  largely  by  ex 
press  riders,  who,  taking  their  lives  in  their  hands,  rode 
rapidly  from  post  to  post. 

BYERLY  AT  BUSHY  RUN. 

Andrew  Byerly  was  induced  to  establish  a  relay  station 
for  these  express  riders  at  Bushy  Run,  midway  between 
Fort  Pitt  and  Fort  Ligonier.  He  received  a  grant  of  sev 
eral  hundred  acres  of  land  from  Col.  Bouquet  and  the 
proprietary  government,  on  which  he  erected  buildings 
suitable  for  his  purpose.  Here,  with  his  second  wife  and 
a  young  and  growing  family,  he  settled  down  in  the  midst 
of  the  wilderness,  at  the  end  of  the  Penn  Manor,  intend 
ing  to  carve  out  a  home  for  his  children. 

He  cultivated  friendly  relations  with  the  surrounding 
Indians  and  was  soon  well  established,  with  a  valuable 
herd  of  milk  cows  and  other  comforts  of  civilization. 
Here  Bouquet  spent  many  a  pleasant  hour  in  his  trips  to 
and  from  Fort  Pitt.  Ecuyer  was  also  on  friendly  terms 
with  the  family.  Mrs.  Byerly,  whose  maiden  name  was 
Beatrice  Guldin,  had  emigrated  from  the  Canton  of  Berne, 
in  Switzerland,  the  home  of  Bouquet.  They  often  con 
versed  about  the  lakes  and  the  Alps,  and  friends  in  the 
far  away  land  of  their  nativity,  and  contrasted  those  peace 
ful  scenes  and  associations  with  the  rough  experiences  of 
pioneer  life  in  the  new  world.  Byerly  was  a  baker  by 
profession,  and  seems  always  to  have  been  a  favorite  with 
military  men.  He  had  erected  one  of  the  very  first  inns 
ever  built  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  where  he  resided  for  a 
long  while  and  buried  his  first  wife.  He  had  baked  for 
Braddock's  army  at  Fort  Cumberland;  and,  backed  by 
Maj.  George  Washington,  had  beaten  a  Catawba  warrior 
in  a  foot  race,  on  a  wager  of  thirty  shillings,  which  was 
intended  to  test  the  relative  prowess  and  fleetness  of  the 
two.  races.  Afterwards  he  removed  to  Fort  Bedford,  where 
he  baked  for  the  British  garrison  and  where  his  son  Jacob, 
a  great-grand-father  of  the  writer,  was  born  in  1760.  The 


l8  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

garrison  being  small,  it  was  not  long  before  he  located  at 
Bushy  Run,  by  the  special  favor  and  protection  of  Col. 
Bouquet,  on  a  very  desirable  grant  along  the  Forbes  road. 
The  letters,  written  during  this  interval  of  garrison  duty, 
from  Fort  Pitt,  Bedford,  Lancaster,  &c.,  to  his  lady  friend 
in  Philadelphia,  show  how  irksome  a  life  of  inactivity  was 
to  this  man  of  action  and  of  thought,  and  how  Bouquet 
felt  isolated  among  the  rude  soldiers  and  uncouth  fron 
tiersmen  with  whom  he  came  in  daily  contact.  As  one 
who  knew  him  well  has  written,  "  He  was  a  man  of  sci 
ence  and  sense."  He  delighted  to  associate  with  people 
of  intelligence  and  culture.  He  had  no  tastes  for  the 
vulgar  pastimes  and  pursuits  that  usually  occupy  the  time 
and  attention  of  military  men,  when  off  duty,  among  a 
rude  population. 

Bouquet  was  always  a  welcome  guest  and  visitor  at  By- 
erly  Station,  on  Bushy  Run,  and  here  he  seemed  to  unbend 
himself  amid  congenial  social  surroundings.  His  name 
and  memory  has  always  been  cherished  in  the  Byerly  fam 
ily  as  a  precious  heirloom — as  a  sacred  legacy  handed  down 
with  the  benedictions  of  a  pious  and  grateful  ancestress. 

PONTIAC'S    CONSPIRACY. 

The  reign  of  peace  and  prosperity,  which  was  causing 
the  wilderness  to  rejoice  and  blossom  as  the  rose,  came  to 
a  sudden  close  in  the  spring  of  1763.  The  French  garri 
sons  had  been  driven  out  of  Canada  and  all  their  forts  and 
posts  along  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  Lakes,  the  Ohio,  the 
Illinois  and  the  Mississippi  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of 
the  English  as  a  result  of  the  capture  of  Fort  Duquesne 
and  Quebec.  The  Indians  lamented  the  change  and  their 
spirit  of  discontent  was  fanned  into  a  flame  by  disappointed 
French  traders  who  led  the  credulous  savages  to  believe 
that  the  great  king  of  France  would  soon  drive  out  the 
English  and  recover  his  lost  dominion.  Their  easy  social 
habits  and  greater  tendency  to  enter  into  matrimonial  re 
lations  always  made  the  French  special  favorites  with  the 
red  man  and  his  daughters. 

Pontiac,  the  great  chief  of  the  Ottawas  on  the  shores  of 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  19 

Lake  Michigan,  became  the  powerful  exponent  and  cham 
pion  of  the  spirit  of  hostility  against  the  English. 

He  was  indeed  a  remarkable  man.  He  originally  be 
longed  to  the  Catawba  Indians.  Having  been  captured 
when  a  child  and  adopted  by  the  Ottawas,  he  became  not 
only  the  war  chief  but  also  the  Sachem,  or  civil  ruler,  of 
his  tribe  by  force  of  superior  courage  and  ability. 

He  led  a  band  of  Ottawas  and  bore  a  leading  part  in  the 
defeat  of  Braddock  in  1755,  along  with  Charles  Langlade 
and  other  Lake  Indians.  The  conduct  of  the  British  troops 
on  that  occasion  caused  him  to  have  great  contempt  for 
the  red  coats,  and  he  fancied  that  with  one  bold  push  they 
might  be  driven  east  of  the  mountains,  if  not  into  the  sea. 
With  great  craft  and  secrecy  he  laid  his  plans  to  surprise 
all  the  English  forts  and  posts  east  of  the  mountains  and 
massacre  their  Royal  American  garrisons.  Pontiac  was  a 
born  leader  and  had  that  magnetism  and  force  of  charac 
ter  that  fitted  him  for  the  difficult  and  dangerous  role  that 
he  resolved  to  play  in  order  to  restore  the  supremacy  of 
the  red  men  on  the  American  continent.  War  belts  had 
been  sent  among  the  different  tribes  and  a  general  willing 
ness  manifested  to  unite  in  one  mighty  effort  to  exterminate 
the  English.  Kiashuta  or  Guyasutha,  a  head  chief  of  the 
Senecas,  marshalled  a  part  of  the  Five  Nations  to  unite 
with  the  Delawares  and  neighboring  tribes  in  destroying 
the  garrison  at  Fort  Pitt  and  the  smaller  posts  in  Western 
Pennsylvania.  But  Pontiac  was  the  leading  spirit  of  the 
general  movement.  April  27,  1763,  he  held  a  great  coun 
cil  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Ecores,  near  Detroit.  With 
fierce  gestures  and  loud,  impassioned  voice  he  denounced 
the  English  for  their  injustice,  rapacity  and  arrogance. 
He  compared  and  contrasted  their  ^conduct  with  that  of 
the  French -who  had  always  treated  them  as  brothers.  He 
exclaimed  "  the  red  coats  have  conquered  the  French  but 
they  have  not  conquered  us.  We  are  not  slaves  or  squaws, 
and  as  long  as  the  Great  Spirit  is  ruler  we  will  maintain  our 
rights.  These  lakes  and  these  woods  were  given  us  by 
our  fathers,  and  we  will  part  with  them  only  with  our 
lives."  He  assured  the  council  that  their  great  father, 
the  King  of  France,  would  soon  come  to  their  aid  to  win 
back  Canada,  and  wreak  vengeance  on  his  enemies. 


20  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

"The  Indians  and  their  French  brethren  would  fight  once 
more  side  by  side  as  they  had  always  fought ;  they  would 
strike  the  English  as  they  had  struck  them  many  moons 
ago,  when  their  great  army  marched  down  the  Mononga- 
hela,  and  they  had  shot  them  from  ambush  like  a  flock  of 
pigeons  in  the  woods." 

The  eloquence  of  Pontiac,  backed  by  the  harangues  of 
other  chiefs,  carried  everything  before  it.  It  was  agreed 
that  a  deadly  blow  should  be  struck  at  all  the  forts  in  the 
following  month.  Eighteen  nations,  or  leading  Indian 
tribes,  entered  into  the  conspiracy  of  which  Pontiac  was 
the  head  centre.  The  adopted  Catawba  lad,  far  from  his 
native  haunts,  had  become  the  master  spirit  of  his  race. 
His  bugle  call  rallied  the  dusky  sons  of  the  forest  from 
the  Mississippi  to  the  Alleghanies  in  one  fierce  phalanx 
of  savage  hostility  to  the  red-coated  British.  Different 
parts  were  assigned  to  different  leaders.  The  general  plan, 
was  to  surprise  and  capture  the  garrison  and  destroy  the 
forts  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  respective  tribes  and  then 
fall  like  a  tornado  upon  the  defenceless  settlements  with 
fire  and  tomahawk. 

So  well  kept  was  the  secret  that  the  storm  of  war  came 
like  a  thunderbolt  from  a  clear  sky.  Nine  forts  and  posts 
were  captured  by  strategem  or  assault,  and  their  garrisons 
for  the  most  part  massacred.  Thus  fared  Le  Bceuff,  Ve- 
nango,  Presque  Isle  on  Lake  Erie,  Le  Bay  on  Lake 
Michigan,  St.  Joseph's,  Miami,  Ouachtanon,  Sandusky 
and  Machinaw.  These,  with  the  larger  and  stronger  forts 
of  Detroit,  Niagara  and  Fort  Pitt,  were  all  attacked  at 
about  the  same  time. 

SIEGE    OF    DETROIT. 

The  most  difficult  task  of  all,  the  capture  of  Detroit, 
Pontiac  took  in  hand  himself.  And,  no  doubt,  he  would 
have  succeeded  at  once  had  not  his  plans  been  betrayed 
by  an  Indian  maiden  to  Major  Gladwyn,  who  was  in  com 
mand  of  that  important  stronghold.  He  was  forced  to  the 
alternative  of  a  regular  siege,  in  which  he  displayed  won 
derful  fertility  of  resources.  Several  parties  sent  to  the 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  21 

relief  of  the  besieged  garrison  were  surprised  and  cut  off. 
Vessels  were  boarded  by  the  savages  from  their  canoes  ; 
immense  fire  rafts  were  floated  down  the  river  to  destroy 
the  ships  of  the  English.  The  impetuous  Dalzell,  a  friend 
of  Putnam,  and  an  aid  of  Amherst,  heading  a  sortie  or 
night  attack  upon  the  forces  of  Pontiac,  was  himself  am 
buscaded  and  slain  with  fifty-eight  of  his  men.  A  thou 
sand  warriors  surrounded  the  fort  at  Detroit,  but  Major 
Gladwyn  had  300  good  soldiers  in  the  fort,  and  was  pro 
tected  by  armed  vessels  at  anchor  on  the  river  front. 
Pontiac's'greatest  difficulty  was  in  securing  provisions  for 
such  an  immense  horde  of  savages.  A  currency  of  birch 
bark  with  Pontiac's  stamp  was  employed  in  obtaining  sup 
plies  from  neutral  French  settlers  and  neighboring  tribes. 
To  his  lasting  honor  let  it  be  recorded  that  Pontiac  saw 
to  it  that  every  piece  of  birch  bark  that  bore  his  sign- 
manual  was  fully  redeemed  after  the  war.  Not  a  few 
white  individuals  and  communities  are  put  to  shame  by  the 
integrity,  sacrifice  and  fidelity  of  the  great  Ottawa  chief 
tain.  He  had  the  vices  of  his  race,  no  doubt,  to  some 
extent,  but  their  noblest  virtues  of  courage,  patience,  for 
titude,  honesty  and  magnanimity  were  well  illustrated  in 
his  character.  Had  he  succeeded  in  reducing  Detroit  and 
precipitating  his  vast  horde  of  besiegers  upon  Fort  Pitt, 
there  is  little  doubt  but  that  it  would  have  fallen  and  the 
English  been  driven  to  the  sea. 

Fortunately  for  the  provinces,  the  great  leader  of  the 
conspiracy  was  foiled  and  detained  in  his  efforts  to  cap 
ture  Detroit  until  Bouquet  had  routed  his  Eastern  Con 
federates  on  the  bloody  field  at  Bushy  Run,  after  the  best 
contested  Indian  battle  ever  fought  in  the  wilds  of  America. 

SIEGE    OF    FORT    PITT    AND    L1GONIER. 

And  now  let  us  turn  to  this,  the  main  object  of  our 
sketch.  As  intimated  before,  the  Indian  uprising  of  1763 
was  a  great  surprise  to  the  military  and  civic  authorities  of 
the  land.  It  is  true  that  there  were  signs  of  outbreak,  but 
nobody  dreamed  that  it  would  assume  such  vast  propor 
tions  and  be  fraught  with  such  direful  consequences.  The 


COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

traders,  who  are  supposed  to  understand  Indian  character 
and  intentions  better  than  any  other  class,  were  mostly 
caught  in  the  whirlwind  of  disaster  and  overwhelmed  by 
the  suddenness  of  the  outbreak.  It  was  stated  in  the 
journals  of  that  day  that  over  one  hundred  traders  lost 
their  lives,  and  that  property  lost  by  them  among  the  In 
dians  or  taken  at  the  capture  of  the  interior  posts  amounted 
to  about  two  and  a-half  millions  of  dollars.  So  great  a 
loss  seems  hardly  possible.  Fort  Pitt  at  this  time  was  in 
charge  of  Captain  Simeon  Ecuyer,  a  brave  and  skillful 
Swiss  officer,  like  Bouquet  himself. 

On  the  4th  of  May,  1763,  he  wrote  Bouquet  that  "  Maj. 
Gladwyn  writes  to  me  that  I  am  surrounded  by  rascals. 
He  complains  a  great  deal  of  the  Delawares  and  Shawa- 
noes.  It  is  this  canaille  who  stir  up  the  rest  to  mischief." 
On  the  27th  a  party  of  Indians  encamped  near  the  fort 
and  offered  to  trade  a  great  quantity  of  valuable  furs  for 
bullets,  hatchets,  gunpowder,  &c.  They  were  looked  upon 
with  suspicion.  On  the  2gth  of  May  Ecuyer  wrote  an 
important  letter  to  Bouquet,  which  seems  to  have  been 
about  the  last  that  got  through  before  communication  was 
cut  off  ;  for  on  the  i7th  of  June  Lieutenant  Blane,  com 
manding  at  Fort  Ligonier  wrote  Bouquet  that  he  had 
heard  nothing  from  Fort  Pitt  since  May  30.  No  further 
tidings  were  received  until  Bouquet  cut  his  way  through 
in  August. 

The  following  is  Captain  Ecuyer's  letter  in  full,  a  copy 
of  which,  in  the  original  French,  as  well  as  an  English 
translation,  has  been  kindly  furnished  the  writer  by  Francis 
Parkman,  the  historian  of  Pontiac,  &c. 

FORT  PITT,  May  29,  1763. 

SIR. — A  large  party  of  Mingoes  arrived  at  the  beginning  of 
the  month  and  gave  up  to  us  ten  horses  of  poor  quality.  They 
asked  me  for  presents,  but  I  refused  everything  they  had  to  offer 
except  eight  merits  of  Indian  corn,  ( i.  e.:  24  bushels,  C.  C.,  ) 
which  they  planted  opposite  Crogans'  house,  where  they  have 
built  a  town.  In  the  evening  of  the  day  before  yesterday,  Mr. 
McKee  reported  to  me  that  the  Mingoes  and  Delawares  were  in 
motion,  and  had  sold  in  a  great  hurry  skins  to  the  value  of  ^300. , 
with  which  they  bought  as  much  powder  and  lead  as  they  pleased. 
Yesterday  I  sent  him  to  their  towns  to  get  information,  but  he 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  23 

found  them  entirely  abandoned,  and  followed  their  trail  and  si 
certain  that  they  have  gone  down  the  river,  which  makes  me 
think  that  they  want  to  interrupt  our  boats  and  close  the  passage 
against  us.  They  stole  three  horses  and  a  cask  of  rum  at  Bushy 
Run.  They  even  robbed  a  man  named  Coleman  of  ^50,  (  on 
the  Bedford  road,  )  holding  their  guns  against  his  body.  I  am 
assured  that  the  famous  Wolfe  and  Butler  were  the  chiefs ;  it  is 
clear  that  they  want  to  break  with  us.  I  pity  the  poor  people  on 
the  communication.  I  am  at  work  to  put  this  post  in  the  best 
position  possible  with  the  few  people  I  have.  Just  as  1  was  finish 
ing  my  letter,  three  men  came  from  Clapham's  with  the  melan 
choly  news  that  yesterday,  at  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  the 
Indians  murdered  Clapham  and  everybody  in  his  house.  These 
three  men  were  at  work  outside  and  escaped  through  the  woods. 
I  gave  them  arms  and  sent  them  to  aid  our  people  at  Bushy  Run. 
The  Indians  have  told  Byerly  (  at  Bushy  Run )  to  leave  his  house 
within  four  days,  or  he  and  all  his  family  would  be  murdered.  I 
tremble  for  the  small  posts.  As  for  this  one,  I  will  answer  for  it. 

S.  ECUYER. 

If  you  do  not  often  get  letters  from  me,  it  will  be  a  proof  that 
the  communication  is  cut. 

To  Colonel  Bouquet. 

From  this  time  until  the  tenth  of  August,  the  garrison 
was  cooped  up  in  the  fort,  and  communications  cut  off. 

THE    FLIGHT    OF    THE    BYERLYS    TO    FORT    LIGONIER. 

Let  us  take  another  look  at  Bushy  Run  before  we  dwell 
upon  the  siege  of  Fort  Pitt. 

As  Ecuyer  states,  Byerly  had  received  warning,  but  his 
family  was  in  no  condition  to  be  moved.  Mrs.  Byerly 
had  just  been  confined  and  the  departure  was  delayed  as 
long  as  possible,  indeed  until  certain  death  was  imminent 
if  the  flight  should  be  any  longer  postponed.  Byerly  had 
gone  with  a  small  party  (perhaps  Clapham's  men  referred 
to  above)  to  bury  some  persons  who  had  been  killed  at 
some  distance  from  his  station.  A  friendly  Indian  who 
had  often  received  a  bowl  of  milk  and  bread  from  Mrs. 
Byerly  came  to  the  house  after  dark  and  informed  the 
family  that  they  would  all  be  killed  if  they  did  not  make 
their  escape  before  daylight.  Mrs.  Byerly  got  up  from 
her  sick  couch  and  wrote  the  tidings  on  the  door  of  the 


24  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

house  for  the  information  of  her  husband  when  he  should 
return.  A  horse  was  saddled  on  which  the  mother  with 
her  tender  babe  three  days  old  in  her  arms  was  placed,  and 
a  child  not  two  years  old  was  fastened  behind  her. 

Michael  Byerly  was  a  good  sized  lad,  but  Jacob  was 
only  three  years  old  and  had  a  painful  stone  bruise  on  one 
of  his  feet.  With  the  aid  of  his  older  brother  who  held 
him  by  the  hand  and  sometimes  carried  him  on  his  back, 
the  little  fellow,  however,  managed  to  make  good  time 
through  the  wilderness  to  Fort  Ligonier  about  thirty  miles 
distant.  But  although  he  reached  his  ninety-ninth  year 
he  never  forgot  that  race  for  life  in  his  childhood,  nor  did 
he  feel  like  giving  quarters  to  hostile  Indians,  one  of  whom 
he  killed  on  an  island  in  the  Alleghany  in  a  fight  under 
Lieutenant  Hardin  in  1779,  although  the  savage  begged 
for  quarters. 

Milk  cows  were  highly  prized  by  frontier  families  in 
those  days,  and  the  Byerly  family  made  a  desperate  effort 
to  coax  and  drive  their  small  herd  along  to  Fort  Ligonier. 
But  the  howling  savages  got  so  close  that  they  were 
obliged  to  leave  the  cattle  in  the  woods  to  be  destroyed 
by  the  Indians.  Byerly  in  some  way  eluded  the  Indians  and 
joined  his  family  in  the  retreat.  They  barely  escaped 
with  their  lives.  The  first  night  they  spent  in  the  stock 
ade,  and  in  the  morning  the  bullets  of  the  pursuers  struck 
the  gates  as  the  family  pressed  into  the  fort.  Here  they 
were  compelled  to  remain  two  months,  exposed  to  great 
privations  and  repeated  assaults  of  Indians.  Fort  Pitt 
would  have  been  nearer  and  preferable  as  a  place  of  safety 
had  it  been  possible  to  reach  it.  As  it  was  they  had  to 
choose  the  longer  road  and  the  weaker  fort  as  the  only 
chance  of  escape  from  the  red  demons.  At  Fort  Pitt 
Capt.  Ecuyer  put  everything  in  the  best  possible  shape  for 
defence.  The  garrison  consisted  of  330  soldier,  traders 
and  backwoodsmen,  who  were  armed  and  drilled  for  the 
emergency.  There  were  also  about  one  hundred  women 
in  the  fort  and  a  still  greater  number  of  children. 

"A  hospital  was  constructed  under  the  drawbridge,  out 
of  range  of  musket  shot,  for  patients  suffering  from  small 
pox,  and  the  captain  was  very  apprehensive  that  disease 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  2  5 

would  break  out  in  epidemic  form  as  a  result  of  the  over 
crowded  condition  of  the  fort.  He  seemed  to  have  no 
fear  of  losing  the  fort.  A  letter,  written  at  the  time, 
says,  "  we  are  in  such  a  good  posture  of  defence  that  with 
God's  assistance  we  can  defend  it  against  a  thousand 
Indians." 

Careful  preparation  was  made  for  an  attack.  Buildings 
outside  of  the  ramparts  were  levelled  t6  the  ground,  and 
every  morning  at  an  hour  before  dawn  the  drum  beat  and 
the  troops  were  ordered  to  their  alarm  posts.  A  heavy 
guard  was  kept  on  duty  night  and  day.  "  I  am  deter 
mined  to  hold  my  post,  spare  my  men  and  never  expose 
them  without  necessity.  This  is  what  I  think  you  require 
of  me,"  wrote  the  brave  and  judicious  Ecuyer  to  Bouquet. 
It  was  next  thing  to  death  to  expose  a  head  on  the  ram 
parts,  or  to  wander  outside  the  fortification.  Lurking 
savages  were  at  hand  to  pick  off  the  unwary. 

On  the  25th  of  June,  the  Indians  captured  a  lot  of 
horses  and  cattle,  belonging  to  the  fort.  A  general  fire 
was  then  opened  on  the  fort  from  all  sides.  A  discharge 
of  howitzers  threw  them  into  confusion  and  made  them 
act  more  cautiously.  Next  morning,  Turtle  Heart,  a  Dela 
ware  chief,  approached  the  fort  in  the  guise  of  friendship, 
and  advised  the  commander  and  garrison  to  withdraw  and 
take  the  women  and  children  down  to  the  English  settle 
ments,  in  order  to  escape  destruction  from  the  six  great 
nations  of  Indians,  who  were  coming  to  destroy  them.  He 
promised  that  they  would  be  protected  in  making  their 
escape.  This  was  the  ruse  by  which  so  many  traders  and 
smaller  posts  had  been  deceived  and  finally  treacherously 
murdered  after  they  had  given  up  their  arms.  But  Ecuyer 
was  not  to  be  caught  with  such  chaff.  He  replied  in  a 
very  ironical  way,  thanking  the  Delaware  brothers  for  their 
great  kindness,  and  assuring  them  that  he  and  his  troops 
could  hold  the  fort  against  all  the  Indians  that  dared  to 
attack  it.  "  We  are  very  well  off  in  this  place,  and  we 
mean  to  stay,"  said  he.  He  then  told  them  in  confidence 
that  two  great  armies  were  coming,  one  from  the  East  and 
the  other  from  the  Lakes,  to  destroy  the  bad  Indians, 
while  the  Cherokees  and  Catawbas,  their  old  enemies. 


26  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

were  joining  a  third  army  in  Virginia  to  destroy  them. 
This  speech  seemed  to  have  a  demoralizing  effect  upon 
the  savages,  who  withdrew  for  a  season  to  meet  a  large 
body  of  warriors  approaching  from  the  west.  During  this 
interval  Ensign  Price,  from  Fort  Le  Boeuf,  entered  Fort 
Pitt  with  his  command  of  a  dozen  men,  who  had  gallantly 
defended  their  little  post  until  it  was  in  flames  from  burn 
ing  arrows  and  had  then  cut  their  way  out  of  the  rear  and 
escaped  after  great  peril  and  suffering.  The  names  of 
this  detachment  of  Royal  Americans,  as  far  as  given,  indi 
cate  their  German  descent,  viz.  :  Fisher,  Nash,  Dogood, 
Nigley,  Dortinger  and  Trunk.  Captain  Ecuyer  strength 
ened  his  defences  with  a  line  of  palisades,  and  constructed 
a  rude  fire  engine  to  extinguish  flames  caused  by  the 
burning  arrows  of  the  Indians  shot  against  the  sides  and 
roofs  of  wooden  buildings.  July  26,  a  small  party  of  In 
dians  came  to  parley,  under  the  lead  of  Shingas  and 
Turtle  Heart.  They  professed  great  affection  for  the 
whites,  and  great  concern  for  their  safety.  The  Ottawas 
were  coming  in  great  force  from  Detroit  to  destroy  the 
garrison,  and  they  begged  their  white  brothers  to  depart 
while  it  could  be  done  in  safety.  Ecuyer  replied  that  he 
could  defend  the  fort  for  three  years  against  all  the  Indians 
in  the  woods,  and  that  he  would  never  abandon  it  as  long 
as  a  white  man  lived  in  America.  He  despised  the  Otta 
was,  and  warned  his  Delaware  brothers  to  keep  out  of 
reach  of  his  bombshells  and  cannon  loaded  with  a  whole 
bag  full  of  bullets.  Thwarted  in  their  crafty  and  treach 
erous  schemes  by  which  they  had  succeeded  in  destroying 
Lieutenant  Gordon  and  his  entire  command  at  Venango, 
the  Indians  began  a  general  attack  in  earnest.  Many  of 
them  dug  holes  in  the  river  banks,  from  which  to  fire  on 
the  fort,  and  from  all  sides  bullets  and  arrows  flew  thick 
and  fast.  The  Royal  Americans  and  border  riflemen  from 
their  loopholes  drew  a  bead  on  every  Indian  that  exposed 
his  person  in  the  least.  Ecuyer  was  wounded  in  the  leg 
by  an  arrow,  but  kept  up  the  hopes  and  spirits  of  his  men, 
while  at  the  same  time  he  refused  to  let  them  sally  forth 
to  engage  in  a  hand  to  hand  conflict  with  the  savages,  as 
many  of  them  proposed  to  do.  The  attack  lasted  five 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  27 

days  and  five  nights.  Ecuyer  speaks  with  great  admira 
tion  of  the  conduct  of  his  men — "  regulars  and  the  rest." 
"  I  am  fortunate  to  have  the  honor  of  commanding  such 
brave  men.  I  only  wish  the  Indians  had  ventured  an 
assault.  They  would  have  remembered  it  to  the  thou 
sandth  generation."  Bouquet  wrote  General  Amherst, 
August  n,  in  terms  of  high  praise  of  Ecuyer  for  the 
defence  of  the  fort  and  the  important  additions  made  to 
the  fortifications  during  the  investment. 

In  various  letters,  written  from  the  fort  immediately  after 
the  siege  was  raised,  it  is  stated  that  "  to  a  man  they  were 
resolved  to  defend  the  position  (  if  the  troops  had  not 
arrived  )  as  long  as  any  amunition  and  provisions  to  sup 
port  them  was  left  ;  and  that  then  they  would  have  fought 
their  way  through  or  died  in  the  attempt,  rather  than  have 
been  made  prisoners  by  such  perfidious,  cruel  and  blood 
thirsty  hell-hounds.  Some  of  the  women  in  the  fort,  it  is 
said,  helped  to  defend  the  place.  Many  express-riders 
going  to  and  from  the  garrison  have  been  killed." 

DEFENCE  OF  FORT  LIGONIER. 

At  Fort  Ligonier  matters  were  even  more  critical  than  at 
Fort  Pitt.  The  stockade  was  bad  and  the  garrison  extre 
mely  weak  but  Byerly  and  a  few  other  frontier  settlers  had 
made  their  way  into  it  with  their  families  and  helped  to  re 
pulse  the  assaults  of  the  savages.  Lieutenant  Archibald 
Blane  with  a  detatchment  of  Royal  Americans  was  in  com 
mand,  and  conducted  the  defense  with  great  courage  and 
practical  tact. 

On  the  4th  of  June  Blane  writes  :  u  Thursday  last  my 
garrison  was  attacked  by  a  body  of  Indians,  about  five  in 
the  morning  ;  but  as  they  only  fired  upon  us  from  the  skirts 
of  the  woods,  I  contented  myself  with  giving  them  three 
cheers,  without  spending  a  single  shot  upon  them.  But  as 
they  still  continued  their  popping  upon  the  side  next  to  the 
town,  I  sent  the  sergeant  of  the  Royal  Americans  with  a 
proper  detachment  to  fire  the  houses,  which  effectually  dis 
appointed  them  in  their  plan." 

On  the  i yth,  he  writes  to  Bouquet,  "I  hope  soon  to  see 


28  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

yourself  and  live  in  daily  hopes  of  a  reinforcement.  *  * 
Sunday  last  a  man  straggling  out  was  killed  by  the  Indians. 
I  believe  the  communication  between  Fort  Pitt  and 
this  place  is  entirely  cut  off,  not  having  heard  from  them 
since  the  thirtieth  of  May,  though  two  expresses  have 
gone  from  Bedford  to  that  post."  On  the  2ist  the  Indians 
made  a  serious  attack  for  two  hours.  A  small  party  of 
fifteen  men  were  so  exceedingly  anxious  to  have  a  closer 
tilt  with  the  savages  that  the  lieutenant  finally  yielded  to 
their  entreaties  to  let  them  out  to  attack  some  Indians  that 
showed  themselves  at  a  little  distance.  As  it  turned  out 
this  was  only  a  decoy  to  entrap  them.  About  a  hundred 
savages  lay  in  ambush  by  the  side  of  the  creek  about  four 
hundred  yards  from  the  fort  ;  and  just  as  the  party  was 
returning  near  where  they  lay,  the  savages  rushed  out  to  cut 
them  off  and  would  have  succeeded  in  doing  so  had  it  not 
been  for  a  deep  morass  which  intervened.  Foiled  in  this 
movement,  more  by  natural  obstacles  then  by  the  judg 
ment  or  sagacity  of  the  whites,  the  Indians  immediately 
began  an  attack  upon  the  fort  and  fired  upwards  of  a  thou 
sand  shots  without  doing  any  special  damage. 

Bouquet  was  deeply  concerned  for  the  safety  of  Fort 
Ligonier,  for  on  its  preservation  depended  the  safety  of 
Fort  Pitt  and  his  own  army  of  deliverance.  A  large  quan 
tity  of  military  stores  were  in  the  magazines  at  Ligonier, 
with  which  the  Indians  might  have  blown  up  Fort  Pitt  or 
reduced  Bouquet's  troops  to  the  greatest  extremities.  A 
picked  party  of  thirty  Highlanders  was  sent  by  a  circu 
itous  route  through  the  woods  traveling  by  night  at  their 
utmost  speed  under  the  escort  of  experienced  guides. 
They  got  close  to  the  fort  without  being  discovered  and 
then  by  a  sudden  rush  and  a  running  fight  they  managed 
to  get  in  without  losing  a  man.  This  was  a  timely  relief 
and  ensured  the  safety  of  the  post  until  the  main  body  could 
arrive. 

Next  to  Ligonier  in  the  line  of  communication  came 
Fort  Bedford,  at  a  distance  of  fifty  miles  across  the  mount 
ains  and  through  the  wilderness.  Captain  Lewis  Ourry 
was  in  command  here  with  a  mere  handful  of  Royal  Ameri 
cans.  On  the  third  of  June  he  wrote  Bouquet  that  owing 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  29 

to  the  arrival  of  express  riders,  (  who  were  generally  sold 
iers  sent  from  one  post  to  another  at  the  peril  of  their  lives,) 
his  regulars  were  increased  to  "  three  corporals  and  nine 
privates."  But  he  had  a  large  body  of  settlers  who,  fright 
ened  by  depredations  of  the  Indians  in  the  neighborhood, 
rushed  pell-mell  to  the  fort.  These  he  organized  into  two 
military  companies,  aggregating  150  men.  Over  one  hun 
dred  families  had  sought  refuge  at  the  fort.  When  the  scare 
was  over  for  the  time  being  the  silly  people  would  ven 
ture  out  in  small  squads,  and  many  were  thus  cut  off  and 
slain  by  scalping  parties  of  skulking  savages.  June  seventh 
he  writes,  "I  long  to  see  my  Indian  scouts  come  in  with 
intelligence  ;  but  I  long  more  to  hear  the  Grenadiers 
march  and  see  more  red-coats."  Ten  days  later  the 
country  people  in  fancied  security  had  returned  to  their 
plantation  so  that  Ourry  was  left  alone  with  a  garrison  of 
only  twelve  Royal  Americans,  who  had  not  only  to  guard 
the  fort  but  likewise  take  care  of  seven  Indian  prisoners. 
He  writes  to  Bouquet  :  "  I  should  be  very  glad  to  see 
some  troops  come  to  my  assistance.  A  fort  with  five  bas 
tions  cannot  be  guarded  much  less  defended  by  a  dozen 
men,  but  I  hope  God  will  protect  us."  The  killing  and 
scalping  of  some  families  on  Denning's  creek  threw  the 
settlers  into  a  panic  again,  and  in  a  few  days  the  militia 
were  back  from  their  farms  and  with  difficulty  could  be 
prevented  from  murdering  the  Indian  prisoners.  Ourry 
feared  that  the  Indians,  despairing  of  taking  Fort  Pitt, 
would  fall  upon  and  destroy  the  smaller  posts  and  ravage 
the  settlements,  which  they  doubtless  would  have  done 
had  Bouquet's  advance  been  much  longer  delayed.  July 
2d,  about  twenty  Indians  attacked  a  party  of  mowers  and 
killed  several  of  them.  Eighteen  persons  in  all  were 
killed  near  Fort  Bedford.  July  3,  Ourry  received  word 
from  Blane  of  the  loss  of  Presque  Isle  on  Lake  Erie,  Le- 
bceuf,  Venargo,  &c.,  which  he  sends  to  Bouquet  with  the 
intimation  that  Blane  had  entertained  some  idea  of  evacu 
ating  or  capitulating  Fort  Ligonier.  Bouquet  replied  : 
"  I  shivered  when  you  hinted  to  me  Lieut.  Bl — 's  inten 
tions.  Death  and  infamy  would  have  been  the  reward  he 
would  expect  instead  of  the  honor  he  has  obtained  by  his 


30  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

prudence,  courage  and  resolution.  *  *  This  is  a  most 
trying  time.  *  *  You  may  be  sure  that  all  the  expedi 
tion  possible  will  be  used  for  the  relief  of  the  few  remain 
ing  posts." 

Parkman  remarks  on  the  above  letter  :  "  Bouquet  had 
the  strongest  reason  for  wishing  that  Fort  Ligonier  should 
hold  out.  As  the  event  showed  its  capture  would  proba 
bly  have  entailed  the  defeat  and  destruction  of  his  entire 
command." 

THE    SITUATION    AT    CARLISLE. 

Bouquet  had  his  headquarters  in  Philadelphia  as  Colonel 
of  the  first  battallion  of  Royal  Americans  at  the  time  of 
the  outbreak  of  Pontiac  and  his  confederates.  His  Royal 
Americans,  broken  into  detachments,  had  held  the  line  of 
forts  and  posts  between  that  place  and  Detroit  for  over 
six  years.  As  military  hermits  they  held  the  outposts  of 
civilization  in  the  Western  wilderness.  Bouquet,  as  we 
have  seen,  was  held  in  high  esteem  in  Philadelphia. 

He  was  in  the  prime  of  life,  had  a  fine  personal  pres 
ence,  splendid  physique  and  extraordinary  qualities  of 
mind  and  heart.  "  Firmness,  integrity,  calmness,  pres 
ence  of  mind  in  the  greatest  of  dangers — virtues  so  essen 
tial  to  a  commander,  were  natural  to  him.  His  presence 
inspired  confidence  and  impressed  respect,  encouraged 
his  friends  and  confounded  his  foes."  Such  is  the  esti 
mate  given  of  Bouquet  by  some  of  the  best  men  of  the 
provinces  who  knew  him  well.  He  promptly  reported  the 
situation  to  General  Amherst  as  Ecuyer  had  informed 
him  in  letters  written  at  the  end  of  May.  The  haughty 
and  arrogant  Briton  could  not  believe  that  the  despicable 
savages  would  be  so  audacious  as  to  besiege  his  forts  or 
attack  regular  troops  of  equal  numbers  with  their  own. 
It  is  amusing  to  read  his  brag  and  bluster  and  to  mark  the 
change  which  in  some  respects  seems  to  come  over  the 
spirit  of  his  dream  as  the  campaign  progresses. 

Bouquet  evidently  knew  his  weak  and  strong  points  and 
knew  how  to  secure  his  hearty  co-operation  in  measures 
necessary  to  the  success  of  the  beleaguered  garrisons. 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  31 

June  23,  Amherst  ordered  Major  Campbell  to  proceed  at 
once  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia  with  the  remains  of 
the  42d  Regiment  of  Royal  Highlanders,  and  of  the  yyth 
Montgomery's  Highlanders  ;  the  first  consisting  of  two 
hundred  and  fourteen  men,  including  officers,  and  the  lat 
ter  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-three.  These  troops  had 
just  landed  from  the  West  Indies  and  were  in  a  very  ema 
ciated  condition,  most  of  them  really  unfit  for  service. 
The  remains  of  five  more  such  regiments  arrived  from 
Havana  July  29,  numbering  in  all  nine  hundred  and  eighty- 
two  men  and  officers  fit  for  duty ;  but  by  this  time  Bou 
quet  was  beyond  Fort  Bedford.  Amherst  seemed  incap 
able  of  comprehending  the  magnitude  of  the  danger. 

"  If  you  think  it  necessary  "  he  writes  to  Bouquet  "  you 
will  youself  proceed  to  Fort  Pitt  that  you  may  be  better 
enabled  to  put  in  execution  the  requisite  orders  for  secur 
ing  the  communication  and  reducing  the  Indians  to  rea 
son."  Bouquet  was  not  the  man  to  shirk  duty  or  danger 
in  such  a  crisis.  With  all  the  enegy  of  his  ardent  and 
indomitable  nature  he  threw  himself  into  the  work  of  pre 
paring  an  expedition  for  the  relief  of  the  invested  forts 
and  the  exposed  frontiers.  He  sent  forward  orders  for  the 
collection  of  stores  and  transportation  at  Carlisle  as  soon 
as  the  outlook  became  serious. 

After  making  the  necessary  arrangements  at  Philadel 
phia,  he  hastened  toward  Carlisle.  At  Lancaster  he  writes 
to  Amherst  expressing  confidence  in  his  ability  to  open  up 
communication  with  the  troops  sent  to  his  assistance. 

Amherst  replies  "  I  wish  to  hear  of  no  prisoners,  should 
any  of  the  villains  be  met  with  in  arms."  On  the  3d  of 
July  Bouquet  received  what  he  calls  the  "  fatal  account  of 
the  loss  of  our  posts  at  Presque  Isle,  Leboeuf  and  Ve- 
nango."  The  express  rider  who  brought  the  message 
from  Bedford  came  through  in  one  day.  He  told  the  dis 
astrous  news  to  the  country  people  who  flocked  about  him 
and  remarked,  as  he  rode  towards  Bouquet's  tent,  "  the  In 
dians  will  be  here  soon." 

All  was  consternation  and  alarm.  Word  was  sent  out 
to  the  settlements  and  soon  every  road  was  filled  with 
panic-stricken  fugitives  crowding  into  Carlisle.  The  In- 


32  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

dians  were  raiding  through  the  Juniata  regions  and  along 
the  borders  of  the  Cumberland  valley.  A  scouting  party 
found  Shearman's  valley  laid  waste,  the  dwellings  and 
stacked  grain  on  fire,  and  swine  devouring  the  bodies  of 
slaughtered  settlers.  Twelve  young  men  went  to  warn 
the  people  of  the  Tuscarora  valley.  They  found  the  work 
of  ruin  in  full  blast  already  and  fell  into  an  ambush  in 
which  they  were  nearly  all  killed. 

The  country  between  the  mountains  and  the  Susque- 
hanna  was  abandoned.  Two  thousand  families  left  their 
homes  and  fled  to  the  forts  and  larger  towns  for  protec 
tion. 

A  letter  written  from  Carlisle,  July  5,  1763,  gives  us  an 
idea  of  the  terrible  panic  which  existed.  "  Nothing  could 
exceed  the  terror  which  prevailed  from  house  to  house 
and  from  town  to  town.  The  road  was  near  covered  with 
women  and  child  ren  flying  to  Lancaster  and  Philadelphia. 
The  Rev.—  — ,  pastor  of  the  Episcopal  church,  went  at 
the  head  of  his  congregation  to  protect  and  encourage  them 
on  the  way.  A  few  retired  to  the  breastworks  for  safety. 
The  alarm  once  given  could  not  be  appeased.  We  have 
done  all  that  men  can  do  to  prevent  disorder.  All  our 
hopes  are  turned  upon  Bouquet."  Instead  of  finding  sup 
plies  at  hand  for  his  troops  and  for  the  relief  of  the  forts, 
Bouquet  found  a  vast  crowd  of  despairing  and  starving 
people,  while  crops  were  being  burnt  and  mills  destroyed 
on  all  sides.  July  i3th,  Bouquet  wrote  Amherst  from 
Carlisle  as  follows  : 

"  The  list  of  the  people,  known  to  be  killed,  increases 
very  fast  every  hour.  The  desolation  of  so  many  families 
reduced  to  the  last  extremity  of  want  and  misery  ;  the  de 
spair  of  those  who  have  lost  their  parents,  relations  and 
friends,  with  cries  of  distracted  women  and  children  who 
fill  the  streets — form  a  scene  painful  to  humanity  and  im 
possible  to  describe."  To  procure  provisions,  horses  and 
wagons  under  the  circumstances  was  indeed  a  herculean 
task. 

A  few  friendy  Indians  at  the  fort  he  with  difficulty  saved 
from  the  fury  of  the  mob  of  rustics.  Instead  of  helping 
him  forward  the  settlers  were  rather  a  drawback  and  in- 
cumb ranee,  and  had  to  be  fed  from  the  public  crib. 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  33 

THE    MARCH    TO    BEDFORD. 

However,  in  18  days  after  his  arrival  at  Carlisle,  by 
judicious  and  energetic  measures,  a  convoy  was  procured 
and  the  army  set  out  on  its  perilous  march. 

His  entire  force  did  not  exceed  500  men,  of  whom  the 
most  effective  were  the  426.  Highlanders.  Sixty  of  the 
yyth  regiment  were  so  weak  that  they  had  to  be  conveyed 
in  wagons.  They  were  intended  for  garrison  duty  at  Bed 
ford  &c.,  while  effective  men  at  those  forts  were  to  join 
the  army  of  deliverance.  The  bare-legged  Highlanders  with 
their  kilts  and  plaids,  and  their  infirm  appearance,  gave 
little  assurance  to  the  anxious  people  who  watched  their 
departure. 

The  fate  of  Braddock  a  few  years  previous  had  not  been 
forgotten,  nor  the  desolation  and  despair  that  ensued. 
Nearly  twice  as  many  English  troops  had  been  slain  on 
that  fatal  day  as  Bouquet  had  in  his  entire  command, 
while  the  Indians  that  now  infested  the  woods  were  far 
more  numerous  than  those  who  routed  the  proudest  of  the 
Britons  eight  years  previous. 

At  Shippensburg,  as  at  Carlisle,  a  great  crowd  of  starving 
people  were  found,  who  had  fled  from  the  tomahawk  and 
scalping  knife.  "  On  July  25,  1763  there  were  in  Shippens 
burg  1384  of  our  poor  distressed  back  inhabitants,  viz  : 
301  men,  345  women  and  738  children,  many  of  whom 
were  obliged  to  lie  in  barns,  stables,  cellars  and  un 
der  old  leaky  sheds,  the  dwelling  houses  being  all  crowd 
ed,"  says  the  chronicles  of  those  days.  In  such  a  state  of 
affairs  it  would  seem  that  the  provincial  authorites  and 
frontiers-men  themselves  would  have  united  in  one  grand 
effort  to  drive  out  the  savage  destroyers  of  life  and  prop 
erty.  But  Bouquet  could  get  little  or  no  aid  from  that 
quarter.  A  suicidal  Quaker  policy  pervaded  the  civil 
authorities,  while  the  settlers  seemed  benumbed  with  fear 
and  despondancy. 

He  writes  to  Amherst,  "I  find  m}self  utterly  abandon 
ed  by  the  very  people  I  am  ordered  to  protect  *  *  * 
I  have  borne  very  patiently  the  ill  usage  of  this  province, 
having  still  hopes  that  they  will  do  something  for  us  ;  and 


3 4  COL.  HENR Y  BOUQUET 

therefore  have  avoided  a  quarrel  with  them."  His  efforts 
to  engage  a  body  of  frontiersmen  for  the  campaign  were 
fruitless.  They  preferred  to  remain  for  the  defence  of 
their  families,  forgetting  that  their  homes  and  families 
could  never  be  secure  until  the  savages  had  been  driven 
back  to  their  haunts  beyond  the  Ohio  and  chastised  into 
submission.  Such  a  force  of  men,  used  to  the  woods  and 
enured  to  pioneer  life,  would  have  been  of  vast  service  in 
the  march. 

The  Highlanders  were  sure  to  get  lost  in  the  woods 
when  sent  out  as  flankers.  As  Bouquet  wrote  to  Amherst 
July  26,  "I  cannot  send  a  Highlander  out  of  my  sight  with 
out  running  the  risk  of  losing  the  man,  which  exposes  me 
to  surprises  from  the  skulking  villians  I  have  to  deal  with." 

Doubtless,  however,  the  tactics  resorted  to  in  1758  to 
make  his  men  effective  against  Indian  attack  and  surprise 
during  the  Forbes  campaign,  were  called  into  vigorous 
play  during  this  march,  as  the  outcome  at  Bushy  Run 
clearly  indicates.  At  Bedford,  where  he  arrived  July  25, 
Bouquet  was  more  fortunate  in  enlisting  frontiersmen  and 
succeeded  in  getting  about  thirty  to  march  with  the  army 
for  flanking  and  scouting  purposes. 

Murders  had  continued  in  the  settlements,  three  men 
having  been  killed  near  Shippensburg  by  prowling  sava 
ges  after  the  army  passed.  But  thus  far  the  troops  had 
met  with  little  molestation. 

THE    MARCH    TO    LIGONIER. 

Now,  however,  began  the  real  perils  of  the  march,  and 
greater  caution  was  needed.  Forests,  rocks,  ravines  and 
thickets  abounded  on  every  side,  inviting  their  wily  foe  to 
ambush  the  troops  as  they  threaded  their  way  through  the 
valleys  and  across  the  mountains. 

But  Bouquet  knew  exactly  what  the  exigencies  of  the 
situation  required.  July  28,  the  army  started  from  Fort 
Bedford.  A  band  of  backwoodsmen  led  the  way,  followed 
closely  by  the  pioneers  ;  the  wagons  and  cattle  were  in 
the  centre  guarded  by  the  regulars  and  a  rear  guard  of 
backwoodsmen  closed  up  the  line.  Frontier  riflemen,  or 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  3  5 

provincial  rangers,  scoured  the  woods  on  all  sides  making 
surprise  impossible.  Bouquet  himself,  with  musket  in 
hand,  oftentimes  led  the  advance.  Thus  they  toiled  along 
the  tedious  way,  which  Burd,  under  Bouquet's  orders,  had 
opened  through  the  wilderness  five  years  before. 

The  mountain  air,  the  pure  water  and  delightful  scenery 
had  an  inspiriting  effect  upon  the  Highlanders,  who  grew 
stronger  as  they  marched  along. 

August  2,  the  little  garrison  and  small  body  of  pioneer 
settlers,  who  had  held  Fort  Ligonier  for  two  long  months 
were  transported  with  the  sight  of  the  red  coats  of  the 
Koyal  Americans  and  the  kilts  and  plaids  of  the  Highland- 
ers^marching  to  their  rescue. 

"  The  Campbells  were  coming  "  indeed,  as  the  record 
of  the  bloody  fight  a  few  days  later  fully  demonstrates 
1  he  clan  Campbell,  whose  members  have  marched  so  oft 
in  many  lands  to  glory  and  the  grave,  was  well  repre 
sented  m  the  rank  and  file  of  Bouquet's  army  of  deliver 


ance. 


The  Indians  disappeared  as  the  troops  approached,  but 
no  tidings  had  been  received  from  Fort  Pitt  for  weeks 
Bouquet  wisely  resolved  to  leave  his  wagons  and  oxen  be-' 
hind,  which  were  the  most  cumbrous  part  of  his  convoy 
m  order  to  advance  more  rapidly  and  be  in  better  shape 
to  resist  attack.  Three  hundred  and  forty  pack  horses 
were  loaded  with  supplies  for  the  needy  garrison  at  Fort 
Pitt,  and  on  the  4th  day  of  August  the  army  marched 
about  a  dozen  miles  and  encamped  for  the  night 

Andrew  Byerly  and  his  son  Michael   accompanied  the 
£?£Vj  u°peS  °f  recovering  some   of  their  property 
which  had  been  left  to  the  mercy  of  the  Indians  when  the 
family  had  fled  from  Bushy  Run  over  two   months   ago 
After  proceeding  a  few  miles,  the   boy  was  sent  back  for 
some  reason,  to  remain  at  Fort  Ligonier.     On  his  return 
he  saw  numerous  Indian  trails  crossing  the  dusty  road 
over  which   the  army  had  passed.     The  savages  were  on 
the  alert  to   ascertain  the  number  and   character  of  the 
troops  and  watching  their  opportunity  to   surprise   and 
ambush  them. 

Bouquet  had  his   plans  well   arranged  for  the  speedy 


36  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

relief  of  Fort  Pitt  in  a  way  that  would  be  most  likely  to 
thwart  the  designs  of  the  savages.  His  intention  was  to 
push  on  to  Bushy  Run,  which  would  be  an  excellent  place 
for  man  and  beast  to  rest  and  recuperate  for  a  few  hours, 
and  then  set  out  and  make  a  forced  march  by  night 
through  the  defiles  at  Turtle  Creek,  where  he  expected 
the  savages  would  try  to  ambuscade  his  troops. 

BUSHY    RUN    BATTLE. 

Accordingly,  on  the  morning  of  August  5,  1763,  the 
troops  set  out  at  an  early  hour  over  the  hills,  and  through 
the  hollows  of  what  now  forms  the  heart  of  Westmoreland 
county,  Pa.  Along  the  Forbes  road,  shrouded  on  all  sides 
by  dense  forests,  they  moved  at  a  lively  rate.  By  one 
o'clock  the  jaded  column  had  advanced  seventeen  miles, 
and  Andrew  Byerly,  along  with  a  detachment  of  eighteen 
soldiers  in  the  advance,  cheered  the  weary  troops  with  the 
welcome  tidings  that  Bushy  Run,  their  resting  place,  was 
only  half  a  mile  distant.  All  were  pushing  forward  with 
renewed  vigor,  when  suddenly  the  whole  line  was  startled 
by  the  report  of  rifles  in  the  front.  A  fierce  assault  had 
been  made  on  the  vanguard  and  the  firing  was  quick  and 
sharp.  Twelve  out  of  eighteen  fell  in  the  unequal  con 
flict  that  ensued  before  the  two  advance  companies  could 
press  forward  to  the  relief  of  their  comrades.  The  firing 
became  furious,  indicating  that  the  Indians  were  in  large 
force  and  were  fighting  with  unusual  courage. 

The  convoy  of  packhorses  was  halted,  the  troops  were 
formed  into  line  and  a  general  bayonet  charge  was  made 
through  the  forest.  The  yelping  savages  gave  way  before 
the  cold  steel  of  the  Highlanders.  But  just  as  the  route 
seemed  cleared  in  front,  terrible  war  whoops  resounded 
through  the  woods  on  either  flank,  and  an  uproar  among 
the  packhorse  drivers  indicated  that  the  convoy  was  at 
tacked  in  the  rear.  The  troops  in  advance  were  instantly 
recalled  to  defend  the  convoy.  Driving  away  the  savages 
by  repeated  bayonet  charges  they  formed  a  circle  around 
the  crowded  and  frantic  horses.  It  was  a  new  kind  of  work 
for  the  Highlanders,  but  they  bore  themselves  with  great 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  37 

steadiness  and  remarkable  fortitude  in  spite  of  the  terrific 
and  confusing  yells  of  their  ferocious  assailants  and  the 
deadly  shots  that  came  pouring  in  upon  them  from  every 
thicket,  tree  or  covert,  large  enough  to  conceal  a  foe.  Noth 
ing  but  implicit  confidence  in  their  commander  and  in  the 
pluck  and  fidelity  of  each  other  could  account  for  their 
undaunted  gallantry  under  such  trying  circumstances.  It 
seemed  like  pandemonium  broke  loose.  Walter  Scott  has 
described  such  a  scene  : 

"At  once  theie  rose  so  wild  a  yell 
Within  that  dark  and  narrow  dell, 
As  all  the  fiends  from  heaven  that  fell, 
Had  pealed  the  banner-cry  of  hell." 

Rushing  up  with  terrific  whoops,  the  painted  demons 
would  pour  in  a  heavy  fire,  and  when  the  Highlanders 
would  charge  bayonet  they  would  dodge  and  vanish  be 
hind  trees  and  thickets  only  to  renew  the  assault  the 
moment  the  troops  returned  toward  the  circle  of  defence. 

Many  brave  men  fell  on  that  hot  afternoon.  Captain 
Lieut.  Graham  and  Lieut.  Mclntosh  of  the  42d  High 
landers  were  killed  and  Lieut.  Graham  wounded.  Lieut. 
Donald  Campbell  of  the  yyth  was  wounded  and  Lieut. 
Dow,  of  the  Royal  Americans,  was  shot  through  the  body, 
after  killing  three  Indians. 

Upwards  of  sixty  men  were  killed  or  wounded  in  the 
action  which  lasted  antil  dark.  It  was  impossible  to  change 
position  and  the  troops  were  obliged  to  lay  upon  their 
arms  where  they  had  stood  during  the  fight.  Numerous 
sentinels  were  posted  to  guard  against  a  night  attack.  A 
space  was  made  in  the  centre  of  the  camp  for  the  wounded, 
around  whom  a  wall  of  flour  bags  was  erected  to  protect 
them  from  the  bullets  which  flew  among  them  thick  and 
fast  from  all  side  during  the  fight.  It  was  indeed  a  sad 
and  dreary  night  for  the  wounded. 

The  agony  of  thirst  was  almost  intolerable,  springs  ran 
out  of  the  hill  sides  near  by,  but  the  savages  guarded 
them  well  with  their  skirmish  line,  and  it  was  almost  cer 
tain  death  to  approach  them.  At  imminent  risk  Byerly 
managed  to  convey  a  few  hatfuls  of  water  to  the  wounded 
Highlanders.  A  grateful  shower  of  rain  also  afforded 


38  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

some  relief.  After  Bouquet  had  made  his  dispositions  for 
the  night  he  proceeded  to  write  a  report  of  the  battle  to 
General  Amherst,  evidently  supposing  that  he  was  not 
likely  to  survive  the  conflict  the  coming  day.  The  re 
port  was  written  amid  all  the  bustle  of  the  camp  when 
danger  and  death  in  their  most  horrid  forms  stared  him 
in  the  face,  and  yet  how  carefully,  calmly  and  correctly 
everything  of  note  is  stated  !  Here  it  is. 

REPORT    OF    THE    FIRST     DAY'S    FIGHT     NEAR    BUSHY     RUN. 

CAMP  AT  EDGE  HILL, 
26  MILES  FROM  FORT  PITT,  5th  Aug.  1763. 

SIR  :  The  second  instant  the  troops  and  convoy  arrived  at 
Ligonier,  where  I  could  obtain  no  intelligence  of  the  enemy.  The 
expresses  sent  since  the  beginning  of  July,  having  been  either 
killed  or  obliged  to  return,  all  the  passes  being  occupied  by  the 
enemy.  In  this  uncertainty,  I  determined  to  leave  all  the  wagons, 
with  the  powder,  and  a  quantity  of  stores  and  provisions,  at  Ligo 
nier,  and  on  the  4th  proceeded  with  the  troops  and  about  340 
horses  loaded  with  flour. 

I  intended  to  have  halted  to-day  at  Bushy  Run,  (a  mile  beyond 
this  camp),  and  after  having  refreshed  the  men  and  horses,  to 
have  marched  in  the  night'  over  Turtle  Creek,  a  very  dangerous 
defile  of  several  miles,  commanded  by  high  and  rugged  hills  ;  but 
at  one  o'clock  this  afternoon,  after  a  march  of  17  miles,  the  sav 
ages  suddenly  attacked  our  advance  guard,  which  was  immedi 
ately  supported  by  the  two  Light  Infantry  companies  of  the  42d 
regiment,  who  drove  the  enemy  from  their  ambuscade  and  pur 
sued  them  a  good  way.  The  savages  returned  to  the  attack, 
and  the  fire  being  obstinate  on  our  front  and  extending  along  our 
flanks,  we  made  a  general  charge  with  the  whole  line  to  dislodge 
the  savages  from  the  heights,  in  which  attempt  we  succeded, 
without  by  it  obtaining  any  decisive  advantage,  for  as  soon  as 
they  were  driven  from  one  post,  they  appeared  on  another,  till, 
by  continued  reinforcements,  they  were  at  last  able  to  surround 
us  and  attacked  the  convoy  left  in  our  rear ;  this  obliged  us  to 
march  back  to  protect  it.  The  action  then  became  general,  and 
though  we  were  attacked  on  every  side,  and  the  savages  exerted 
themselves  with  uncommon  resolution,  they  were  constantly  re 
pulsed  with  loss ;  we  also  suffered  considerably.  Capt.  Lieut. 
Graham  and  Lieut.  James  Mclntosh,  of  the  420!,  are  killed,  and 
Capt.  Graham  wounded.  Of  the  Royal  American  Regt.,  Lieut. 
Dow.  who  acted  as  A.  D.  O.  M.  G.,  is  shot  through  the  body. 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  39 

Of  the  77th,  Lieut.  Donald  Campbell  and  Mr.  Peebles,  a  volun 
teer,  are  wounded.  Our  loss  in  men,  including  rangers  and 
drivers,  exceeds  sixty  killed  or  wounded. 

The  action  has  lasted  from  one  o'clock  till  night,  and  we  expect 
to  begin  at  daybreak. 

Whatever  our  fate  may  be,  I  thought  it  necessary  to  give  your 
Excellency  this  early  information,  that  you  may  at  all  events 
take  such  measures  as  you  think  proper  with  the  Provinces,  for 
their  own  safety,  and  the  effectual  relief  of  Fort  Pitt,  as  in  case 
of  another  engagement,  I  fear  insurmountable  difficulties  in  pro 
tecting  and  transporting  our  provisions,  being  already  so  much 
weakened  by  the  losses  of  this  day  in  men  and  horses,  besides  the 
additional  necessity  of  carrying  the  wounded,  whose  situation  is 
truly  deplorable. 

I  cannot  sufficiently  acknowledge  the  constant  assistance  I 
have  received  from  Major  Campbell  during  this  long  action,  nor 
express  my  admiration  of  the  cool  and  steady  behavior  of  the 
troops,  who  did  not  fire  a  shot  without  orders,  and  drove  the 
enemy  from  their  posts  with  fixed  bayonets.  The  conduct  of  the 
officers  is  much  above  my  praises. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be  with  great  respect, 

Sir,  &c.        HENRY  BOUQUET, 

To  His  Excellency,  Sir  Jeffrey  Amherst. 

With  gloomy  forebodings  the  troops,  and  especially  the 
wounded,  awaited  the  dawn  of  the  coming  day.  Wild 
whoops  and  occasional  shots  from  the  deep  thickets  and 
surrounding  hillsides,  indicated  how  eager  the  painted 
demons  were  to  glut  their  vengeance.  The  hordes  be 
sieging  Fort  Pitt  had  all  precipitated  themselves  upon 
Bouquet,  knowing  that  if  he  and  his  supplies  could  be  cut 
off  and  captured,  the  reduction  of  the  fort  would  soon 
follow.  It  was  a  very  disturbed  and  broken  sleep  that 
even  the  most  securely  sheltered  of  the  troops  could  get 
at  such  a  time. 

SECOND  DAY'S  FIGHT,  AUGUST  6. 

With  the  first  gray  streaks  of  dawn  came  those  inces 
sant  savage  yells  preluding  a  fierce  assault  on  every  side. 
Soon  from  every  tree  and  bush  that  could  conceal  an 
enemy,  a  galling  fire  was  poured  upon  the  devoted  forces 
of  Bouquet.  The  Colonel  himself,  with  his  bright  uniform, 


4°  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

was  a  conspicuous  mark,  and  the  balls  whizzed  about  him 
so  thick  that  he  concluded  to  change  his  dress.  While 
doing  so,  behind  a  large  tree,  no  less  than  fourteen  bullets 
struck  it.  As  on  the  previous  day,  the  savages  made  fre 
quent  impetuous  onsets  in  order  to  break  through  the 
line  of  defence.  But  they  were  firmly  met  and  gallantly 
repulsed  at  every  point.  The  gleam  of  the  bayonets 
would  cause  them  to  retire  swiftly  to  the  bushes,  but  the 
moment  the  charge  ceased  they  were  back  again  with  their 
demoniac  yells,  popping  away  at  every  exposed  soldier. 
The  long  march  and  hard  fight  of  the  previous  day,  added 
to  their  burning  thirst,  "  more  intolerable  than  the  ene 
my's  fire,"  as  Bouquet  puts  it,  left  the  troops  in  rather 
sorry  plight  to  contend  with  such  alert  and  daring  assail 
ants.  The  Indians  had  every  advantage  on  their  side  in 
the  way  of  shelter  from  the  fire  of  the  troops  and  being 
without  any  encumbrance  they  could  attack  and  retreat 
with  the  greatest  ease  and  rapidity.  The  savages  marked 
the  increasing  fatigue  and  distress  of  the  troops  and,  con 
fident  of  speedy  triumph,  derided  them  in  bad  English 
and  vulgar  ribaldry.  Keekyuskung,  a  Delaware  chief, 
who  had  taken  part  in  the  murder  of  Colonel  Clapham  and 
his  family,  and  who  was  a  ringleader  in  getting  up  the 
conspiracy  in  general,  was  conspicuous  in  this  kind  of 
work  throughout  the  morning,  as  he  had  been  also  on  the 
previous  night.  His  taunts  were  all  the  more  provoking, 
as  he  bellowed  them  forth  from  behind  a  large  tree,  be 
cause  he  had,  in  times  past,  received  many  favors  from 
Colonel  Bouquet  and  the  Royal  Americans,  when  on  his 
visits  to  Fort  Pitt. 

The  interior  of  the  camp  was  in  great  confusion  owing 
to  the  fright  of  horses  on  account  of  the  terriffic  war 
whoops  resounding  on  all  sides  and  the  hurts  received 
from  Indian  bullets.  The  cowardly  behaviour  of  the 
pack  horse  men  added  to  the  danger  and  tumult.  They 
forsook  the  poor  brutes  and  hid  themselves  in  terror 
among  the  bushes,  from  which  no  command  or  entreaty 
could  draw  them  to  a  discharge  of  duty.  Breaking  away 
from  the  convoy  many  of  the  horses  dashed  madly  through 
the  woods,  and  through  the  lines  of  the  contending  forces. 
The  crisis  was  fearful  and  only  a  cool  head,  fertile  in 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  41 

resources  and  a  brave  heart  unappalled  by  any  danger 
could  meet  the  emergency.  The  heat,  the  toil,  the  thirst' 
the  increasing  and  more  audacious  assaults  of  the  savages 
began  to  tell  seriously  upon  the  strength  and  spirits  of  the 
soldiers.  They  were  growing  weaker  and  falling  rapidly 
while  their  relentless  foes  were  every  moment  growing 
stronger  and  bolder. 

It   was   a  crisis   requiring  the  highest   kind  of   military 
genius  combined  with  indomitable  resolution.     Bouquet 
was  equal  to  the  ordeal  and  from  the  very  jaws  of  defeat 
disaster  and  death  he  snatched  the  most  brilliant    victory 
ever  won  over  the  Indians. 

A  Captain  or  Lieutenant  Barret,  commanding  it  is  said 
a  small  Maryland  detachment  of  provincial  rangers,  point 
ed  out  to    Bouquet    a    place   where  a   large  body  of   the 
boldest  of  the  Indians  might  be  'taken  on  the  flank  and 
rear  by  a  well  directed  bayonet  charge  around  the  hill  and 
up  a  hollow  or  ravine.     Andrew  Byerly  was  with  Bouquet 
at  the  time,  and  heard  Barret  make  the  suggestion,  which 
the  Colonel  quickly  put  into  execution  on  a'large  scale  by 
a  masterly  piece  of  strategy.     Immediately  Major  Camp 
bell  was  directed  to  make  a  rapid  circuit  through  the  woods 
on  the  right  flank  of  the  savages  around  the  hill  afore 
said,  taking  them  in  flank  and  rear.     Captain  Basset  of  the 
Royal  Engineers  was  directed  to  arrange  the  other   com 
panies,  so  as  to  co-operate  promptly  with  the  strategic  move 
ment  at  the  right  moment.     The  thin  line  of  troops  that 
took  the  place  ot  the  two  companies  withdrawn  from  the 
front,  gave  away  before  the  impetuous  onset  of  the  exultant 
savages   and   fell   back  upon  the  convoy,  where  they  pre 
sented  a  line  of  bristling  steel.      The  Indians  fell  com 
pletely  into  the    snare    and    rushed  with    demoniac  fury 
into  the  camp,   certain  that  the  fight  was  won. 

But  just  as  they  supposed  themselves  masters  of  the 
field  the  Highlanders  charged  in  with  a  wild  battle  cry 
upon  their  right  flank.  A  volley  was  fired  upon  the 
amazed  and  huddled  savages,  but  they  stood  their  ground 
with  wonderful  intrepidity,  not  willing  to  loose  a  decisive 
victory  and  the  great  booty  of  stores  and  scalps  which  a 
moment  before  they  felt  was  within  their  grasp  It  is 


42  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

agreed  on  all  hands  that  on  this  occasion,  not  only  in  the 
attack  and  the  assault,  but  in  meeting  the  unexpected 
charge  on  their  flank  and  rear,  the  Indians  displayed  un 
usual  courage  and  firmness. 

But  a  well  directed  bayonet  charge  no  body  of  Indians 
ever  did  or  will  stand.  Here  Bouquet  had  them  at  last 
where  he  wanted  them,  at  close  quarters  where  there  could 
be  no  dodging  or  popping  from  behind  the  trees.  The 
Highlanders  were  at  home  with  the  bayonet  and  only  too 
glad  to  get  a  good  chance  at  the  painted  villains  who  had 
skulked  behind  trees  while  they  shot  their  brave  comrades 
during  the  past  two  days.  Still  the  savages  struggled 
in  hope  of  gaining  the  day,  but  the  shock  was  irresisti 
ble  and,  perceiving  that  they  had  been  caught  in  a  trap, 
they  fled  in  tumultuous  disorder.  In  doing  so  they  were 
obliged  to  pass  in  front  of  the  companies  brought  up  on  the 
opposite  side  by  Capt.  Basset,  from  whom  they  received 
another  volley.  The  four  companies  now  vied  with  each 
other  in  driving  the  savages  through  the  woods  beyond 
Bushy  Run  without  giving  them  time  to  reload  their 
empty  rifles.  Many  of  their  chief  warriors  were  killed  and 
the  rest  utterly  routed.  Among  others,  Kukyuskung,  the 
ungrateful  and  blatant  blackguard,  and  the  famous  war 
Chief  called  "The  Wolf,"  were  slain. 

Amherst  had  expressed  the  hope  that  no  prisoners  with 
arms  in  their  hands  should  be  taken,  and  his  wish  was 
gratified.  Historians  say  that  in  the  fight  only  one  In 
dian  was  taken  prisoner,  and  after  a  little  examination 
he  was  shot  down  like  a  captured  wolf.  Hereby  hangs 
a  tale,  which  I  was  told  by  my  great  great  grandfather, 
Jacob  Byerly,  and  his  son  Joseph,  on  Christmas  day  1855, 
two  and  a-half  years  before  the  old  Revolutionary  veteran 
passed  away,  at  the  age  of  99  years.  He  had  heard  it 
often  from  his  father,  who  was  in  the  fight.  When  the 
flight  of  the  savages  had  fairly  begun,  a  Scotch  Highland 
er  dropped  his  musket  and  darted  after  the  fugitives,  as 
only  a  fleet-footed  Highlander  could.  Soon  he  overtook 
and  mastered,  single-handed,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  sav 
ages,  whom  he  was  leading  toward  the  camp,  when  he  was 
met  by  an  officer  of  Barret's  detachment.  "  What  are  you 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  43 

going  to  do  with  that  fellow  ?  "  said  the  fussy  official.  "  I 
am  taking  him  to  Colonel  Bouquet.  If  you  want  one, 
there  are  plenty  of  them  running  yonder  in  the  woods, 
and  you  may  catch  one  for  yourself,"  replied  the  Highlan 
der.  The  officer  drew  his  pistol  and  shot  the  prisoner 
through  the  head,  which  cowardly  deed  greatly  incensed 
the  brave  Highlander  and  called  forth  the  indignant  re 
buke  of  Bouquet,  when  informed  of  the  affair. 

Sixty  dead  Indians  were  found  on  the  field,  and  many 
wounded  had  been  conveyed  away  by  their  friends.  Bou 
quet  had  won  a  decisive  but  dearly  bought  victory.  Eight 
officers  were  killed  or  severely  wounded,  and  in  all  one 
hundred  and  fifteen  men,  or  nearly  one-fourth  of  the 
entire  force  had  been  killed,  wounded  or  were  missing,  as 
a  result  of  the  two  day's  conflict. 

The  pack  horse  drivers  emerged  from  the  bushes,  and, 
in  company  with  some  of  the  Rangers,  proceeded  to  scalp 
the  dead  Indians,  whom  the  regular  troops  disdained  to 
touch. 

So  many  of  the  horses  had  escaped  through  their  neg 
lect  and  cowardice  during  the  conflict  that  a  large  quan 
tity  of  valuable  stores  had  to  be  destroyed  for  lack  of 
transportation  to  prevent  them  from  falling  into  the  hands 
of  the  Indians  after  the  army  passed  on.  Litters  were 
made  and  the  wounded  were  borne  to  Bushy  Run,  where 
the  army  encamped  to  rest  and  refresh  themselves  after 
the  exhausting  struggle  of  the  past  two  days.  After  the 
severe  handling  they  had  lately  received  it  was  supposed 
the  Indians  would  not  molest  them  soon  again.  But 
scarcely  had  they  gone  into  camp  before  a  volley  was 
fired  into  their  midst.  The  angered  Highlanders  scon  dis 
persed  the  prowling  miscreants  without  awaiting  orders  to 
do  so.  Ten  of  the  wounded  died  at  Bushy  Run  and  were 
buried  next  day  where  Harrison  city  now  stands.  The 
Indians  returned  to  the  battle-field  after  night  and  scalped 
all  the  dead  they  could  find.  These  gory  trophies  they 
shook  at  the  garrison  and  raised  the  scalp  haloo,  as  they 
marched  past  Fort  Pitt  in  a  body,  a  short  time  before  the 
army  appeared  on  the  morning  of  Aug.  10. 

As  on  the  night  before,  Bouquet  rested  not  until  he  had 


44  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

written  his  report  of  the  day's  conflict,  which  was  done  in 
such  a  complete  manner  that  he  never  had  occasion  to 
change  or  supplement  it. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  her  Majesty's  government  I 
have  been  furnished  with  an  authentic  copy  of  Bouquet's 
reports  of  these  conflicts.  The  official  reports  are  in  all 
respects  the  same  as  given  by  Parkman,  except  the  indi 
cated  omission  by  the  copyist  of  the  scalping  operations 
of  the  Rangers  and  packhorse  drivers,  which  I  have  sup 
plied  from  Parkman's  full  text.  But  the  detailed  tabular 
statement  of  killed,  wounded  and  missing  in  the  Bushy 
Run  battles  I  have  never  seen  published  elswhere,  not 
even  by  Parkman.  It  is  very  important  and  interesting, 
showing  the  relative  losses  of  the  Highlanders,  Royal 
Americans  and  Rangers.  The  first  named  formed  nearly 
two-thirds  of  Bouquet's  force,  and  besides  having  to  do 
the  heavy  work,  making  repeated  bayonet  charges,  they 
were  not  used  to  the  Indian's  mode  of  fighting  as  were 
the  small  detachments  of  Rangers  and  Royal  Americans. 
Hence  the  loss  of  the  gallant  Scotch  far  exceeds  that  of 
all  other  parties  combined.  The  A2d  Regiment  of  Royal 
Highlanders  bore  the  brunt  of  the  fierce  assaults  in  front 
in  the  first  days'  battle  and  has  a  proud  record  on  the  roll 
of  honor. 

BOUQUETS'  REPORT  OF  SECOND  DAY'S  FIGHT. 

•  CAMP  AT  BUSHY  RUN,  6th  Aug.  1763. 

SIR  :  I  had  the  honor  to  inform  your  Excellency  in  my  letter 
of  yesterday  of  our  first  engagement  with  the  savages. 

We  took  the  post  last  night  on  the  hill  where  our  convoy  halted, 
when  the  front  was  attacked,  (a  commodious  piece  of  ground  and 
just  spacious  enough  for  our  purpose).  There  we  encircled  the 
whole  and  covered  our  wounded  with  flour  bags. 

In  the  morning  the  savages  surrounded  our  camp,  at  the  dis 
tance  of  500  yards,  and  by  shouting  and  yelping,  quite  round 
that  extensive  circumference,  thought  to  have  terrified  us  with 
their  numbers.  They  attacked  us  early,  and  under  favor  of  an 
incessant  fire,  made  several  bold  efforts  to  penetrate  our  camp, 
and  though  they  failed  in  the  attempt,  our  situation  was  not  the 
less  perplexing,  having  experienced  that  brisk  attacks  had  little 
effect  upon  an  enemy  who  always  gave  way  when  pressed,  and 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  45 

appeared  again  immediately.  Our  troops  were,  besides,  extremely 
fatigued  with  the  long  march  and  as  long  action  of  the  preceding 
day,  and  distressed  to  the  last  degree,  by  a  total  want  of  water, 
much  more  intolerable  than  the  enemy's  fire. 

Tied  to  our  convoy,  we  could  not  lose  sight  of  it  without  ex 
posing  it  and  our  wounded  to  fall  a  prey  to  the  savages,  who 
pressed  upon  us,  on  every  side,  and  to  move  it  was  impracticable, 
having  lost  many  horses,  and  most  of  the  drivers,  stupified  by 
fear,  hid  themselves  in  the  bushes,  or  were  incapable  of  hearing 
or  obeying  orders.     The  savages  growing  every  moment  more 
audacious,  it  was  thought  proper  to  still  increase  their  confidence 
by  that  means,  if  possible,  to  entice  them  to  come  close  upon  us 
or  to  stand  their  ground  when  attacked.     With  this  view  two 
companies  of  Light  Infantry  where  ordered  within  the  circle 
and  the  troops  on  their  right  and  left  opened  their  files  and  filled 
up  the  space,  that  it  might  seem  they  were  intended  to  cover  the 
retreat.     The  Third  Light  Infantry  company  and  the  Grenadiers 
of  the  42d  were  ordered  to  support  the   two    first  companies 
This  manoeuvre  succeeded  to  our  wish,  for  the  few  troops  who 
took  possession  of  the  ground  lately  occupied  by  the  two  Light 
Infantry  companies  being  brought  in  nearer  to  the  centre  of  the 
circle,  the  barbarians  mistaking  these  motions  for  a  retreat,  hur 
ried  headlong  on,  and  advancing  upon  us,  with  the  most  daring 
intrepidity,   galled  us  excessively  with  their  heavy  fire;   but  at 
the  very  moment  that  they  felt  certain  of  success,  and  thought 
themselves  masters  of  the  camp,  Major  Campbell,  at  the  head 
of  the  first  companies,  sallied  out  from  a  part  of  the  hill  they 
could  not  observe,  and  fell  upon  their  right  flank.     They  reso 
lutely  returned  the  fire,  but  could  not  stand  the  irresistible  shock 
of  our  men,  who,  rushing  in  among  them,  killed  many  of  them 
and  put  the  rest  to  flight.     The  orders  sent   to  the  other  two 
:ompanies  were  delivered  so  timely  by  Captain  Basset,  and  exe 
cuted  with  such  celerity  and  spirit,  that  the  routed  savages  who 
happened  that  moment  to  run  before  their  front,  received  their 
full  fire,  when  uncovered  by  the  trees.     The  four  companies  did 
not  give  them  time  to  load  a  second  time,  nor  even  to  look  be 
hind  them,  but  pursued  them  till  they  were  totally  dispersed 
1  he  left  of  the  savages,  which  had  not  been  attacked,  were  kept 
m  awe  by  the  remains  of  our  troops,  posted  on  the  brow  of  the 
rail  for  that  purpose  ;  nor  durst  they  attempt  to  support  or  assist 
their  right,  but  being  witness  to  their  defeat,  followed  their  exam- 
Pi,    ^n  j  i     ,    Our  brave  men  disdained  so  much  as  to  touch 
the  dead  body  of  a  vanquished  enemy  that  scarce  a  scalp  was 
taken  except  by  the  Rangers  and  pack-horse  drivers. 

The  woods  being  now  cleared  and  the  pursuit  over,  the  four 


46  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

companies  took  possession  of  a  hill  in  our  front,  and  as  soon  as 
litters  could  be  made  for  the  wounded,  and  the  flour  and  every 
thing  destroyed,  which,  for  want  of  horses,  could  not  be  carried, 
we  marched  without  molestation  to  this  camp.  After  the  severe 
correction  we  had  given  the  savages  a  few  hours  before,  it  was 
natural  to  suppose  we  should  enjoy  some  rest,  but  we  had  hardly 
fixed  our  camp,  when  they  fired  upon  us  again.  This  was  very 
provoking ;  however,  the  Light  Infantry  dispersed  them  before 
they  could  receive  orders  for  that  purpose.  I  hope  we  shall  be 
no  more  disturbed,  for,  if  we  have  another  action,  we  shall  hardly 
be  able  to  carry  our  wounded. 

The  behavior  of  the  troops  on  this  occasion,  speaks  for  itself 
so  strongly,  that  for  me  to  attempt  their  eulogium  would  but  de 
tract  from  their  merit. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  most  respectfully,  Sir,  &c. 

HENRY  BOUQUET, 

To  His  Excellency,  Sir  Jefferey  Amherst. 

P.  S. — I  have  the  honor  to  enclose  the  return  of  the  killed, 
wounded  and  missing  in  the  two  engagements.  H.  B. 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS. 


47 


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48  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

(  Colonial  Correspondence — American  and  West  Indies — Sir 
Jeff.  Amherst,  1763,  Vol.  97.) 

NEW  YORK,  3d  Sept.,  1763. 

MY  LORD  :— On  the  loth  of  last  month  Col.  Bouquet  got  his 
convoy  into  Fort  Pitt,  after  having  been  attacked  on  the  5th  and 
6th  by  a  very  numerous  body  of  savages,  which  he  repulsed  and 
defeated,  though  not  without  some  loss  on  our  side.  Captain 
Lieut.  Graham  and  Lieut.  James  Mclntosh,  of  the  42d,  being 
killed,  with  an  officer  of  Rangers,  and  four  officers  wounded — in 
the  whole,  49  were  killed  and  60  wounded.  As  I  have  the  honor 
to  transmit  to  your  Lordship  Colonel  Bouquet's  letter  with  my 
answers,  and  the  account  I  made  public  here  of  that  affair,  I  need 
not  repeat  the  praises  due  to  the  troops  for  their  behavior,  clogged 
as  they  were  by  a  large  but  necessary  convoy,  and  on  a  very  un 
toward  communication. 
***********  * 

I  have  honor  to  be  with  the  utmost  respect,  my  Lord,  your 
Lordship's  most  humble  and  obedient  servant, 

JEFFERY  AMHERST. 
Right  Honorable  Earl  of  Egremont. 

The  copies  of  Col.  Henry  Bouquet's  official  reports  of 
the  battles  with  the  Indians,  near  Bushy  Run,  I  have 
received  direct  from  the  British  government,  in  re 
sponse  to  a  letter  written  last  January,  which  was  en 
dorsed  by  Hon.  Wm.  S.  Stenger,  Secretary  of  Common 
wealth  ;  Hon.  H.  P.  Laird,  Gen.  R.  C.  Drum,  Secretary 
of  War  Lincoln,  and  transmitted  officially  by  Secretary  of 
State  Frelinghuysen. 

The  reports  of  Bouquet,  written  in  the  midst  of  such 
exciting  and  confusing  scenes  are  models  of  exactness  and 
reflect  high  honor  upon  him  as  a  soldier  and  a  scholar. 
Although  a  Swiss  and  well  acquainted  with  German, 
French  and  other  European  languages,  he  wrote  English 
better  than  the  great  majority  of  English  officers. 

With  the  aid  of  these  reports  and  Hutchins'  map,  drawn 
up  a  few  years  after  the  battle,  it  is  easy  to  locate  the  field 
of  conflict.  The  first  day's  fight,  where  the  42d  Highland 
regiment  suffered  so  severely,  took  place  on  the  Gonaware 
Hills,  near  Harrison  City,  located  on  Bushy  Run.  The  fight 
around  the  convoy,  where  the  savages  were  finally  am 
bushed  and  routed,  took  place  on  the  Wanamaker  farm,  a 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  49 

short  distance  south-east  of  Mr.  W.'s  present  residence. 
The  old  Forbes  road  ran  through  the  Wanamaker  and 
Gongaware  farms,  along  a  different  line  from  the  present 
road,  but  that  line  is  well  known  by  Mr.  W.,  and  others, 
who  cleared  away  the  native  woods  on  both  sides  of  the 
Forbes  road.  By  comparing  the  march  and  resources  of 
Bouquet  with  those  of  other  Indian  fighters,  we  are  filled 
with  increasing  admiration  at  his  success,  August  5  and  6, 
1763,  on  the  bloody  fields  near  Bushy  Run. 

With  a  force  of  less  than  500  men,  mostly  composed  of 
raw  Highlanders,  unused  to  Indian  warfare,  Bouquet  de 
fended  his  convoy  of  340  pack-horses  and  finally  routed 
the  horde  of  savages  who  had  fought  with  unusual  cou 
rage  and  sagacity.  True,  he  lost  about  one-fourth  of  his 
men  in  killed  and  wounded,  but  an  equal  or  greater  loss 
was  inflicted  on  his  wily  and  savage  foes.  Compare  this 
with  the  results  of  similar  conflicts.  Braddock,  in  1755, 
with  1,400  men,  lost  nearly  900,  and  out  of  85  officers,  64 
were  killed  or  wounded.  And  yet  he  was  opposed  by 
only  a  few  hundred  Indians  and  French,  who  lost  only  30, 
all  told,  of  their  number.  As  a  consequence,  the  borders 
were  desolated  for  hundreds  of  miles  and  thousands  of 
pioneers  were  driven  from  their  homes  or  massacred. 

Col.  Crawford,  with  500  men,  in  1782,  was  routed,  and 
himself,  his  son  and  son-in-law  captured  and  burned  at 
the  stake. 

Col.  Loughrey,  with  140  picked  frontiersmen  from  West 
moreland,  was  surprised  and  all  his  force  captured  by  an 
Indian  detachment  in  1781. 

Gen.  Harmer,  1790,  with  300  regulars  and  over  1,000 
volunteers  was  routed  with  a  loss  of  several  hundred  of  his 
best  troops. 

.  Gen.  St.  Clair,  a  brave  and  able  officer,  1791,  with  1,200 
men,  in  line  of  battle,  expecting  attack  and  provided  with 
artillery,  and  with  large  reinforcements  near  at  hand,  met 
with  overwhelming  defeat,  and  a  loss  of  68  officers  killed 
28  wounded,  together  with  over  half  of  his  men.  And 
these  were  for  the  most  part  veterans,  used  to  fighting  and 
commanded  by  gallant  and  experienced  officers. 

In  the  light  of  these  and  many  similar  conflicts  in  the 
c 


5  O  COL.  HENR  Y  BOUQUET 

olden  times  or  in  recent  years,  the  valor  and  ability  of 
Bouquet  shine  forth  in  replendent  colors.  Or  take  a  suc 
cessful  Indian  fighter  like  Gen.  Anthony  Wayne  and  we 
find  that  Bouquet  stands  the  peer  of  the  greatest.  Gen. 
Wayne  had  over  1,500  veteran  and  mounted  Kentuckians 
and  2,000  regulars,  including  artillery  in  1794.  After 
sharp  fighting,  he  routed  about  half  his  number  of  In 
dians,  with  a  loss  of  33  killed  and  a  hundred  of  his  own 
men  wounded.  The  loss  of  the  Indians  was  about  the  same 
as  that  of  the  whites.  Under  Braddock's  mangement  the 
Indians  killed  fifty  white  to  every  one  of  their  own  number 
slain,  while  under  Bouquet's  management  they  lost  more  of 
their  own  warriors  than  they  were  able  to  destroy  of  the 
whites.  It  is  to  honor  the  memory  and  perpetuate  the  hero 
ism  of  this  superb  man  and  his  gallant  army  of  deliverance 
that  Westmorelanders  and  all  patriotic  citizens  of  West 
Pennsylvania, Virginia  and  Ohio  are  invited  to  assemble  on 
the  historic  field  of  his  grandest  triumph,  Aug.  6,  1883. 

"  The  battle  of  Bushy  Run,"  says  Parkman  the  great 
historian  of  Colonial  times,  "  was  one  of  the  best  contest 
ed  actions  ever  fought  between  white  men  and  Indians. 
*  *  *  The  Indians  displayed  throughout  a  fierceness 
and  intrepidity  matched  only  by  the  steady  valor  with 
which  they  were  met.  In  the  provinces  the  victory 
excited  equal  joy  and  admiration,  especially  among  those 
who  knew  the  incalculable  difficulties  of  an  Indian  cam 
paign.  The  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania  passed  a  vote  ex 
pressing  their  sense  of  the  merits  of  Bouquet  and  of  the 
services  he  had  rendered  to  the  province.  He  soon  after 
received  the  additional  honor  of  the  formal  thanks  of  the 
King." 

The  army  in  a  few  days  reached  Fort  Pitt,  to  the  great 
joy  and  relief  of  the  garrison,  whose  stock  of  provisions 
were  about  exhausted.  Bouquet  wrote,  as  follows  : 

To  Sir  Jeffery  Amhurst : 

FORT  PITT,  Aug.  u.  1763. 

SIR  : — We  arrived  here  yesterday  without  further  opposition 
than  scattered  shots  along  the  road. 

The  Delawares,  Shawanese,  Wiandots  and  Mingoes,  had  closely 
beset  and  attacked  this  fort  from  the  27th  July  to  the  ist  inst., 
when  they  quitted  it  to  march  against  us. 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  5  I 

The  boldness  of  those  savages  is  hardly  credible  ;  they  had 
taken  post  under  the  banks  of  both  rivers  close  to  the  fort,  where 
digging  holes,  they  kept  an  incessant  fire,  and  threw  fire  arrows. 
They  are  good  marksmen,  and  though  our  people  were  under 
cover,  they  killed  one  and  wounded  seven.  Captain  Ecuyer  is 
wounded  in  the  leg  by  an  arrow.  I  should  not  do  justice  to  that 
officer  should  I  omit  mentioning,  that  without  engineer  or  any 
other  artificers  than  a  few  shipwrights,  he  has  raised  a  parapet  of 
logs  round  the  fort  above  the  old  one  (which,  having  not  been 
finished  was  too  low  and  enfiladed)  palisaded  the  inside  of  the 
area,  constructed  a  fire  engine,  and,  in  short,  has  taken  all  pre 
cautions,  which  art  and  judgment  could  suggest,  for  the  preserva 
tion  of  this  post,  open  before  on  three  sides,  which  had  suffered 
by  the  floods.  The  inhabitants  have  acted  with  spirit  against  the 
enemy,  and  in  the  repairs  of  the  fort.  Captain  Ecuyer  expresses 
an  entire  satisfaction  in  their  conduct. 

The  artillery  and  the  small  number  of  regulars  have  done 
their  duty  with  distinction. 

Sir  Jeffery  Amherst's  letters  add  to  the  above  accounts,  that 
by  his  last  intelligence  the  number  of  savages  in  the  two  actions 
of  the  5th  and  6th  of  August  slain,  was  about  sixty,  and  a  great 
many  wounded  in  the  pursuit.  That  the  three  principle  ring 
leaders  of  those  people,  who  had  the  greatest  share  in  fomenting 
the  present  troubles  and  were  concerned  in  the  murder  of  Col. 
Clapham,  &c.,  viz:  Kikyuscuting,  and  the  Wolf  and  Butler, 
were,  according  to  the  information  sent  him,  killed;  the  two 
former  in  the  field,  and  the  last  at  Fort  Pitt. 

THE    OWNERSHIP    OF    THE    BUSHY    RUN    TRACT. 

It  has  been  asserted  by  some  writers,  in  recent  as  well 
as  colonial  days,  that  Col.  Ephraim  Elaine  was  in  com 
mand  of  Fort  Ligonier,  which  he  bravely  defended  with 
provincial  troops  until  Bouquet  came  along,  after  which 
he  accompanied  the  army  as  commander  of  the  pack-horse 
brigade,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  battle  of  Bushy 
Run,  where  he  came  near  losing  his  life,  &c.  He  then  re 
solved  that  some  day  he  would  become  the  owner  of  that 
historic  field. 

All  this  is  pure  fiction,  evidently  gotten  up  for  a  special 
purpose,  in  order  to  invalidate  the  claims  of  the  Byerlys 
to  the  grant  on  Bushy  Run,  originally  given  by  Col.  Bou 
quet  and  secured  by  settlement  and  valuable  improve 
ments. 


5 2  COL.  HENR Y  BOUQUET 

The  name  and  record  of  Lieut.  Archibald  Blane,  (  not 
Elaine  ),  who  defended  Fort  Ligonier  with  a  detachment 
of  Royal  Americans  in  1763,  have  -been  confounded  with 
those  of  Col.  Ephraim  Elaine,  who  first  appears  as  a  com 
missary  sergeant  in  Bouquet's  campaign  of  1764.  Neither 
Lieutenant  A.  Blane  nor  Colonel  E.  Elaine  was  in  the 
Bushy  Run  battle.  The  former  wrote  Bouquet  a  letter 
from  Fort  Ligonier,  immediately  after  the  battle,  congratu 
lating  him  on  his  recent  victory  at  Bushy  Run.  See  Park- 
man's  Pontiac,  Vol.  II.,  p.  160.  See  also  page  407,  of 
Washington  —  Irvine  correspondence  —  where  Ephraim 
Elaine's  record  is  correctly  sketched. 

The  truth  is  Ephraim  Elaine  jumped  the  older  and  origi 
nal  Byerly  claim  by  a  patent,  confirmed  by  the  Pennsylva 
nia  Executive  Council  in  the  distracted  days  of  1786,  long 
after  the  death  of  the  elder  Byerly,  and  when  his  widow 
and  children  were  in  no  shape  to  dispute  his  unjust  usur 
pation.  For  forty-one  pounds  of  provincial  currency, 
when  that  currency  was  comparatively  worthless,  he  man 
aged  to  get  a  technical  title  to  the  old  Byerly  tract  of  over 
300  acres  along  the  Forbes  road,  on  the  historic  field  of 
Bushy  Run  !  This  was  bad  enough  surely,  but  to  make 
him  one  of  the  chief  heroes  in  the  fight,  to  boost  up  the 
unjust  claim,  is  to  violate  not  only  the  rights  of  a  family 
but  the  rights  of  humanity.  It  pollutes  the  fountains  and 
muddies  the  sacred  stream  of  history  itself. 

It  was  no  great  credit  to  be  in  command  of  the  pack- 
horse  brigade  at  the  Bushy  Run  battle,  as  Col.  Bouquet's 
report  indicates.  And  we  do  Col.  Elaine's  memory  a  ser 
vice  by  relieving  him  from  the  equivocal  position  in  which 
certain  prominent  individuals  placed  him  in  the  suit  for 
ownership  of  the  battle-field,  when  they  testified  that  Col. 
Elaine  took  part  in  the  battle  of  1763  as  commander  of 
the  pack-horse  brigade,  &c. 

Hon.  Jos.  H.  Kuhns,  who  was  counsel  for  the  Blaines 
in  the  later  stages  of  the  suit,  (  when  Elaine's  friends 
claimed  that  he  had  bought  Byerly 's  right  and  title)  told 
the  writer  a  few  weeks  ago  that  the  general  feeling  at  the 
time  of  the  trial  was  that  the  Byerlys  had  right  and  jus 
tice  on  their  side.  The  presiding  judge,  being  a  resident 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  53 

of  Carlisle  and  a  special  friend  of  the  Blaines,  was  blamed 
with  partiality.  Until  recently  Mr.  Kuhns  believed  the 
fiction  about  the  presence  and  narrow  escape  of  Col. 
Ephraim  Elaine  in  the  battle,  &c., which  had  been  palmed 
off  in  the  courts,  &c.,  at  the  trial. 

But  after  learning  the  real  facts  in  the  case,  and  seeing 
how  the  names  and  records  of  Lieut.  Archibald  Blane  and 
Col.  Ephraim  Blaine  had  been  confounded,  he  wrote  me 
the  following  candid  note  on  the  subject  : 

GREENSBURG,  Pa.,  May  2,  1883. 
Rev.  Cyrus  Cort : 

REV.  AND  DEAR  SIR. — Your  esteemed  favor  received.  I  am 
satisfied  that  the  story  of  Elaine's  claim  to  the  battle  ground  is 
apocryphal.  He  was  an  intruder  upon  Byerly,  who  was,  in 
point  of  fact,  the  first  actual  owner  of  the  ground  by  occupancy 
and  legal  authority  of  the  proprietary  government  of  Penn'a. 
Respectfully,  Jos.  H.  KUHNS. 

So  much  for  the  question  of  original  and  rightful  owner 
ship  of  Bushy  Run  battlefield.  Byerly  removed  his  family 
to  Fort  Bedtord,  by  advice  of  Bouquet,  until  peace  was 
firmly  established  at  the  end  of  next  year.  He  then  re 
turned  and  occupied  the  grant  on  Bushy  Run.  About 
the  time  of  the  breaking  out  of  the  Revolutionary  war,  he 
took  his  son  Andrew  to  Lancaster,  Pa.,  to  give  him  a 
chance  to  get  an  education  at  the  home  of  his  step-sisters. 
While  on  this  visit  the  old  gentleman  died,  and  was  buried 
at  Strasburg,  in  that  county.  I  am  indebted  to  Ad.  J. 
Eberly,  esq.,  and  Rev.  J.  A.  Peters  for  the  following  facts, 
which  should  have  been  stated  at  page  17  : 

Record  book  B,  page  349,  contains  a  deed  from  James 
Hamilton,  esq.,  to  Andreas  Byerly,  for  a  lot  of  ground  on 
east  side  of  North  Queen  street,  a  frontage  of  64  feet  and 
4^  inches  and  a  depth  of  245  feet,  in  the  town  of  Lancas 
ter,  Pa.,  dated  October  25,  1745. 

The  baptismal  records  of  the  First  Reformed  church  of 
Lancaster,  Pa.,  mention  Andreas  Byerly  as  standing  spon 
sor  for  a  child,  Feb.  3,  1745.  So  also  on  May  3,  1750,  he 
and  his  wife  served  in  same  capacity  for  a  child  by  name 
of  Houck,  from  Strasburg  Twp.,  and  again  for  a  Backen- 


54  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

stopp,  Feb.  4,  1753,  under  the  pastorates  of  Revs.  Schnorr- 
bock  and  Otterbein,  respectively. 

The  Byerly  family  resided  for  greater  safety  at  Fort 
Walthour  during  the  Revolution.  Jacob  served  in  several 
campaigns  against  the  Indians,  and  killed  a  chief  in  a  fight 
near  Brady's  Bend,  when  quite  a  young  man. 

Mrs.  Byerly  was  a  very  intelligent,  humane  and  pious 
woman.  She  had  been  well  trained  in  the  doctrines  of 
the  Reformed  Church  of  Switzerland.  She  did  good  ser 
vice  as  a  nurse  and  a  kind  of  doctoress  during  those  dark 
and  dangerous  days.  But  her  care  was  extended  to  the 
soul  as  well  as  body.  She  established  a  Sunday  school 
for  the  intellectual  and  religious  training  of  the  neglected 
children  at  the  fort,  and  in  various  ways  was  a  public 
benefactress.  Some  years  after  Mr.  Byerly's  death  she 
was  married  to  a  Mr.  Lord,  an  Englishman.  She  lies 
buried  among  her  children  at  the  old  Brush  Creek  grave 
yard.  Andrew  Byerly  had  four  sons,  viz.  :  Michael, 
Jacob,  Francis  and  Andrew.  Their  descendants  are  scat 
tered  over  a  great  part  of  the  United  States.  Jacob  en 
tered  the  Revolutionary  army  at  sixteen,  and  saw  hard 
service  for  several  years  in  helping  to  guard  the  frontiers 
against  Indians  and  Tories.  His  son  Andrew  was  major 
in  the  War  of  1812,  and  guarded  the  ships  of  Commodoie 
Perry's  fleet,  while  being  built  on  Lake  Erie.  Benjamin 
was  a  lieutenant  and  Joseph  a  private,  as  also  his  son-in- 
law,  Skelly,  in  the  same  war.  Benjamin  was  likewise 
sheriff  and  assemblyman. 

Captain  George  A.  Cribbs,  who  fell  at  the  head  of  his  men 
at  the  second  battle  of  Manassas,  was  married  to  a  grand 
daughter  of  Jacob  Byerly,  and  Sergeant  Cyrus  Rankin, 
who  fell  on  the  Peninsula,  was  a  great  grandson. 

Mrs.  James  Gregg,  of  Greensburg,  is  a  granddaughter 
of  Michael,  and  Daniel  C.  Byerly,  deceased,  was  a  grand 
son. 

Prof.  Andrew  Byerly,  of  Millersville  Normal  School,  is 
a  grandson  of  Andrew  II. 

The  descendants  of  Francis  Byerly  are  numerous  in 
Iowa.  Michael,  Jacob  and  Francis  married  three  sisters 
named  Harmon,  whose  mother  was  Christina  Lenhart, 
from  Holland.  Jacob  was  married  in  old  Fort  Walthour, 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  5  5 

by  'Squire  Trouby,  during  the  Revolution.  He  and  his 
son  Joseph  are  buried  with  fine  military  mpnuments  at 
Brush  Creek  graveyard. 

EVIL    RESULTS    OF    PROVINCIAL    APATHY. 

After  their  discomfiture  at  Bushy  Run,  the  Indians 
moved  from  their  towns  along  the  Alleghany  and  Ohio 
rivers  into  the  Muskingum  country,  where  they  fancied 
themselves  entirely  safe  from  molestation,  while  at  the 
same  time  they  could  carry  on  their  depredations  by  sud 
den  incursions  into  the  white  settlements.  It  would  have 
been  wise  policy  and  an  immense  saving  of  life  and  treas 
ure  had  they  been  followed  at  once  to  their  forest  fast 
nesses  and  brought  to  terms  by  a  display  of  military 
prowess  in  their  own  haunts. 

This  was  exactly  what  Bouquet  proposed  to  do.  As 
soon  as  he  had  brought  his  heavy  convoy  through  from 
Fort  Ligonier  to  Port  Pitt,  he  made  strenuous  efforts  to 
secure  reinforcements  for  such  an  expedition  into  the 
heart  of  the  Indian  country. 

August  27,  1763,  he  wrote  General  Amherst  from  Fort 
Pitt  that  with  a  re-inforcement  of  three  hundred  Provincal 
Rangers  he  could  destroy  all  the  Delaware  towns  "  and 
clear  the  country  of  that  vermin  between  this  fort  and 
Lake  Erie."  He  bitterly  complained  that  the  provinces 
would  not  even  furnish  escorts  to  convoys,  so  that  his 
hands  were  completely  tied,  He  candidly  admitted  the 
importance  and  value  of  provincials  for  service  against  the 
savages  in  the  woods,  something  which  Amherst,  like 
Braddock  before  him,  was  loth  to  do. 

October  24,  1763,116  writes  the  haughty  and  obstinate 
Amherst  as  follows  :  "  Without  a  certain  number  of 
woodsmen  I  cannot  think  it  advisable  to  employ  regulars 
in  the  woods  against  savages,  as  they  cannot  procure  any 
intelligence  and  are  open  to  continual  surprises,  nor  can 
they  pursue  to  any  distance  their  enemy  when  they  have 
routed  them  ;  and  should  they  have  the  misfortune  to  be 
defeated,  the  whole  would  be  destroyed,  if  above  one  day's 
march  from  a  fort.  That  is  my  opinion,  in  which  I  hope 
to  be  deceived." 


5  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

The  Quaker  Provincial  authorities,  backed  by  the  Dun- 
kard  and  Mennonite  elements  among  the  Germans,  seemed 
to  be  utterly  insensible  to  the  dangers  and  sufferings  of 
the  exposed  settlements  near  the  borders.  In  their  more 
secure  abodes  in  the  older  settlements  they  would  prate 
about  the  wickedness  of  war,  and  try  to  justify  their  im 
practicable  theories  by  extensive  scriptural  quotations. 

St.  Paul  teaches  that  civil  government  is  a  divine  insti 
tution,  and  its  representatives  must  not  bear  the  sword  in 
vain,  but  be  a  terror  to  evil-doers  and  a  praise  to  them 
that  do  well.  See  Rom.,  13. 

All  this  was  ignored,  and  in  place  of  it  was  substituted 
a  perverted  theory  of  non-resistance.  The  exhortations 
to  individual  Christians  to  forego  the  gratification  of  pri 
vate  or  personal  revenge,  on  the  ground  of  the  old  law  of 
retaliation,  was  applied  to  civil  rulers  and  governments  in 
a  way  that  was  contrary  to  reason  and  Scripture. 

The  Great  Cove,  in  Blair  county,  was  settled  by  Dunk- 
ards  as  early  as  1755.  These  were  exposed  to  Indian 
raids.  "  Gottes  wille  sei  gethan"  they  would  say,  while  the 
brutal  savages  were  tomahawking  their  wives  and  children, 
in  whose  defence  they  would  not  lift  a  finger.  They 
seemed  to  think  that  it  was  the  Lord's  will  that  the  devil 
and  his  agents  should  have  full  swing  without  opposition. 

The  strong  and  vigorous  Scotch  Presbyterian  and  the 
German  Reformed  and  Lutheran  elements  of  the  popula 
tion  had  no  patience  or  sympathy  with  such  sentimental 
views.  When  their  families  or  friends  were  being  ruth 
lessly  slaughtered  by  the  savages,  they  were  filled  with 
indignation  against  all  who  either  directly  or  indirectly 
abetted  the  cruel  destroyers  of  life  and  property. 

Large  numbers  of  Reformed  and  Lutheran  families  had 
settled  along  the  Codorus,  the  Conewago,  the  Monocacy 
and  Connocheague  streams  of  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland, 
where  regularly  organized  congregations  existed  already 
in  1748,  as  we  learn  from  the  "  Life  and  Travels  of  Rev. 
Michael  Schlatter."  So  also  at  Winchester  and  other 
points  through  the  Shenandoah  Valley. 

The  Royal  American  Regiment,  as  we  have  seen,  was 
largely  composed  of  this  element  and  commanded  by  ex- 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  57 

perienced  German  and  Swiss  officers,  who  had  seen  service 
in  the  armies  of  the  Dutch  Republic. 

The  horrors  of  savage  warfare  fell  upon  these  settle 
ments  and  soldiers,  together  with  their  Scotch-Irish  neigh 
bors,  in  the  Conococheague  settlements. 

The  friendly  Conestoga  Indians  in  Lancaster  county 
and  the  Moravian  Indian  converts  along  the  Lehigh  were 
blamed  for  harboring  and  abetting  some  of  the  marauding 
Indians,  and  the  full  force  of  popular  fury  was  arrayed 
against  them.  When  homes  were  being  daily  deso 
lated,  parents  tomahawked  and  scalped,  and  children 
carried  into  heathen  captivity,  it  was  natural  for  the 
people  to  hate  the  name  of  Indian  and  to  be  filled 
with  wrath  at  any  one  who  would  protect  or  counte 
nance  any  member  of  the  race.  The  supineness  of 
the  Provincial  Assembly,  and  their  failure  to  second  the 
efforts  of  such  a  man  as  Bouquet  was  discouraging  and 
demoralizing  and  provoking  in  the  extreme  to  the  regular 
troops,  who  had  suffered  so  much  on  the  outposts,  and  to 
the  hardy  pioneers  in  the  advanced  settlements.  The 
Paxton  Boys,  in  their  riotous  conduct  at  the  Lancaster 
jail  and  in  their  march  to  Philadelphia,  helped  to  awaken 
the  Quakers  from  their  dream  of  lethargic  indifference. 
The  Royal  Americans  had  been  kept  in  the  woods  for 
over  six  years,  and  now  Amherst  sought  to  compel  regulars 
to  remain  in  service  after  the  long  term  of  enlistment  had 
expired.  These  causes  combined  to  produce  great  discon 
tent,  both  among  officers  and  men.  They  were  expected 
to  hold  many  important  posts  and  keep  up  long  lines  of 
communication  in  the  midst  of  the  'wilderness,  surrounded 
by  prowling  and  hostile  savages.  Lieut,  Archibald  Blane 
and  the  gallant  Capt.  Ecuyer  asked  Bouquet  to  be  relieved 
from  labors  and  responsibilities  too  heavy  for  their 
strength  and  resources.  And  Bouquet  himself  chagrined, 
at  some  action  of  the  British  government  which  seemed 
to  shut  the  door  of  promotion  against  foreign  born  officers, 
and  worried  out  of  patience  by  the  ingratitude  and  neglect 
of  the  provinces,  felt  himself  constrained  to  do  the  same 
thing. 


5  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

Amherst  had  left  for  England,  disgusted  with  the  situa 
tion  and  angry  at  the  provinces  for  want  of  co-operation. 
General  Gage  had  taken  his  place  as  commander-in-chief. 
Bouquet  wrote  Gage,  June  20,  1764,  asking  to  be  relieved 
of  the  command,  the  burden  and  fatigues  of  which  were 
too  great  for  his  strength  to  endure  mucli  longer. 

He  thus  refers  to  the  condition  of  the  troops  at  the 
same  time:  "  The  three  companies  of  Royal  Americans 
were  reduced,  when  I  met  them  at  Lancaster,  to  55  men, 
having  lost  38  by  desertion,  in  my  short  absence.  I  look 
upon  Sir  Jeffery  Amherst's  orders  forbidding  me  to  con 
tinue  to  discharge,  as  usual,  the  men  whose  term  of  service 
was  expired,  and  keeping  us  seven  years  in  the  woods,  as 
the  occasion  of  this  unprecedented  desertion.  The  en 
couragement  given  everywhere  in  this  country  to  deserters, 
screened  almost  by  every  person,  must  in  time  ruin  the 
army  unless  the  laws  against  harbourers  are  better  en 
forced  by  the  American  (provincial)  government." 

But  Gage  would  not  consent  to  relieve  so  useful  a  man 
in  such  an  emergency.  It  was  agreed  that  two  strong 
bodies  of  troops  should  proceed  into  the  Indian  country 
to  do  what  Bouquet  was  anxious  to  do  the  previous  sum 
mer,  i.  e.  chastise  the  savages  into  submission  in  their  own 
native  strongholds.  Bradstreet  was  to  take  a  large  force  by 
way  of  the  Lakes  and  co-operate  with  Bouquet,  who  was 
to  march  with  his  Bushy  Run  veterans  (what  was  left  of 
them)  and  a  large  force  of  provincial  rangers  to  be  raised 
in  Pennsyslvania,  Virginia  and  Maryland. 

The  Pennsylvania  Assembly  voted  to  raise  three  hun 
dred  men  to  guard  the  frontiers  and  one  thousand  to  join 
Bouquet's  expedition  into  Ohio.  Virginia  and  Maryland 
at  first  refused  to  do  anything  for  the  common  defence. 

MASSACRE    OF  A  SCHOOL-MASTER  AND    TEN    SCHOLARS. 

The  summer  of  1764  was  rapidly  passing  away,  and 
nothing  effective  had  yet  been  done.  The  Indians  con 
tinued  their  ravages  and  penetrated  deeper  and  deeper 
into  the  settlements,  killing  and  slaying  the  defenceless 
people. 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  59 

"  In  1764,  July  26,  three  miles  northwest  of  Greencastle, 
Franklin  county,  Pa.,  was  perpetrated  what  Parkman,  the  great 
historian  of  Coloaial  times,  pronounces  '  an  outrage  unmatched 
in  fiend-like  atrocity  through  all  the  annals  of  the  war.'  This 
was  the  massacre  of  Enoch  Brown,  a  kind-hearted  exemplary 
Christian  schoolmaster,  and  ten  scholars,  eight  boys  and  two 
girls.  Ruth  Hart  and  Ruth  Hale  were  the  names  of  the  girls. 
Among  the  boys  were  Eben  Taylor,  George  Dustan  and  Archie 
McCullough.  All  were  knocked  down  like  so  many  beeves  and 
scalped  by  the  merciless  savages.  Mourning  and  desolation  came 
to  many  homes  in  the  valley,  for  each  of  the  slaughtered  inno 
cents  belonged  to  a  different  family.  The  last  named  boy,  in 
deed,  survived  the  effects  of  the  scalping  knife,  but  in  a  some 
what  demented  condition. 

The  teacher  offered  his  life  and  scalp  in  a  spirit  of  self-sacrific 
ing  devotion  if  the  savages  would  only  spare  the  lives  of  the  little 
ones  under  his  charge  and  care.  But  no  !  the  tender  mercies  of 
the  heathen  are  cruel,  and  so  a  perfect  holocaust  was  made  to  the 
Moloch  of  war  by  the  relentless  fiends  in  human  form.  The 
school  house  was  located  on  the  farm  now  occupied  by  Mr.  Henry 
Diehl,  and  formerly  owned  by  Mr.  Christian  Koser.  It  stood  in 
a  cleared  field,  at  the  head  of  a  deep  ravine,  surrounded  by  dense 
forests.  Down  this  ravine  the  savages  fled  a  mile  or  two  until 
they  struck  Conococheague  creek,  along  the  bed  of  which,  to  con 
ceal  their  tracks,  they  traveled  to  the  mouth  of  Path  Valley,  up 
which  and  across  the  mountains  they  made  good  their  escape  to 
their  village,  near  the  Ohio. 

It  is  some  relief  to  know  that  this  diabolical  deed,  whose  re 
cital  makes  us  shudder  even  at  this  late  date,  was  disapproved  by 
the  old  warriors  when  the  marauding  party  of  young  Indians 
came  back  with  their  horrid  trophies.  Neephaughwhese,  or 
Night  Walker,  an  old  chief  or  half-king,  denounced  them  as  a 
pack  of  cowards  for  killing  and  scalping  so  many  children. 

But  who  can  describe  the  agony  of  those  parents  in  the  Cono 
cocheague,  settlement  weeping  like  Rachel,  for  her  children  and 
refusing  to  be  comforted  ?  Or  who  can  describe  the  horror  of 
the  scene  in  that  lonely  log  school  house,  when  one  of  the  settlers 
chanced  to  look  in  at  the  door  to  ascertain  the  cause  of  the  un 
usual  quietness. 

In  the  centre  lay  the  faithful  Brown,  scalped  and  lifeless,  with 
a  Bible  clasped  in  his  hand.  Around  the  room  were  strewn  the 
dead  and  mangled  bodies  of  seven  boys  and  two  girls,  while  little 
Archie,  stunned,  scalped  and  bleeding,  was  creeping  around 
among  his  dead  companions,  rubbing  his  hands  over  their  faces 
and  trying  to  gain  some  token  of  recognition. 


60  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

A  few  days  later  the  innocent  victims  of  savage  atrocity  re 
ceived  a  common  sepulture.  All  were  buried  in  one  large, 
rough  box  at  the  border  of  the  ravine,  a  few  rods  from  the  school 
house  where  they  had  been  so  ruthlessly  slaughtered.  Side  by 
side,  with  head  and  feet  alternately,  the  little  ones  were  laid  with 
their  master,  just  as  they  were  clad  at  the  time  of  the  massacre. 
Strange  to  say,  no  memorial  tablet  has  ever  been  erected  over 
their  remains.  Tradition  has  preserved  the  exact  location  of  the 
common  grave  of  master  and  scholars,  and  it  is  not  too  late  yet 
for  grateful,  patriotic  and  philanthropic  Christian  people,  enjoy 
ing  the  blessings  of  civilization,  peace  and  prosperity,  to  render 
this  duty  of  the  living  to  the  martyred  dead. 

August  4,  1843,  or  seventy-nine  years  after  the  slaughter,  a 
number  of  the  principal  citizens  of  Greencastle  made  excava 
tions  to  verify  the  traditional  account  of  the  place  and  manner 
of  burial.  Some  remains  of  the  rough  coffin  were  found  at  quite 
a  depth  from  the  surface,  and  then  the  skull  and  other  remains 
of  a  grown  person,  alongside  of  which  were  remains  of  several 
children.  Metal  buttons,  part  of  a  tobacco-box,  teeth,  &c., 
were  picked  up  as  relics  by  those  present,  among  whom  were 
some  of  our  citizens  still  living  with  us  in  a  green  old  age,  viz  : 
Dr.  Wm.  Grubb,  Dr.  J.  K.  Davison,  Geo.  W.  Zeigler,  Esq., 
and  Gen.  David  Detrich. 

There  was  a  good  deal  of  talk  at  the  time  about  the  propriety 
of  buying  the  adjacent  grounds,  laying  out  a  road  and  erecting 
a  monument;  but  nothing  definite  was  ever  done.  Mr.  Koser, 
the  owner  of  the  farm,  took  a  lively  interest  in  the  matter,  and  in 
lieu  of  a  better  memorial  planted  four  locust  trees  to  mark  the 
corners  of  the  grave.  Two  of  these  only  survived  and  are  men 
tioned  by  S.  H.  Eby,  Esq.,  Sup't  of  Common  Schools,  in  his 
interesting  report,  published  1877.  But,  alas!  even  these  im 
perfect  historic  landmarks  were  cut  down  a  few  years  ago  for 
the  sake  of  making  a  few  posts,  and  Mr.  Koser's  well-meant  ef 
forts  to  preserve  the  identity  of  the  grave  have  thus  in  a  meas 
ure  been  thwarted.  The  stumps  remain  as  frail  indices  by  which 
the  exact  location  of  the  grave  may  still  be  accurately  determined. 

Such  is  the  present  state  of  the  case  as  ascertained  last  Wed 
nesday  (April  11,  1883),  on  a  visit  to  the  spot  by  Gen.  David 
Detrich,  Col.  B.  F.  Winger  and  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort." 

The  foregoing  is  an  extract  from  an  article  that  ap 
peared  in  the  Greencastle  Press. 

I  am  glad  to  be  able  to  report  that  as  a  result  of  the  visit 
just  mentioned,  steps  having  been  taken  by  public  spirited 
citizens  of  Greencastle  to  have  the  grave  of  Brown  and 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  6  I 

his  martyred  scholars  duly  marked  by  a  permanent  monu 
ment  at  an  early  day. 

Atrocities  like  these  helped  to  arouse  the  slumbering 
provinces  to  the  necessity  of  bold  and  energetic  measures. 

CAMPAIGN    OF    1764. 

On  the  5th  of  August  the  two  Pennsylvania  battallions 
under  Lieut.  Colonels  Francis  and  Clayton  were  assembled 
at  Carlisle.  Gov.  Penn  had  come  up  from  Philadelphia 
with  Col.  Bouquet  and  addressed  the  troops.  He  spoke 
of  the  necessity  of  chastising  the  Indians  "  for  their  re 
peated  and  unprovoked  barbarities  on  the  inhabitants  of 
the  Province,  a  just  resentment  of  which  added  to  a  re 
membrance  of  the  loyalty  and  courage  of  our  provincial 
troops  on  former  occasions  he  did  not  doubt,  would  ani 
mate  them  to  do  honour  to  their  country,  and  that  they 
could  not  but  hope  to  be  crowned  with  success  as  they 
were  to  be  united  with  the  same  regular  troops  and  under 
the  same  able  commander  who  had  by  themselves  on  that 
very  day,  the  memorable  5th  of  August,  in  the  preceeding 
year,  sustained  the  repeated  attacks  of  the  savages  and 
obtained  a  complete  victory  over  them." 

Gov.  Penn  also  reminded  them  of  the  exemplary  pun 
ishments  that  would  be  inflicted  on  the  grevious  crime  of 
desertion,  if  any  of  them  were  capable  of  so  far  forgetting 
their  solemn  oath  and  duty  to  their  king  and  country  as  to 
be  involved  in  it.  Col.  Bouquet  then  took  command  of  the 
troops,  regular  and  provincial.  After  four  days  of  neces 
sary  preparation  for  the  long  march,  the  army  set  out. 

Col.  Bouquet  gave  very  strict  "  orders  to  officers  and 
men  to  observe  strict  discipline  and  not  to  commit  the 
least  violation  of  the  civil  rights  or  peace  of  the  inhabi 
tants." 

His  care  and  conduct  in  this  respect  stand  forth  in 
happy  contrast  with  that  of  many  militia  or  emergency 
men  who  came  up  the  valley  to  defend  the  borders  from 
invasion  a  hundred  years  later,  but  who  in  the  end  were 
more  harmful  and  more  dreaded  by  the  loyal  people  of 
the  borders  than  the  disciplined  host  of  Southern  invaders 
under  Lee. 


62  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

DESERTIONS    OF    PROVINCIAL    TROOPS. 

In  spite  of  all  precautions,  no  less  than  200  desertions 
took  place  by  August  13,  when  the  army  reached  Fort 
Londoun. 

Bouquet  asked  permission  to  fill  up  the  contingent, 
which  was  granted  by  resolution  of  the  governor  and  com 
missioners  August  1 6.  He  then  applied  to  Colonel  Lewis 
for  200  Virginia  volunteers,  to  take  the  place  of  the  de 
serters.  With  the  co-operation  of  Governor  Fauquier  the 
men  were  soon  raised  and  joined  Bouquet  at  Fort  Pitt  in 
the  latter  part  of  September. 

These  Virginia  volunteer  riflemen  were  among  his  best 
troops,  but  in  the  end,  Virginia  ungratefully  left  Col. 
Bouquet  in  the  lurch  as  regards  their  payment. 

At  Fort  Loudoun,  Bouquet  received  a  very  presumptu 
ous  and  characteristic  letter  from  Col.  Bradstreet,  telling 
him  that  he  need  not  proceed  any  farther,  inasmuch  as 
peace  had  been  concluded  with  the  Delawares  and  Shaw- 
anese.  At  that  very  time  these  same  tribes  were  scalping 
settlers  in  all  directions.  Bradstreet  was  ambitious  to 
gain  all  the  glory  of  the  campaign.  Instead  of  minding 
his  own  business  and  compelling  the  Lake  Indians  to 
bring  in  their  captives  and  give  proper  guarantees  of  sub 
mission,  he  turned  aside  in  his  course  to  attend  to  the 
business  assigned  to  Bouquet,  who  was  his  superior  officer. 
As  the  whole  scheme  was  a  ruse  on  the  part  of  the  Ohio 
Indians  to  gain  time  and  prevent  Bouquet's  advance,  he 
and  General  Gage  were  both  indignant  at  Bradstreet  and 
repudiated  his  officious  intermeddling. 

Without  delaying  an  hour,  Bouquet  pushed  forward. 
September  5,  he  had  reached  Fort  Bedford,  where  more 
Pennsylvanians  deserted,  taking  along  their  arms  and 
horses.  A  large  reinforcement  of  friendly  Indians,  prom 
ised  to  be  sent  from  the  Six  Nations  by  Sir.  Wm.  Johnson, 
never  arrived.  At  Ligonier  he  received  from  Gen.  Gage 
the  hearty  endorsement  of  his  own  conduct,  and  the  re 
pudiation  of  Bradstreet's  unwarranted  and  premature  ne 
gotiations  with  irresponsible  representatives  of  the  Ohio 
Indians. 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  63 

ARRIVAL    AT    FORT    PITT. 

He  passed  safely  over  the  historic  field  of  Bushy  Run  to 
Fort  Pitt,  where  he  was  rejoiced  to  receive  the  Virginia 
reinforcement.  Ten  Indians  came  to  the  opposite  bank 
of  the  river,  proposing  a  conference.  Finding  that  they 
were  evidently  spies,  endeavoring  to  gain  important  infor 
mation,  he  detained  two  of  them  as  hostages,  and  sent 
another  one  with  two  messengers  to  Bradstreet  and  a  state 
ment  to  the  Ohio  Indians  that  if  any  harm  was  done  to 
these  two  men,  the  Indian  hostages  in  his'hands  should  be 
put  to  death  at  once  and  dire  vengeance  executed  against 
their  entire  nation.  Several  Iroquois  Indians  came  into 
the  fort,  pretending  great  friendship,  and  assuring  him 
that  the  Ohio  Indians  would  speedily  return  all  the 
white  captives.  They  spoke  of  the  difficulty  of  pene 
trating  the  hilly  forests  and  the  great  numbers  of  the  In 
dians  who  would  oppose  the  army,  but  who  would  soon  ful 
fil  all  his  stipulations  if  he  only  remained  quietly  at  Fort 
Pitt.  The  whole  object  of  these  crafty  envoys  was  evi 
dently  to  delay  the  campaign  until  bad  weather  and  late 
ness  of  the  season  made  it  impossible. 

Bouquet  saw  through  their  designs  and  sent  them  to 
tell  the  Delawares  and  Shawanese,  &c.,  that  he  was  on  his 
way  to  punish  their  cruel  and  perfidious  conduct  unless 
they  made  prompt  and  complete  submission  to  his  terms. 

THE    MARCH    INTO    OHIO. 

Early  in  October  the  army  left  Fort  Pitt  to  cut  a  road 
directly  through  the  unexplored  wilderness  of  Ohio.  The 
Colonel  assured  the  troops  of  his  confidence  in  their  bra 
very  and  told  them  that  "  he  did  not  doubt  but  that  this 
war  would  soon  be  ended,  under  God,  to  their  own  honor 
and  the  future  safety  of  their  country,  provided  the  men 
were  strictly  obedient  to  orders  and  guarded  against  the 
surprises  and  sudden  attacks  of  a  treacherous  enemy,  who 
never  dared  to  face  British  troops  in  an  open  field." 

Large  droves  of  sheep  and  cattle  were  taken  along  for 
subsistence,  besides  great  droves  of  packhorses  loaded  with 
flour  and  other  provisions.  The  Virginia  woodsmen  acted 


64  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

as  scouts  and  flankers  in  front  and  on  the  sides,  whilst  the 
pioneers  cleared  the  road  through  the  dense  forest.  The 
army,  with  flocks  and  herds  and  camp  equipage,  followed 
the  pioneers  at  the  rate  of  seven  or  eight  miles  a  day,  mov 
ing  constantly  in  a  series  of  concentric  hollow  squares, 
with  flocks,  herds,  baggage,  packhorses,  &c.,  in  the  centre. 
Thus  in  line  of  battle  and  guarding  carefully  against 
ambush  and  surprise,  they  moved  steadily  forward.  Skulk 
ing  Indians  were  watching  every  movement,  but  no  direct 
attempt  was  made  to  interfere  with  the  progress  of  the 
troops.  The  strictest  discipline  was  enforced.  Be 
fore  leaving  Fort  Pitt  two  soldiers  had  been  shot  for  de 
sertion,  and  all  superfluous  women  ordered  back  to  the 
settlements.  One  woman  was  allowed  to  each  corps,  and 
two  nurses  for  the  general  hospital.  These  were  needed 
to  look  after  the  children  and  female  captives,  whose  re 
covery  was  one  chief  object  of  the  expedition.  In  ten 
days  the  army  reached  the  Muskingum,  and  was  now  in 
the  heart  of  the  Indian  country.  Near  the  fording  of 
that  river,  they  saw  the  wigwams  of  100  families  of  Tus- 
carora  Indians  who  had  fled  in  terror  at  their  approach. 
The  two  soldiers  sent  to  Bradstreet,  now  appeared,  having 
been  detained  by  the  Delawares  on  trifling  pretexts  until 
they  saw  the  invasion  was  an  overwhelming  success.  They 
brought  word  that  the  chiefs  would  come  in  a  few  days 
to  hold  a  conference. 

COUNCIL    ON    THE    MUSKINGUM — CAPTIVES  RESTORED. 

Bouquet  inarched  along  the  Muskingum  until  he  found 
ample  forage  in  the  broad  meadows  for  his  cattle,  sheep 
and  packhorses  ;  he  erected  a  palisaded  depot  for  pro 
visions  and  baggage.  Soon  a  number  of  chiefs  appeared, 
stating  that  great  numbers  of  warriors  were  eight  miles 
distant,  and  that  a  place  and  time  should  be  appointed 
for  council.  He  designated  a  spot  near  the  river  bank 
where  he  would  meet  them  next  day.  A  party  of  woods 
men  soon  prepared  a  rustic  arbor,  where  English  officers 
and  Indian  chiefs  might  meet  under  shelter.  Every  pre 
caution  was  used  to  prevent  a  surprise  or  attack.  Guards 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  65 

were  doubled  and  no  straggling  allowed.  The  soldiers 
were  drawn  up  so  as  to  make  the  most  stunning  impres 
sion  upon  the  minds  of  the  savages.  And  truly  it  was  a 
wonderful  sight  to  see  such  a  vast  body  of  troops  fully 
equipped  in  the  midst  of  the  wilderness,  with  flocks  and 
herds,  and  other  resources  needed  for  a  protracted  cam 
paign.  The  scene  was  as  picturesque  as  it  was  astounding 
in  its  display  of  miltary  prowess. 

The  Highland  grenadiers  were  there  with  their  plaids,  kilts 
and  tartans,  whom  the  Indians  styled,  "  petticoat  warriors" 
on  account  of  their  queer  dress.  The  Royal  Americans 
were  on  hand  with  their  bright  red  British  uniforms,  the 
duller  garb  and  duller  trappings  of  Pennsylvania  troops 
and  the  fringed  hunting  frocks  of  the  Virginia  backwoods 
riflemen  made  such  a  combination  of  military  pomp  and 
power  as  has  been  rarely  seen  in  any  land. 

The  chiefs  came  at  the  appointed  hour — Kiashuta,  or 
Guyashuta,  the  chief  of  a  band  of  Senecas,  Custaloga  chief 
of  the  Delawares,  Keisnauchtha,  chief  of  the  Shawanese, 
each  with  a  band  of  warriors,  were  the  leaders  along  with 
Turtle  Heart,  Beaver,  &c.,  they  tried  to  frame  excuses 
tor  their  teacherous  conduct,  blaming  it  on  the  rashness  of 
their  young  men  and  the  western  tribes  led  in  person  by 
Pontiac,  they  begged  for  peace  and  promised  to  return  to 
him  all  white  prisoners  in  their  hands. 

Bouquet  thoroughly  understood  the  Indian  character, 
and  knew  what  demeanor  and  tactics  suited  the  occa 
sion.  He  told  them  to  return  next  day  to  receive  his  an 
swer.  Inclement  weather  prevented  their  proposed  meet 
ing  until  the  twentieth.  Instead  of  calling  them  brothers 
he  began:  "Sachems,  War  chiefs  and  Warriors."  He 
then  addressed  them  with  great  spirit,  and  in  severe  and 
impassioned  language.  He  pointed  out  the  absurdity  of 
their  trifling  excuses,  and  reminded  them  of  their  un 
paralleled  treachery  and  cruelty  in  plundering  traders  and 
settlers,  capturing  children  and  in  assulting  the  king's 
troops  in  the  woods  at  Bushy  Run,  last  summer.  He 
denounced  their  continued  murderous  forays  upon  the 
border  settlements,  and  condemned  their  repeated  failures 
to  bring  back  the  white  prisoners  in  their  hands.  He  will 


66  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

not  be  deceived  longer  by  their  false  promises.  '*  If," 
said  he,  "  it  were  possible  that  you  could  convince  us  that 
you  sincerely  repent  of  your  past  perfidy,  and  that  we 
could  depend  on  your  good  behavior  for  the  future,  you 
might  yet  hope  for  mercy  and  peace.  If  I  find  that  you 
faithfully  execute  the  following  preliminary  conditions, 
I  will  not  treat  you  with  the  severity  you  deserve.  I  give 
you  twelve  days  from  this  date  to  deliver  into  my  hands 
at  Waukatamake,  all  prisoners  in  your  possession  without 
any  exception,  Englishmen,  Frenchmen,  women,  children, 
whether  adopted  in  your  tribes,  married  or  living  amongst 
you  under  any  denomination  and  pretence  whatsoever, 
together  with  all  negroes.  And  you  are  to  furnish  the 
said  prisoners  with  clothing,  provisions  and  horses  to  carry 
them  to  Fort  Pitt.  When  you  have  fully  complied  with 
these  conditions,  you  shall  then  know  on  what  terms  you 
may  obtain  the  peace  you  sue  for." 

Bouquet  was  as  wise  and  sagacious  as  he  was  brave  and 
generous.  The  manner  as  well  as  the  sentiments  of  his 
address  made  a  deep  and  lasting  impression  upon  the  sup 
plicating  savages.  Their  haughty  spirit  was  completely 
humbled. 

They  abjectly  promised  to  comply  fully  with  all  the  con 
ditions.  The  Delawares  had  already  delivered  up  eighteen 
prisoners.  They  handed  over  eighty-three  small  sticks 
indicating  the  remaining  number  of  prisoners  in  their 
hands,  whom  they  promised  to  bring  in  as  soon  as  possi 
ble.  The  Shawanese  failed  to  respond  properly  to  the 
Colonel's  wishes,  either  by  appearing  at  the  council  with 
their  kings  or  by  bringing  in  the  captives  in  their  hands. 
A  sharp  message  was  sent  to  them  not  to  trifle  with  the 
patience  of  the  commander.  The  army  marched  some 
thirty  odd  miles  further  to  the  Forks  of  the  Muskingum, 
where  it  was  agreed  to  await  the  prisoners  instead  of  at 
Waukatamake.  The  principal  chiefs  of  each  tribe  he  kept 
in  his  possession  as  hostages  to  secure  the  fulfillment  of 
pledges.  Great  care  had  to  be  taken  to  prevent  a  general 
stampede  of  the  tribes  and  the  murder  of  all  the  prisoners 
in  their  hands  as  well  as  to  secure  a  full  compliance  with 
the  conditions  of  restoration.  Bouquet's  management  in- 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  67 

spired  them  with  confidence  and  respect,  while  at  the  same 
time  it  filled  them  with  terror  and  brought  them  into  com 
plete  submission  to   his   commands.     Runners  were   sent 
out  in  all  directions,  'and   soon   several  hundred  captives 
were  brought  into  camp.      Among  these  were  ninety  Vir 
ginians,  of  whom  thirty-two  were  adult  males  and  the  rest 
were    women    and    children  ;    one    hundred    and    sixteen 
Pennsylvanians,  forty-nine   men   and  sixty-seven    women 
and    children    were    also    returned.      Many  of   the    vol 
unteers  had  wives,  children  and  relatives  among  the  cap 
tives,  and  the  scenes  that  took  place  at  the  recovery  and 
recognition  of  the    long  lost    loved    ones  were  touching 
in  the  extreme.     With  great   sorrow  and   reluctance   the 
Indians  parted  with  these  adopted  members  of  their  house 
holds.     For,  be  it  remembered,  that  when  once  an  Indian 
had  adopted  a  captive,  the  captive  was  henceforth  treated 
as  a  member  of  the  family  and   not  as  a  slave.     The  cap 
tive  women  were,  as  a  rule,  absolutely  free  from  insult  and 
were  not   even  obliged   to  marry  against  their  will.     The 
reverse  of  this  is  the  case  among  many  of  the  Western  and 
South-western   tribes  of  Indians  at  the  present  day,  who 
treat  their  captives  as  slaves  and  always  outrage  the  women. 
Many  of  the  Shawanese  warriors   were  absent  on  hunting 
expeditions,  so  that  nearly  a  hundred   captives  could  not 
be  reached.     Hostages  were  given  for  the  safe  delivery  of 
these  at  Fort  Pitt.     Bouquet  maintained  a  stern  and  indig 
nant  demeanor  until  all  conditions  were  fulfilled  as  far  as 
possible,  knowing   that  any  other  deportment   under  cir 
cumstances  would  be  mistaken  for  timidity  and  indecision. 
Kindness  can  only  be  appreciated    by  a   savage   when   he 
knows  you  have   ability  to   overwhelm   him   if  refractory. 
Having  fully  convinced  them  of  his  prowess  and  displeasure 
at  everything  like  duplicity,  Bouquet  convened  the  chiefs 
in  the  rustic  council  house  again   and  intimated  his  satis 
faction  with  their  conduct  and  his  desire   to   arrange  for  a 
lasting  peace. 

Guyasutha,  the  celebrated  Seneca  chief,  who  had  been 
the  leading  spirit  of  the  eastern  wing  of  Pontiac's  con 
spiracy,  and  had  led  the  forces  around  Fort  Pitt  and  at 
Bushy  Run,  made  the  opening  speech  in  the  metaphorical 


68  COL.  HENRY 

and  eloquent  language  so  characteristic  of  Indian  orators. 
"Brother,"  said  he,  addressing  Col.  Bouquet,  "with  this 
string  of  wampum  I  dispel  the  thick  cloud  that  has  hung 
so  long  over  our  heads,  that  the  surfshine  of  peace  may 
once  more  descend  to  warm  and  gladden.  I  wipe  the  tears 
from  your  eyes  and  condole  with  you  on  the  loss  of  your 
brethren  who  have  perished  in  this  war.  I  gather  their 
bones  together  and  cover  them  deep  in  the  earth,  that  the 
sight  of  them  may  no  longer  bring  sorrow  to  your  hearts, 
and  I  scatter  dry  leaves  over  the  spot,  that  it  may  depart 
forever  from  memory.  The  path  of  peace,  which  once 
ran  between  your  dwellings  and  mine,  has  of  late  been 
choked  with  thorns  and  briars,  so  that  no  one  could  pass 
that  way,  and  we  have  both  forgotten  that  such  a  path 
had  ever  been.  I  now  clear  away  all  such  obstructions 
and  make  a  broad,  smooth  road,  so  that  you  and  I  may 
freely  visit  each  other  as  our  fathers  used  to  do.  I  kindle 
a  great  council  fire  whose  smoke  shall  rise  to  heaven  in 
view  of  all  the  nations  while  you  and  I  sit  together  and 
smoke  the  peace  pipe  at  its  blaze." 

The  orators  of  each  tribe  spoke  in  similar  strain  promis 
ing  to  lay  down  their  arms  and  live  hereafter  in  peace  with 
the  English.  Bouquet  replied  to  each  and  all  as  follows  : 
"  By  your  full  compliance  with  the  conditions  which  I  im 
posed  you  have  satisfied  me  of  your  sincerity  and  I  now 
receive  you  as  brethren.  The  King,  my  master,  has  com- 
misioned  me,  not  to  make  treaties  but  to  fight  his  battles  ; 
and  though  I  now  offer  you  peace  it  is  not  in  my  power 
to  settle  its  precise  terms  and  conditions.  For  this  I  refer 
you  to  Sir  William  Johnson,  his  Majesty's  agent  and 
superintendent  for  Indian  affairs,  who  will  settle  with  you 
the  articles  of  peace  and  determine  everything  in  rela 
tion  to  trade.  Two  things,  however,  I  shall  insist  on. 
And  first  you  are  to  give  hostages  as  security  that  you 
will  preserve  good  faith  and  send  without  delay  a  deputa 
tion  of  your  chiefs  to  Sir  William  Johnson.  In  the  next 
place  these  chiefs  are  to  be  fully  empowered  to  treat  in 
behalf  of  your  nation  ;  and  you  will  bind  yourselves  to 
adhere  strictly  to  everything  they  shall  agree  upon  in  your 
behalf." 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  69 

These  conditions  were  readily  complied  with,  and  chiefs 
duly  designated  for  the  mission  to  Sir  William. 

And  now  having  gained  all  his  points,  Bouquet  to  the 
great  joy  and  relief  of  the  Indians  extended  for  the  first 
time  the  hand  of  friendship,  which  hitherto  he  had  reso 
lutely  refused  to  do. 

Nettowhatways,  the  chief  of  the  Turtle  tribe,  having 
failed  to  co-operate  properly  in  the  peace  measures,  Col. 
Bouquet  deposed  him  and  directed  his  tribe  to  elect  an 
other  chief  and  present  him  as  their  proper  representa 
tive,  which  was  done  a  few  days  later. 

Nov.  12,  Red  Hawk,  Nimwha,  Lavissimo,  Bennevissico, 
and  other  leading  Shawnese  chiefs  made  their  submission. 
Red  Hawk  instead  of  proposing  in  usual  Indian  style  to 
bury  the  hatchet  (which  might  in  that  case  be  dug  up 
again)  said  that  they  as  younger  brothers  would  take  it  out 
of  the  hands  of  their  older  white  brothers  and  "  throw  it 
up  to  God  "  that  they  might  never  see  it  again. 

He  then  produced  copies  of  treaties  made  in  1701  as 
an  evidence  of  the  friendly  relations  of  their  ancestors. 
He  promised  that  the  remainder  of  the  prisoners  would 
be  brought  into  Fort  Pitt  in  the  spring  which  pledge  was 
kept.  Many  of  the  captives  had  become  so  fond  of  In 
dian  life  that  it  was  with  difficulty  that  they  could  be  in 
duced  to  return  to  Christian  homes.  McCullough,  one  of 
the  captives  in  his  narrative  says  that  Rhoda  Boyd  and 
Elizabeth  Studibaker  escaped  from  the  whites  and  went 
back  to  the  Indians.  Mary  Jemison,  who  had  married 
among  them,  fled  with  her  half-breed  children  and  hid 
until  the  troops  left  the  country. 

This  would  indicate  that  after  their  adoption  captives 
was  as  a  rule  treated  kindly  and  as  members  of  their  own 
families  by  their  Indian  captors. 

One  of  the  Virginia  volunteers  had  lost  his  wife  and  a 
child  two  years  old  in  an  Indian  foray  into  the  settlement 
six  months  before.  What  transports  filled  their  hearts 
when  he  met  her  with  a  babe  three  months  old  at  her 
breast  !  Quickly  he  took  her  to  his  tent,  and  furnished 
suitable  clothing  for  her  and  her  babe.  But  what  had 
become  of  the  two-year-old  darling  captured  with  its 


70  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

mother  ?  She  could  not  tell,  except  that  it  had  been  sep 
arated  from  her  and  taken  elsewhere  after  their  captivity. 
A  few  days  later  a  child  was  brought,  in  which  was  sup 
posed  to  be  the  one  in  question.  The  mother  was  sent 
for,  and  at  first  was  not  certain  that  it  was  her  child,  but 
after  carefully  scrutinizing  it  she  recognized  its  features, 
arid  was  so  overcome  with  joy  that  she  dropped  her  young 
babe  and,  catching  up  the  newly  found  child,  she  clasped 
it  to  her  heart,  and  with  a  flood  of  tears  carried  it  off. 
The  father,  picking  up  the  child  that  she  had  let  fall,  fol 
lowed  his  overjoyed  wife  and  thus  again  the  family  circle 
was  unbroken.  The  rough  soldiers,  and  even  the  stolid 
savages  were  moved  to  feelings  of  sympathetic  tenderness 
by  such  touches  of  human  nature,  which  make  the  whole 
world  of  mankind  akin. 

November  18,  the  army  set  out  for  Fort  Pitt,  followed 
by  many  affectionate  Indians,  who  sought  to  help  the  cap 
tives  along  in  their  homeward  journey.  In  ten  days  the 
fort  was  reached  just  in  time  to  escape  severe  winter 
weather.  The  regular  troops  (  Highlanders  and  Royal 
Americans  ),  were  placed  at  the  different  forts  and  posts 
on  the  line  of  communication,  while  the  volunteers  re 
turned  with  the  captives  to  the  provinces.  Those  captives, 
whose  friends  had  not  been  able  to  go  with  the  army, were 
taken  to  Carlisle,  where  many  persons  who  had  lost  chil 
dren  by  the  Indians,  flocked  to  discover,  if  possible,  their 
captured  kindred.  One  German  woman,  from  East  Penn 
sylvania,  came  in  search  of  a  daughter,  who  had  been 
carried  off  nine  years  before.  She  identified  one  of  the 
young  female  captives  as  her  long  lost  child,  but  could 
gain  no  token  of  recognition  in  response  to  her  loving  en 
treaties.  The  old  lady  lamented  that  the  child  that  she 
had  often  sung  to  sleep  on  her  knee  had  forgotten  her  in 
her  old  age.  Bouquet,  like  a  man  of  sense  and  humane 
instincts,  told  the  woman  to  sing  one  of  the  songs  or 
hymns  that  she  used  to  sing  to  her  when  a  child.  Mrs. 
Hartman,  the  mother,  obeyed  as  best  she  could,  singing 
part  of  a  very  appropriate  German  hymn,  of  which  I  will 
give  several  verses,  together  with'  a  translation  by  Rev. 
Samuel  R.  Fisher,  D.  D.,  deceased. 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  J  I 

Allein  und  doch  nicht  gantz  alleine 
Bin  ich  in  meiner  einsamkeit, 

Uann  wann  ich  gantz  verlassen  scheme, 
Vertreibt  mir  Jesus  selbst  die  zeit. 

Ich  bin  bey  Ihm,  und  Er  bey  mir, 

So  kommt  nun  gar  nich  einsam  fiir. 
Alone  and  yet  not  all  alone 

Am  I,  in  solitude  though  drear, 
For  when  no  one  seems  me  to  own 

My'Jesus  will  himself  be  near. 
I  am  with  Him  and  He  with  me, 
I,  therefore,  cannot  lonely  be. 

Komm  ich  zur  welt ;   man  redt  von  sachen, 
So  nur  auf  eitlekeit  gericht ; 

Da  muss  sich  lassen  das  verlachen, 
Der  etwas  von  den  Himmel  spricht. 

Drum  wunsh  ich  lieber  gantz  allein, 

Als  bey  der  welt  ohn  Gott  zu  seyn. 
Seek  I  the  world  ?     Of  things  they  speak, 

Which  are  on  vanity  intent ; 
Here  he  is  scorned  and  spurned  as  weak 

Whose  mind  on  heavenly  things  is  bent. 
I  rather  would  my  lone  way  plod, 
Than  share  the  world  without  my  God. 

Verkehrte  konnen  leicht  verkehren, 
Wer  greifet  pech  ohn  kleben  an  ? 

Wie  solt  ich  dann  dahin  begehren, 
Wo  man  Gott  bald  vergessen  kann  ? 

Gesellschaft,  die  verdachtig  sheint, 

Wird  ofters  nach  dein  fall  beweint. 
With  ease  do  perverts  perverts  make  ; 

Who  handles  pitch  his  hands  will  soil ; 
Why  then  should  I  with  those  partake, 

Who  of  His  honor  God  despoil  ? 
Society  which  we  suspect, 

We  often  afterwards  reject. 

******** 

Wer  wolte  dann  nun  recht  erkennen, 

Das  ich  stets  in  gesellschaft  bin? 
Und  will  die  welt  mich  einsam  nennen, 

So  thun  sie  es  nur  immerhin. 
G'nug,  dass  bey  mir,  wann  ich  allein, 
Gott  und  viel  tausend  engel  seyn. 


7 2  COL.  HENR Y  BOUQUET 

Who  will  not  then  with  candor  own, 

I  have  companions  all  I  crave  ? 
And  will  the  world  still  deem  me  lone  ? 

Then  let  it  thus  forever  rave. 
Enough  !     I've  God  and  angels'  host, 
Whose  number  can  its  thousands  boast. 

The  sweet  accents  of  her  German  childhood,  fell  upon 
her  enraptured  ears  like  the  song  of  angels,  and  with  a 
gaze  of  fond  recognition,  and  a  passionate  flood  of  tears, 
the  long  lost  daughter  rushed  into  the  outstretched  arms 
of  Jier  devoted  mother. 

Scenes  like  this  threw  a  halo  of  religious  romance 
around  the  expedition  of  Bouquet.  Rev.  Ruben  Weiser 
has  drawn  out  the  story  of  Regina  Hartman,  the  German 
captive,  with  confessedly  large  drafts  upon  the  imagina 
tion.  He  draws  Conrad  Weiser  into  the  drama,  although 
the  great  Indian  interpreter  had  already  been  dead  four 
years  !  This  is  not  more  absurd  than  to  foist  in  a  German 
hostler  to  interpret  between  Mrs.  Hartman  and  Col  Bou 
quet,  who  was  well  acquainted  with  German,  French,  &c., 
or  his  efforts  to  make  Regina  pass  through  a  certain  re 
ligious  process. 

Peace  and  tranquility  were  restored  to  the  borders 
without  bloodshed,  and  hundreds  of  captives  were  brought 
back  from  heathen  bondage  to  blessings  of  Christian 
homes  and  civilization.  Bouquet  was  the  hero  of  the 
hour.  Early  in  January.  1765,  he  arrived  in  Philadelphia. 
The  people  and  authorities  everywhere  vied  with  each 
other  in  expressing  their  highest  esteem  for  his  character, 
and  grateful  recognition  of  his  services.  The  friends  and 
relatives  especially  of  recovered  captives  were  filled  with 
affectionate  and  reverent  admiration. 

PUBLIC    THANKS    TO    BOUQUET. 

January  15,  1765,  the  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania  at  its 
first  setting,  adopted  a  congratulatory  and  complimentary 
address,  heartily  thanking  him  for  his  great  service  to  that 
province,  by  his  victory  at  Bushy  Run,  Aug,  6,  1763,  his  re 
cent  campaign  against  the  Ohio  Indians,  during  which  he 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  73 

had  laid  the  foundation  of  lasting  peace  and  rescued  hun 
dreds  of  Christian  brethern  from  savage  captivity  ;  and, 
finally,  they  thanked  him  for  his  "  constant  attention  to 
the  civil  rights  of  his  Majesty's  subjects  in  this  province." 

In  like  manner  the  House  of  Burgesses  for  the  Colony 
and  Dominion  of  Virginia,  thanked  Bouquet  for  his  inval 
uable  services  in  subduing  the  Indians,  and  recovering  so 
many  of  their  people  from  captivity. 

They  further  requested  the  Governor  to  recommend  Bou 
quet  to  the  ministers  of  King  George,  as  an  officer  of  dis 
tinguished  merit,  in  this  and  every  former  service  in 
which  he  had  been  engaged.  The  gallant  and  chivalric 
Colonel  replied  in  grateful  acknowledgment  and  gener 
ously  awarded  much  of  the  credit  of  the  success  of  his  re 
cent  campaign  to  the  efficiency  of  the  provincial  troops, 
and  especially  commended  Col.  Lewis  for  his  zeal  and 
good  conduct  during  the  campaign.  Col.  Reid,  who  was 
second  in  command,  also  received  honorable  mention 
from  him  as  well  as  all  officers,  regular  and  provincial,  who 
served  in  the  expedition. 

INJUSTICE    AND    INGRATITUDE  OF    VIRGINIA. 

But  every  sweet  has  its  bitter,  and  the  oft-told  tale  of  in 
gratitude  and  injustice  to  benefactors  must,  alas,  be  re 
peated.  Virginia  was  lavish  in  her  praises,  as  well  she 
might  be,  for  she  had  profited  greatly  by  the  campaign  ; 
but  when  it  came  to  foot  the  bill  of  expenses  for  her 
small  body  of  splendid  troops  during  the  campaign,  she 
repudiated  the  obligation  !  "  Tell  it  not  in  Gath,  publish 
it  not  in  the  streets  of  Askelon  !"  Pontiac,  the  heathen 
savage,  put  such  conduct  to  shame  by  scrupulously  re 
deeming  every  piece  of  birch  bark  currency  issued  in  his 
name  for  supplies  during  the  siege  of  Detroit. 

At  length,  after  great  personal  annoyance  and  embar 
rassment,  Bouquet  induced  the  Pennsylvania  Assembly  to 
pay  the  Virginia  troops  for  services  and  expenses  incurred 
during  the  campaign  of  1764. 

By  so  doing  Pennsylvania  in  some  degree  atoned  for  a 
multitude  of  past  sins  of  neglect  and  indifference.  But 


74  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

Bouquet  was  stung  to  the  quick  by  the  conduct  of  the 
Virginians,  and  begs  Gen.  Gage  to  relieve  him  from  his 
present  command  in  order  that  he  might  make  a  trip  to 
Europe.  His  request  was  granted.  He  wrote  to  Gage 
March  4,  1765,  "the  disgust  I  have  conceived  from  the 
ill-nature  and  ingratitude  of  those  individuals  (the  Vir 
ginia  officials)  makes  me  accept  with  great  satisfaction  your 
offer  to  discharge  me  of  this  department,  in  which  I  never 
desire  to  serve  again,  nor,  indeed,  to  be  commanding  offi 
cer  in  any  other,  since  the  new  regulations  you  were 
pleased  to  communicate  to  me  ;  being  sensible  of  my  in 
ability  to  carry  on  the  service  upon  the  terms  prescribed." 

This  had  reference  to  some  rigid  prescriptions  which  he 
supposed  fully  closed  the  door  against  the  promotion  of 
foreign  born  officers. 

He  seems  to  have  intended  to  return  and  settle  in  the 
provinces,  or  remove  obstacles  in  the  line  of  promotion, 
for  the  day  before  writing  the  above  letter  to  Gage,  i.  e., 
March  3,  1765,  he  was  naturalized  by  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Pennsylvania,  in  accordance  with  a  late  act  of  Parlia 
ment. 

BOUQUET'S  PROMOTION. 

And  now  to  his  great  surprise  and  the  gratification  of  all 
good  men,  Bouquet  receives  tidings  that  the  King  had 
promoted  him  to  the  rank  of  brigadier  general. 

April  15,  1765,  he  wrote  his  grateful  acknowledgment  of 
the  unexpected  honor,  which  also  gave  assurance  of  prefer 
ment  to  other  deserving  foreign-born  officers,  who  were 
among  the  most  devoted  subjects  of  the  King.  Letters  of 
congratulation  came  pouring  in,  especially  from  officers 
who  had  served  under  him. 

Capt.  George  Etherigton,  of  the  first  battallion  of  Royal 
Americans,  who  so  narrowly  escaped  massacre  at  Michill- 
mackinac  in  May,  1763,  wrote  Bouquet  as  follows  from 
Lancaster,  Pa.,  April  19,  1765:  "Sir,  though  I  almost 
despair  of  this  reaching  you  before  you  sail  to  Europe, 
yet  I  cannot  deny  myself  the  pleasure  of  giving  you  joy 
on  your  promotion,  and  can,  with  truth,  tell  you  that  it 
gives  great  joy  to  all  the  gentlemen  of  the  battallion,  for 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  75 

two  reasons  :  first,  on  your  account  ;  and  secondly,  on  our 
own,  as  by  that  means  we  may  hope  for  the  pleasure  of 
continuing  under  your  command.  You  can  hardly  imagine 
how  this  place  rings  with  the  news  of  your  promotion,  for 
the  townspeople  and  German  farmers  stop  us  in  the  street 
to  ask  if  it  is  true  that  the  king  has  made  Col.  Bouquet  a 
general  ;  and  when  they  are  told  it  is  true,  they  march  off 
with  great  joy  ;  so  you  see  the  old  proverb  wrong  for  once, 
which  says  he  that  prospers  is  envied  ;  for  sure  I  am  that 
all  the  people  are  more  pleased  with  the  news  of  your 
promotion  than  they  would  be  if  the  government  would 
take  off  the  stamp  duty." 

Dr.  Wm.  Smith,  Provost  of  the  University  and  historian 
of  his  campaigns,  spoke  the  common  sentiment  when  he 
said  Bouquet  had  become  "  as  dear  by  his  private  virtues 
to  those  who  have  the  honor  of  his  more  intimate  acquain 
tance  as  he  is  by  his  military  service  to  the  public."  For 
this  reason  "  it  is  hoped  he  may  long  continue  among  us, 
where  his  experienced  abilities  will  enable  him,  and  his 
love  of  the  English  constitution  entitle  him,  to  fill  any 
future  trust  to  which  his  Majesty  may  be  pleased  to  call 
him." 

It  had  been  Bouquet's  hope  and  desire  to  visit  England 
and  to  return  again  to  the  scenes  of  his  earlier  career 
among  the  Lowlands  of  Holland  and  the  mountains  of 
Switzerland,  but  the  king  assigned  him  to  the  command  of 
the  Southern  military  department,  and  as  the  Indians  had 
recently  become  troublesome  in  that  locality,  he  repaired 
to  his  new  field  of  action  without  unnecessary  delay. 

LEAVES  FOR  PENSACOLA.   WILL  AND  DEATH. 

Before  leaving  Philadelphia  he  made  his  last  will  and 
testament,  which  I  copied  a  few  weeks  ago  at  the  office  of 
the  Register  of  Wills,  in  Philadelphia.  It  is  in  his  own 
handwriting,  and  reads  thus:  "  In  the  name  of  God,  Amen. 
I,  Henry  Bouquet,  Brigadier  General  of  his  Majesty's 
forces,  serving  in  North  America,  have  thought  fit  to 
dispose  of  my  estate,  real  and  personal,  after  my  death, 
in  the  following  manner  :  I  give  and  bequeath  for  the  use 
of  the  Hospital  of  Pennsylvania,  forty  pounds  of  that  cur- 


76  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

rency.  I  give  and  bequeath  to  my  friend,  Thos.  Willing, 
Esq.,  five  tracts  of  land  of  two  hundred  acres  each,  sur 
veyed  or  to  be  surveyed  for  me  in  Trough  Creek  Valley,  by 
virtue  of  the  warrants  granted  me  at  the  land  office,  and 
now  to  the  amount  of  thirteen,  including  one  to  be  given 
by  Geo.  Croghan,  Esq.,  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Robert  Cal- 
lendar,  living  near  Carlisle,  in  Cumberland  county  ;  amount 
ing  in  the  whole  to  two  thousand  eight  hundered  acres,  for 
which  I  paid  only  the  warrant  money.  I  give  and  be 
queath  to  John  Schneider,  the  boy  who  is  bound  to  me, 
the  sum  of  fifty  pounds  currency  to  be  paid  him  when  he 
is  of  age  by  Col.  Haldimand,  to  whom  I  recommend  my 
other  servants.  All  my  just  debts  are  to  be  paid,  consist 
ing  at  present  in  one  thousand  pounds  sterling,  besides  in 
terests  to  Mr.  G.  Heneman,  solicitor  of  the  Swiss  troops 
at  the  Hague  in  Holland — in  my  note  in  hand  to  account 
current  with  Mr.  Adam  Hoops,  the  note  being  for  two  hun 
dred  and  fifty  pounds  being  without  interest — in  a  bond 
upon  mortgage  to  Mr.  Roberts  for  the  sum  of  one  thousand 
pounds  currency  with  interest.  I  give  and  bequeath  to  my 
father,  if  then  living,  or  after  him,  to  Col.  Lewis  Bouquet, 
and  to  his  heirs  all  the  effects  of  any  nature,  whatsoever, 
which  I  may  be  possessed  of  in  the  continent  of  Europe, 
without  exception.  I  constitute  and  appoint  my  friend, 
Col.  Frederick  Haldimand,  my  heir  and  executor,  and  to 
him  I  give  and  bequeath  all  and  everything  which  1  may 
die  possessed  of  in  North  America,  without  any  excep 
tion  whatever,  upon  the  condition  of  paying  my  just  debts 
and  above  legacies.  My  estate,  consisting  for  the  present 
in  the  farm  called  Long  Meadows  enlarged,  situate  in  Fred 
erick  county,  in  the  Province  of  Maryland.  [Bouquet  re 
ceived  the  grant  for  this  estate  Sept.  16,  1763.  It  con 
tained,  as  owned  by  him,  4,163  acres  of  very  valuable  land. 
Frederick  county,  Maryland,  at  that  time  included  Wash 
ington  county,  within  whose  present  limits  the  estate  was 
located  near  the  Pennsylvania  line.]  The  deeds  whereof 
are  now  in  the  possession  of  the  above  named,  — 
Roberts.  The  said  farm  to  be  sold  with  the  saw-mill,  tan 
yard,  houses,  tenement  and  appurtenances  on  the  same  for 
the  payment  of  my  debts  and  legacies — in  the  eighteen 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  77 

hundred  acres  of  land  above  mentioned,  to  be  surveyed 
for  me  in  this  Province  and  remaining  after  deducting  the 
five  tracts  given  to  Mr.  Willing — in  my  share  of  the  She- 
pody  lands  if  then  in  my  possession — in  my  apparel,  bag 
gage,  furniture,  stores,  &c.,  in  my  pay  and  arrears  which 
may  be  due  me  at  my  death — in  my  share  of  the  Carolina 
Plantation  after  the  accounts  are  fully  settled  between 
Messrs.  Guinand  and  the  others  concerned,  all  of  which  I 
bequeath  to  Col.  Haldimand,  and  I  hereby  annul  and  de 
clare  void,  and  of  no  effect,  any  other  will  which  I  may  at 
any  time  have  made  previous  to  this  day,  as  this  present  will 
and  testament  contains  my  last  and  real  intentions  and 
disposition,  and  is  to  take  place  accordingly.  In  witness 
whereof,  I  have  wrote,  (written)  signed  with  my  own  hand 
and  affixed  my  seal  to  this  last  will  and  testament,  in  the 
City  of  Philadelphia,  in  Pennsylvania,  this  twenty-fifth  day 
of  June,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hun 
dred  and  sixty  five.  HENRY  BOUQUET. 

Signed,  sealed,  published  and  declared  by  the  testator 
as  his  last  will  and  testament  in  our  presence  who  sub 
scribed  the  same  as  witnesses  in  his  presence  and  at  his 
request.  BENJAMIN  CHEW, 

Jo.  TURNER, 
THOS.  TURNER. 

The  will  was  probated  Nov.  i,  1765,  on  oath  of  the 
Turners,  the  other  witness,  Mr.  Chew,  being  the  register 
general.  Soon  after  this  and  evidently  with  a  good  deal 
of  reluctance,  Gen.  Bouquet  set  out  for  his  new  station  at 
Pensacola,  where  he  arrived  Aug.  23,  1765,  in  the  deadliest 
season  of  the  year,  and  at  once  fell  a  victim  to  the  fever 
so  fatal  to  unacclimated  persons.  The  following  extract 
from  the  Pennsylvania  Magazine  for  Thursday  October 
24,  1765,  tells  the  sad  story  :  "On  Tuesday  last  arrived 
the  sloop  William,  Capt.  Rivers,  in  thirty-six  days  from 
Pensacola,  by  whom  we  learn  ten  sail  of  transports  with 
troops  (to  relieve  those  on  that  station  that  are  going 
home)  arrived  there,  and  that  there  has  been  a  great  mor 
tality  among  them,  ten  or  twelve  dying  of  a  day,  amongst 
which  was  the  gallant  and  worthy  officer,  Brigadier  Gen. 


7 8  COL.  HENR Y  BOUQUET 

Bouquet.  This  gentleman  had  served  his  Majesty  all  the 
last  war  with  great  distinction.  He  was  promoted  from 
conscious  merit  not  only  unenvied,  but  even  with  the  ap 
probation  and  good  wishes  of  all  who  knew  him.  His 
superior  judgment  and  knowledge  of  military  matters,  his 
experienced  abilities,  known  humanity,  remarkable  po 
liteness  and  constant  attention  to  the  civil  rights  of  his 
Majesty's  subjects,  rendered  him  an  honor  to  his  country 
and  a  loss  to  mankind.  He  arrived  the  23d  of  August, 
and  died  September  2."  Thus  in  the  midst  of  his  grow 
ing  fame  and  in  the  full  vigor  of  manhood  this  superb 
man,  who  had  faced  death  unscathed  a  thousand  times 
in  the  forests  and  thickets  of  Pennsylvania,  met  his  un 
timely  end  from  insidious  disease,  just  as  he  was  about  to 
begin  his  career  on  a  new  theatre  of  action  in  the  far  dis 
tant  south. 

He  died  universally  regretted,  and  his  character  and  ex 
ample  were  commended  by  contemporary  writers  as  worthy 
of  imitation  by  young  officers  who  desired  to  win  a  lasting 
fame  in  the  public  service.  He  sleeps  in  a  soldier's  grave, 
far  from  home  and  kindered,  far  from  those  who  knew 
him  but  to  love  him.  But  warm  and  grateful  hearts  in 
the  North  land  cherished  his  memory  and  fame  with  fond 
affection  118  years  ago.  And  although  for  a  time  oblivi 
on's  waves  seemed  to  have  almost  engulfed  him,  yet  we 
see  the  dawn  of  a  brighter  day  and  feel  assured  that  the 
fame  of  Bouquet  will  shine  forth  bright  and  beautiful  as 
in  days  of  yore.  In  the  forum  of  all  grateful  hearts, 
among  the  descendants  of  Colonial  ancestors  or  pioneer 
settlers,  a  monument  deserves  to  be  erected  to  the  memory 
of  Henry  Bouquet  more  enduring  than  Parian  marble  or 
Corinthian  brass.  Reverently  and  gratefully  I  pay  him 
this  tribute,  and  would  that  it  were  indeed  an  amaranthine 
chaplet  to  adorn  and  perpetuate  his  memory,  yea  to  call 
forth  the  homage  of  the  good,  the  brave  and  the  true,  as 
the  centuries  go  marching  down  the  corridors  of  time. 

BOUQUET'S  GRAVE  UNKNOWN. 

Bouquet's  grave  at  Pensacola  is  unmarked  and  unknown. 
During  the  past  ten  months  very  thorough  researches  have 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  79 

been  made  by  the  military  authorities  on  the  Gulf,  but  all 
in  vain,  as  the  subjoined  letters  indicate. 

WAR  DEPARTMENT,  ADJUTANT  GENERAL'S  OFFICE,  \ 
WASHINGTON,  February  13,  1883.          / 

MY  DEAR  SIR  :  Your  letter  of  the  pth  inst.  enclosing  one  ad 
dressed  to  our  Ministei  at  Great  Britain,  has  been  received.  It 
affords  me  great  pleasure  to  aid  you  all  I  can  in  this  matter,  and 
I  have  accordingly  submitted  your  letter  to  Mr.  Lowell,  to  the 
Hon.  the  Secretary  of  War,  for  transmission  to  the  Secretary 
of  State  for  such  action  as  may  be  consistent  with  public  interests. 
Referring  to  your  inquiry  of  the  9th  ult.,  respecting  the  re 
mains  of  Bouquet,  I  regret  to  inform  you,  that  the  commanding 
officer  at  Fort  Barrancas,  Fla.,  to  whom  your  request  was  re 
ferred,  reports  under  the  date  of  the  ;th  instant,  that  he  has 
made  search  and  inquiry  in  Pensacola  regarding  the  whereabouts 
of  Gen.  Bouquet's  remains,  but  has  not  been  able  to  learn  any 
thing  about  them.  He  further  states  that  the  oldest  cemetery  at 
Pensacola  was  commenced  in  1780,  and  that  those  best  posted  in 
the  matter  have  informed  him  that  all  the  cemeteries  at  that 
place  were  destroyed  prior  to  1780,  and  that  there  is  no  trace  of 
them  left. 

The  old  cemeteries  at  Pensacola  were  probably  destroyed  in 
1781,  when  that  town  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Spanish 
General  Galvez. 

I  will  make  further  inquiries  regarding  Bouquet's  remains  and 
apprise  you  of  the  result.  Yours  very  truly, 

R.  C.  DRUM, 
REV.  CYRUS  CORT,  Adjutant  General. 

Greencastle,  Franklin  County,  Pa. 

WAR  DEPARTMENT,  ADJUTANT  GENERAL'S  OFFICE,  \ 
WASHINGTON,  March  21,  1883.          j 

DEAR  SIR  :  I  have  received  General  Hancock's  answer  to  my 
inquiries  regarding  Bouquet's  remains. 

He  informs  me  that  upon  the  receipt  of  my  letter  he  referred 
it  to  several  officers  who  have  been  stationed  at  Fort  Barrancas, 
Fla.,  for  any  information  or  suggestions  they  might  have  in  this 
matter ;  that  they  named  certain  persons  who,  they  thought, 
could  probably  furnish  the  desired  information,  but  that  all  efforts 
in  that  direction  have  thus  far  proved  to  be  unsuccessful. 

The  commanding  officer  of  Fort  Barrancas  again  visited  Pen 
sacola,  with  a  view  of  obtaining  some  information  of  the  remains 


8o  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

of  Bouquet,  supposed  to  have  be  buried  there.  He  interviewed  a 
number  of  gentlemen,  old  residents  of  that  town,  and  states  that 
none  of  them  have  ever  heard  of  Bouquet. 

He  also  searched  the  old  cemetery,  which  was  deeded  by  the 
Spanish  to  the  Catholic  church  in  1781,  but  without  success,  and 
finally  states  that — unfortunately — the  records  of  the  cemetery  as 
well  as  those  of  the  Catholic  church,  were  destroyed  by  fire  last 
summer,  and  regrets  to  state  that  it  is  impossible  to  gain  any  in 
formation  at  Pensacola  regarding  the  whereabouts  of  Bouquet's 
remains.  I  am,  yours  very  truly, 

R.  C.  DRUM, 
The  REV.  CYRUS  CORT,  Adjutant  General. 

Greencastle,  Franklin  County,  Pa. 

General  Drum  has  shown  great  zeal  and  persistency  in 
this  research.  He  has  always  manifested  deep  interest  in 
the  character  and  career  of  Col.  Bouquet,  and  as  a  West- 
morelander  of  old  and  honored  lineage,  he  is  anxious  to 
have  justice  done  to  the  hero  of  Bushy  Run.  It  remains 
for  the  present  generation  to  mark  aright  the  field  of  Bou 
quet's  greatest  triumph  by  a  monument  as  lasting  as  the 
hills  which  were  consecrated  by  the  blood  and  valor  of  his 
heroic  soldiers.  Appropos  to  this  part  of  my  subject  I 
will  append  a  poem,  which  was  written  in  a  freight  car  on 
the  Iowa  prairies,  whilst  the  writer  was  transporting  his 
horse  and  household  goods  from  one  field  of  pastoral  labor 
to  another,  Nov.  19,  1880,  the  thermometer  being  several 
degrees  below  zero. 

BOUQUET'S  GRAVE. 

He  sleeps  in  an  unknown  grave, 

In  a  far  away  land, 

By  the  South  Sea  strand, 
Bouquet  sleeps  the  sleep  of  the  brave. 

Sleep  on,  Oh  son  of  the  free  ! 
Where  the  blood  of  the  Scot, 
From  the  field  where  you  fought, 

Ran  down  to  the  boundless  sea. 

Ah  !  was  it  not  grandly  meet, 

That  the  gallant  Bouquet, 

In  that  land  far  away, 
Should  lie  where  the  surges  beat. 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  1 

Oh  Sea !  be  an  urn  for  the  men, 

And  a  requiem  bell 

For  the  hero  who  fell, 
Till  the  muse  shall  be  grateful  again. 

Alas  !  Tis  a  burning  shame, 

That  the  Keystone  state 

Should  be  tardy  or  late 
To  cherish  the  Switzer's  fame. 

Redeemed  were  your  woody  hills 

By  the  Swiss  and  the  Scot, 

Let  them  ne'er  be  forgot 
While  valor  the  bosom  thrills. 

Awake  !  Ye  sons  of  the  North  ! 

And  the  deeds  of  these  men 

Clasp  to  your  hearts  again, 
And  fondly  cherish  their  worth. 

Oh,  land  of  the  brave  and  free  ! 

Bright  as  the  noonday  sun, 

Long  as  your  streams  shall  run 
Let  the  fame  of  the  Switzer  be. 

A    MONUMENT    DUE    BOUQUET. 

In  an  article  written  for  Frank  Cowan's  paper,  on  the 
Bushy  Run  battle,  nearly  eleven  years  ago,  I  asked  the 
question  "  does  not  Westmoreland  county,  yea  all  Western 
Pennsylvania  owe  a  monument  to  Henry  Bouquet  ?"  In  my 
centennial  speech  at  Hannastown,  a  year  ago,  I  enlarged 
upon  the  same  thought  and,  I  trust,  that  in  the  Providence 
of  God,  I  may  see  the  day  when  the  dear  old  county  of 
my  nativity  will  thus  honor  herself,  as  well  as  the  grand 
hero  who  has  made  her  soil  historic  ground.  All  public 
spirited  people  should  aid  in  such  a  work.  It  will  stimu 
late  the  young  to  emulate  one  who,  amid  perils  and  priva 
tions,  by  sterling  merit  and  conscientious  fidelity  to  duty, 
rose  from  obscurity  to  become  the  peer  of  the  greatest  and 
best. 

It  will  help  to  demonstrate  that  no  flight  of  years  or 
changes  of  human  governments  and  institutions,  can  oblit 
erate  the  memory  of  genuine  worth  and  true  manhood,  as 
illustrated  in  the  history  of  Henry  Bouquet. 


82  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

With  Pericles,  as  amplified  by  Edward  Everett  at  Get 
tysburg,  we  may  say  of  illustrious  men  "  The  whole 
earth  is  their  sepulchre  and  all  time  themilleniumof  their 
glory."  Wherever  heroic  deeds  have  been  done,  wher 
ever  the  battles  of  human  civilization  have  been  fought  and 
won,  that  is  hallowed  ground,  full  of  deepest  interest  to 
every  thoughtful,  true-hearted  man. 

"  These  are  the  shrines  to  code  nor  creed  confined 
The  Delphian  vales,  the  Palestine,  the  Meccas  of  the  mind." 

Bushy  Run  battlefield  ought  to  be,  and  I  feel  assured 
will  be  looked  upon,  in  years  to  come,  as  such  a  shrine. 
Here  savage  barbarism,  as  represented  by  Pontiac  and 
Guyasutha,  two  of  its  noblest  representatives,  met  the 
vanguard  of  civilization,  culture  and  progress,  under  the 
matchless  leadership  of  Bouquet.  Here,  too,  was  fought 
and  won  the  battle  which  virtually  established  the  supre 
macy  of  the  Anglo  Saxon  race,  in  the  great  valley  of  the 
Mississippi. 

11  The  land  is  holy  where  they  fought 
And  holy  where  they  fell." 

Not  by  British  blood  and  valor  per  se,  but  by  Swiss  and 
Scot,  Royal  Americans,  Provincials  and  Highlanders  from 
Caledonia  hills,  by  these  other  branches  of  the  great  Teu 
tonic  host,  the  Aryan  or  I ndo Germanic  family  of  nations, 
was  this  typical  battle  fought  and  won  120  years  ago. 

It  is  meet  that  the  German-Swiss  and  Scotch-Irish  ele 
ments  should  possess  this  goodly  land,  as  they  do  this  day, 
forming  the  bone  and  sinew  of  Westmoreland's  sterling 
population. 

And  it  is  meet  that  they  should  not  forget  the  pit  out  of 
which  they  have  been  dug,  nor  the  rock  from  which  they 
have  been  hewn. 

The  toils  and  privations  of  our  colonial  ancestors  should 
be  held  in  grateful  and  everlasting  remembrance.  They 
braved  the  perils  of  old  ocean  and  of  life  in  the  Western 
wilderness,  amid  savage  beasts  and  more  savage  men,  for 
the  sake  of  religious  principle,  and  that  their  children 
might  be  freeholders  and  freemen  in  the  best  sense  of  the 
term.  Let  us  prize  the  precious  birthright  as  something 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  83 

more  precious  than  silver  or  gold.  "  Man  shall  not  live 
by  bread  alone,  but  by  every  word  that  proceedeth  out  of 
the  mouth  of  God."  Ideas,  principles,  sentiments  cultivat 
ing  a  pure  and  progressive  Christian  manhood,  are  of  vastly 
more  account  than  the  filthy  lucre,  on  which  so  many  set 
their  hearts.  The  scenery  and  associations  of  childhood 
and  youth  are  educational.  They  stamp  their  impress 
upon  the  soul  for  weal  or  for  woe.  Inspiring  historical 
treasures  are  beyond  all  price.  Many  are  the  lines  of 
thought  and  currents  of  history  that  centre  in  and  around 
the  honorable  and  eventful  career  of  Henry  Bouquet.  As 
good  men  did  in  days  of  old,  so  now  would  I  commend 
his  as  a  character  and  example  worthy  of  study  and  imi 
tation  by  the  young  and  all  entrusted  with  official  posi 
tions. 

CONCLUDING    REMARKS. 

Bouquet  willed  a  large  tract  of  land  in  Trough  Valley, 
(  Huntingdon  or  Mifflin  Co.,  Pa.,)  to  Mr.  Thos.  Willing. 
This  was  a  brother  of  Miss  Annie  Willing,  his  fair  corres 
pondent.  His  extensive  Long  Meadows  estate  in  Maryland 
lay  a  few  miles  north  or  north-east  of  Hagerstown,  Md., 
and  is  now  owned  by  the  Lehmans,  Willems,  Cresslers, 
and  others. 

Col.  Haldimand,  his  legatee,  and  executor,  was  his 
special  Swiss  compatriot  and  military  comrade.  He  fig 
ured  somewhat  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  became 
governor-general  of  Canada,  from  which  post  he  retired  in 
1785,  to  die  in  his  native  Switzerland.  Many  of  Bou 
quet's  most  valuable  papers  are  included  among  those  of 
Haldimand,  at  present,  in  the  British  Museum.  The  time 
to  write  a  complete  biography  of  the  man  has  not  yet  ar 
rived. 

Mr.  G.  D.  Scull,  of  Philadelphia,  residing  at  Oxford, 
England,  expects  to  publish  a  very  limited  edition  of  some 
of  these  papers  during  the  ensuing  year.  He  claims  that 
on  one  occasion  Bouquet  saved  Philadelphia  from  sack 
and  pillage,  the  proof  of  which  will  doubtless  appear  in 
his  book.  I  had  hoped  to  be  able  to  refer  to  this  proposed 
publication  in  the  preparation  of  this  sketch,  but  have  been 
disappointed. 


84  COL.  11ENRY  BOUQUET 

PONTIAC'S    SUBMISSION. 

Pontiac,  for  a  season  remained  defiant,  even  after  his 
confederates  had  submitted  to  the  terms  of  Bouquet. 
When  Capt.  Morris  went  to  him  with  proposals  of  peace, 
he  met  him  on  the  outskirts  of  his  camp,  and  refused  to 
take  his  hand.  With  flashing  eye,  he  exclaimed,  "  The 
English  are  liars."  And  yet  he  spared  the  captain's  life, 
as  he  afterwards  did  that  of  Lieut.  Fraser,  Mr.  Croghan, 
and  other  peace  envoys,  although  his  warriors  were  anxious 
to  slay  them.  He  sought  the  country  of  the  Illinois,  with 
400  warriors,  where  the  flag  of  France  still  floated,  as  it 
had  done  since  the  days  of  La  Salle,  Tonti,  &c.,  in  1680. 

He  urged  the  different  tribes  to  rise  again  and  fight 
for  the  preservation  of  their  race,  and  threatened  to  de 
stroy  those  who  shirked.  French  traders  had  all  along 
led  him  to  expect  aid  from  their  great  King.  At  length, 
he  was  fully  convinced,  by  replies  of  French  officers,  in 
response  to  his  embassies  sent  to  Fort  Chartres  and  New 
Orleans,  that  all  hope  of  help  from  that  quarter  was  vain. 
He  then  gave  up  the  contest,  and  agreed  to  meet  with 
other  confederates  at  the  great  council,  held  by  Sir  Wm. 
Johnson,  to  arrange  definitely  the  terms  of  peace,  secured 
by  the  campaigns  of  Bouquet. 

Croghan,  who  met  him  repeatedly  and  experienced  his 
magnanimity  in  restraining  warriors  who  were  anxious  to 
kill  the  British  peace-agent,  speaks  thus  of  the  great 
Ottawa  chieftain  :  u  Pontiac  is  a  shrewd,  sensible  Indian, 
of  few  words,  and  commands  more  respect  among  his  own 
nation  than  any  Indian  I  ever  saw  could  do  among  his 
own  tribe." 

Late  in  the  fall  of  1765  Capt.  Sterling  descended  the 
Ohio  in  boats,  and  passed  up  the  Mississippi  with  one 
hundred  Highlanders  of  the  42d  regiment  to  Fort  Chartres, 
of  which  he  took  formal  possession  in  the  name  of  Great 
Britain. 

It  was  fitting  that  "those  veterans  whose  battle  cry," 
as  Parkman  says,  "  had  echoed  over  the  bloodiest  fields 
of  America,"  should  consummate  on  the  banks  of  the 
Father  of  Waters  the  work  begun  at  Bushy  Run,  and  es- 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  85 

tablish  forever  Anglo-Saxon  supremacy  in  the  new  world. 
In  due  time  Pontiac  appeared  at  the  great  council  held 
by  Sir  Wm.  Johnson  during  the  latter  part  of  July,  1766. 
The  following  are  the  opening  sentences  of  his  speech: 
"  Father,  we  thank  the  Great  Spirit  for  giving  us  so  fine  a 
day  to  meet  upon  such  great  affairs.  I  speak  in  the  name 
of  all  the  nations  to  the  westward,  of  whom  I  am  the 
master.  It  is  the  will  of  the  Great  Spirit  that  we  should 
meet  here  to-day  ;  and  before  him  I  now  take  you  by  the 
hand.  I  call  him  to  witness  that  I  speak  from  the  heart  ; 
for  since  I  took  Col.  Croghan  by  the  hand  last  year,  I 
have  never  let  go  my  hold,  for  I  see  that  the  Great  Spirit 
will  have  us  friends." 

PONTIAC'S    ASSASSINATION    AND    ITS    EXPIATION. 

Everything  was  amicably  adjusted  at  the  council,  and 
Pontiac,  with  many  presents,  returned  to  the  Maumee, 
where  he  spent  one  season.  He  afterwards  seems  to  have 
located  in  the  region  of  the  Illinois  Indians,  who  were 
jealous  of  his  presence,  and  who  approved  of  his  assassi 
nation.  Accounts  differ  in  regard  to  this  affair,  Mr. 
Parkman  adopts  the  Cahokia  theory  i.  e.,  that  Pontiac 
was  killed  at  that  place  by  an  Illinois  Indian  who  had 
been  bribed  to  do  the  foul  deed  by  Williamson,  an  Eng 
lish  trader,  who  feared  that  Pontiac,  while  on  a  drunken 
spree,  was  about  to  stir  up  trouble  against  the  English, 
and  thus  interfere  with  his  traffic.  Mr.  Matson  contends 
that  Pontiac  was  fatally  stabbed  by  Kineboo,  the  chief  of 
the  Illinois  Indians  at  a  council,  held  near  Joliet,  in  that 
state. 

One  thing  is  certain,  the  Illinois  Indians  were  held  re 
sponsible  for  his  assassination.  All  the  tribes  that  in 
former  days  had  felt  the  magic  spell  of  his  eloquence  and 
had  responded  to  his  bugle  call,  now  leagued  together  to 
avenge  the  death  of  Pontiac  by  a  war  of  extermination 
against  the  Illinois  Indians. 

The  following  extract  I  take  from  an  article  which  I 
prepared  for  the  Guardian  for  August,  1882,  on  the  basis 
of  Matson's  theory  : 


86  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

"  Runners  were  sent  to  the  Winnebagos,  of  the  North,  and 
the  Kickapoos,  of  the  South-west,  who  agreed  to  help  avenge  the 
death   of  the   great  Pontiac.     Over  the  remains  a  council  was 
held  by  the  allies,  who  swore  by  the  great  Manito  of  war  not  to 
lay  down  the  tomahawk  until  the  fallen  chieftain's  death  should 
be  avenged  by  the  destruction  of  the  Illinois  Indians,  who  abetted 
the  cowardly  deed  of  Kineboo.     The  Miamis   united  with  the 
tribes  already  mentioned,   and  Bernet,    the  Avhite  outlaw,   also 
with  a  band  of  warriors,  joined  in  the  bloody  strife.     The  com 
bined  forces  made  the  most  formidable  Indian  army  ever  collected 
in  the  West.     Death  and  annihilation  to  the  Illinois  was  the  sav 
age  oath  of  the  ferocious  avengers.      The  smaller  towns  along 
the  Illinois  river  were   first  destroyed,  and   finally  La  Vantum, 
their  great  capital,  which  was  defended  by  their  bravest  warriors, 
was  suddenly  assaulted.     The  skull  and  cross  bones  of  Pontiac 
were  borne  on  a  red  pole  by  the  avengers.     Their  first  attack 
met  with  a  bloody  repulse.     A  council  of  war  was  called  by  the 
invaders,  at  which  the  leading  war  chiefs,  with  fiery  eloquence, 
advocated  that  nothing  short  of  extermination  of  the  Illinoisans 
would  meet  the  demands  of  the  case  or  be  acceptable  to  the  great 
Manito  of  war.     The   Illinois  warriors   had  spent  much  of  the 
night  in  dancing  and  premature  rejoicing  over  the  repulse  of  the 
assailants,  and  were  taken  by  surprise  in  the  morning.     After 
terrific  carnage,  the  allies  were  again  repulsed  with  great  slaugh 
ter.     But  again  and  again  they  returned  with  reinforcements  to 
the  conflict.     Thus  for  twelve  long  hours  the  carnival  of  death 
went  on  in  and  around  La  Vantum,  the  great  Indian  city  of  the 
West.     Night  came  on,  and  still  the  battle  raged,  until  a  heavy 
rain  storm  put  an  end  to  hostilities.     During  the  darkness  and 
storm  the  Illinois  Indians  crossed  the  Illinois  river  in  their  canoes 
and  ascended  Starved  Rock,  the  old  site  of  Fort  St.  Louis,  where 
Tonti  had  so  signally  repulsed  the  Iroquois.     Here  the  remnant 
of  1200  Illinois   Indians,    including    300    warriors,   rallied   and 
thought  themselves  secure.     But   the  allied  forces,  not  content 
with  the  destruction  of  the  town  and  other  property  of  the   Illi 
nois,  quickly  surrounded  the   Rock,  determined  to  avenge  the 
death  of  Pontiac  by  the  complete  annihilation  of  all  who  in  any 
way  approved  of  his  assassination.   With  ferocious  yells  they  rushed 
up  the  rugged  pathway  on  the  only  accessible  side  of  the  rocky 
summit.     But  brave  and  desperate  Illinois  warriors,  with  war 
clubs  and  tomahawks,  sent  them  bleeding  and  mangled  down 
the  steep  declivity.     Again  and  again  did  the  fierce  avengers 
attempt  to  storm  the  almost  impregnable  heights.       Many  were 
slain  as  soon  as  they  reached  the  summit,  and  hurled  over  the 
precipice  into  the  river  below.     After  losing  many  of  their  brav- 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  87 

est  warriors,  the  allies  gave  up  the  assault  and  began  the  slow 
and  tedious  work  of  starving  out  the  besieged  Illinoisans.     At 
the  time  of  the  attack  upon  the  town  a  French  and  Indian  half- 
breed  warrior,  named  Belix,  who  had  greatly  distinguished  him 
self  in  previous  battles,  was  being  married  to  the  beautiful  daugh 
ter  of  Chief  Kineboo.     When  the  assault  was  made  upon  the 
Rock,  Belix  stood  foremost  and  most  valliant  among  the  defend 
ers,  and  with  his  war-club  dealt  death-blows  upon  many  of  the 
assailants.     His  bride  stood  near  by  to  encourage  her  gallant 
lord,  but  when  she  saw  him  fall  with  skull  cloven  by  a  tomahawk, 
she  uttered  a  wild  scream  and  sprang  over  the  Rock,  falling  from 
crag  to  crag  until  her  lifeless  body  dropped  into  the  river  below. 
Fifty-one  years  had  elapsed  since  the  rock  had  been  abandoned 
by  the  French,  and  the  palisades  and  earth-works  afforded  but 
little  protection  against  sharp-shooters  who  took  possession  of 
neighboring  cliffs  and  joined  in  a  galling  fire  upon  the  Illinois. 
Kineboo,  whose  rash  and  dastardly  act  had  precipitated  the  war, 
was  killed  in  this  way.     But  soon  a  rampart,  sufficient  to  ward  off 
bullets  was  erected  by  the  besieged  along  the  exposed  edges  of 
the  precipices.      But  the  worst  enemy  now  began  to  assail  them. 
Hunger  began  to  gnaw  at  their  vitals  with  remorseless  tooth.  The 
small  supply  of  provisions,  brought  along  in  their  flight  from  La 
Vantum,  were  soon  exhausted.     The  Rock  of  refuge  became  an 
altar  of  sacrifice,  of  whole  burnt  offering,  to  the  Illinois  in  the 
end  ;  for  their  relentless  foes  never  relaxed  in  the  siege  until  the 
last  Illinois  but  one  had  perished.     A  warrior,  the  solitary  excep 
tion,  let  himself  down  by  a  buckskin  cord  into  the  river  on  a 
dark  and  stormy  night  and  escaped,  but  all  the  rest,— warriors, 
squaws  and  pappooses  perished.     Some  of  the  squaws,  in  the  de 
lirium  of  hunger  and  thirst,  would  spring  with  their  infants  into 
the  river.     Warriors   would   make   a   sortie  only  to  be  slain  or 
driven  back  by  the  merciless  avengers.     Some  feasted   on  the 
dead.      The  death-song  was  chanted,  and  at  last,  when  a  final 
assault  was  made,  only  a  few  feeble  survivors  remained  to  be 
tomahawked.     Thus  perished  the  once  powerful  and  arrogant 
Illinois,  and  thus  terribly  was  the  assassination  of  the  great  Pon- 
tiac  avenged.     Great  must  have  been  the  magnetism  of  the  man 
in  life  and  death  who  marshalled  the  conspiracy  which  nearly 
drove  the  English  east  of  the  Alleghenies,  and  which  combined 
the  savage  hosts  of  the  lakes  and  the  prairies  to  expiate  "the 
deep  damnation  of  his  taking  off"  by  a  holocaust  that  is  unpar 
alleled  even    in  the  history  of  savage  warfare  and  retaliation. 
Well  may  the  old  site  of  Fort  St.  Louis,  on  the    Illinois  river, 
near  Ottawa,  Illinois,  the  scene  of  the  first  white  settlement  in 
the  Mississippi  valley,  two  hundred  years  ago,  be  called  Starved 


88  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

Rock,  in  commemoration  of  that  closing  tragedy  and  catastrophe 
in  the  history  of  the  great  tribe  whose  name  is  perpetuated  not 
only  by  the  river  along  which  they  roved,  fished  and  hunted, 
and  fought  their  numerous  foes,  but  also  by  the  title  of  one  of 
the  greatest  and  most  prosperous  states  in  the  American  Union." 

Thus  was  expiated  the  death  of  Pontiac,  over  whose 
grave,  as  Parkman  says,  "  more  blood  was  poured  out  in 
atonement  than  flowed  from  the  veins  of  the  slaughtered 
heroes  on  the  corpse  of  Patroclus. " 

Let  justice  be  done  to  the  memory  of  the  man  who  broke 
the  eastern  wing  of  the  great  conspiracy  at  Bushy  Run, 
Aug.  6,  1763,  and  rolled  back  the  advancing  tide  of  savage 
barbarism.  All  honor  to  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet  and  his 
heroic  army  of  deliverance,  who  consecrated  by  their 
blood  and  valor,  the  green  hills  of  old  Westmoreland  and 
made  them  historic  forever. 

WESTMORELAND    COUNTY    BEFORE    AND    DURING    THE 
REVOLUTION. 

Westmoreland  county  was  created  by  Pennsylvania  pro 
vincial  authorities  in  1773,  and  originally  included  all  that 
part  of  the  State  west  of  Laurel  Hill.  A  dozen  other 
counties  have  since  been  created  out  of  the  same  territory, 
so  that  for  Western  Pennsylvania  it  may  be  said  that  "Old 
Westmoreland"  was  the  mother  of  counties. 

Hannastown,  a  hamlet  a  few  miles  north-east  of  Greens- 
burg,  was  the  first  county  seat.  Here  justice  was  first 
dispensed,  west  of  the  Alleghenies,  according  to  the  civil 
code.  William  Crawford,  afterwards  burnt  by  the  Indi 
ans,  was  the  first  presiding  justice,  and  Arthur  St.  Clair 
was  the  first  prothonotary.  The  first  court  fixed  the  price 
of  a  gill  of  whiskey  at  four  pence  ;  toddy,  one  shilling  ; 
West  India  rum,  six  pence  ;  cider,  per  quart,  one  shilling 
six  pence  ;  strong  beer,  per  quart,  sixpence. 

The  jail  was  made  of  rough,  unhewn  logs.  Punish 
ments  were  fines,  whipping,  standing  in  pillory  or  stocks, 
cropping  off  ears  and  branding. 

Rape,  sod&my,  robbery,  mahem,  arson,  burglary,  witch 
craft  and  concealing  of  a  bastard  child  were  punishable 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  °9 

with  death,  as  well  as  murder.  Virginia  set  up  rival 
claims  to  a  large  part  of  the  territory  included  in  West 
moreland  county,  and  created  West  Augusta  county  to 
cover  it.  Lord  Dunmore,  her  Tory  Governor,  organized  a 
court  at  Pittsburgh  Feb.  21,  1775,  to  offset  the  claims  of 
Pennsylvania.  Dr.  John  Connolly,  a  resident  of  Pitts 
burgh,  was  the  Virginia  agent,  and  representative  of  Dun- 
more.  He  published  a  manifesto  Jan.  i,  1774,  inviting 
settlers  to  meet  at  Pittsburgh  on  the  25th  proximo  for  con 
ference,  assuring  them  of  the  protection  of  Virginia. 

Arthur  St.  Clair,  a  justice  of  the  peace  of  Westmore 
land,  issued  a  warrant  and  had  Connolly  arrested  for  a  short 
time  and  confined  in  the  log  jail  at  Hannastown.  Con 
nolly,  after  his  release,  issued  warrants  and  arrested  the 
Westmoreland  justices  of  the  peace.  The  conflict  con 
tinued  for  about  a  year.  Virginia's  claims  were  recognized 
at  Fort  Pitt  and  in  the  Monongahela  region.  Yohogania 
county  was  created  Nov.  30,  1776,  out  of  part  of  Augusta 
and  included  the  greater  part  of  Alleghany  and  Washing 
ton  counties.  Virginia  courts  were  held  for  five  years 
under  these  auspices.  Virginia's  price  for  lands  being 
cheaper  than  those  of  Pennsylvania,  the  settlers  in  those 
regions  generally  sided  with  her  in  the  dispute.  At  Bushy 
Run,  Hannastown  and  Ligonier,  with  adjacent  settlements, 
Pennsylvania  interests  and  claims  were  upheld.  This  con 
flict  of  jurisdiction  caused  great  trouble  and  uneasiness, 
which  was  not  allayed  fully  until  the  completion  of  the 
western  end  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line,  after  the  Revolu 
tion. 

From  the  date  of  Bouquet's  peace,  dictated  to  the  Indi 
ans  on  the  Muskingum,  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  there  was  comparative  peace  and  tranquility,  so  far 
as  the  Indians  were  concerned.  The  fur  traders  plied 
their  lucrative  traffic  without  molestation.  The  country 
began  to  fill  up  rapidly.  When  the  War  of  Independence 
began,  the  sectional  disputes  were  forgotten  and  a  com 
mon  purpose  was  manifested  to  resist  the  encroachments 
of  Great  Britain.  Hannastown  has  the  honor  of  not  only 
being  the  first  seat  of  civil  justice,  west  of  the  Alleghanies, 
but  of  leading  the  van  in  sounding  the  note  of  defiance  in 


90  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

a  formal  public  declaration  of  the  sentiments  that  stirred 
the  heart  of  the  persecuted  colonies.  On  the  sixteenth  of 
May,  1775,  a  convention  was  held  at  Hannastown,  which 
denounced  the  acts  of  British  usurpation  and  tyrrany,  and 
took  measures  to  provide  for  the  common  defence. 

Westmoreland  was  prompt  in  electing  delegates,  July  8, 
1776,  to  attend  the  convention,  which  met  in  Philadelphia, 
July  15,  1776,  to  lay  the  foundations  of  a  government, 
"based  on  the  authority  of  the  people-  only." 

That  convention  included  many  of  the  best  men  of  the 
state — wise  in  counsel,  brave  and  energetic  in  action.  Men 
like  Franklin,  Clymer,  Hiester,  and  Rittenhouse.  West 
moreland  sent  as  her  delegates — James  Barr,  Edward 
Cook,  James  Smith,  John  Moore,  John  Carmichael,  James 
Perry,  John  McClellan  and  Christian  Lavingair. 

Before  taking  their  seats  or  casting  their  votes,  they 
were  required  to  subscribe  to  the  following  :  "I,  -  — , 
do  profess  faith  in  God,  the  Father,  and  in  Jesus  Christ, 
His  Eternal  Son,  the  true  God,  and  in  the  Holy  Spirit,  one 
God  blessed  forevermore  ;  and  do  acknowledge  the  Holy 
Scripture  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament  to  be  given  by 
divine  inspiration."  A  very  correct  and  orthodox  profes 
sion  of  the  fundamental  doctrines  of  Christianity.  The 
convention  adjourned  September  28,  1776,  after  framing 
an  excellent  form  of  government,  by  the  people  and  for 
the  people.  In  fact,  their  work  has  formed  the  basis  for 
all  the  state  constitutions  since  adopted. 

And  now  came  the  horrors  of  war.  To  the  everlasting 
disgrace  and  infamy  of  Great  Britain,  it  must  be  said  that 
she  offered  large  bounties  to  cruel  savages  for  the  scalps 
of  the  frontier  settlers,  men,  women  and  children. 

The  British  Governor,  Hamilton,  who  had  control  at 
Detroit  and  along  the  northern  frontiers,  gave  standing 
rewards  for  scalps,  but  offered  none  for  prisoners.  In 
consequence  the  Indians  compelled  the  poor  captives  to 
carry  their  plunder  to  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Detroit, 
where,  after  having  endured  indescribable  sufferings  du 
ring  the  journey  through  the  wilderness,  the  poor  crea 
tures  were  put  to  death  and  scalped  in  cold  blood  to  get 
the  bounty.  DePeyster,  under  orders  from  Haldimand, 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  91 

acted  more  humanely  as  commandant  at  Detroit.  He 
encouraged  the  Indians  to  bring  in  live  meat,  as  the  pris 
oners  from  the  borders  were  called,  rather  than  scalps, 
which  he  did  not  like  to  see.  In  this  way  he  saved  300 
frontier  prisoners  from  a  barbarous  death.  Prowling  bands 
of  savages  continually  ravaged  the  borders,  and  West 
moreland  was  a  favorite  resort  for  the  scalping  parties. 
The  old  war  path  of  the  Catawbas  and  Cherokees  from 
the  south  and  southwest,  with  a  tributary  trail  or  path 
from  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  went  right  through  the 
heart  of  Westmoreland  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Susque- 
hanna,  in  western  New  York,  where  lived  the  Iroquois,  or 
Six  Nations,  their  inveterate  enemies.  After  the  conquest 
of  the  southern  tribes  by  their  powerful  northern  foes,  they 
made  periodical  trips  to  pay  tribute  or  show  proper  obeis 
ance  to  the  conquerors. 

The  Mohawk  Pluggy,  located  on  the  eastern  branch  of 
the  Scioto,  with  a  lawless  and  miscellaneous  gang  of  ma 
rauders,  made  frequent  forays  into  the  settlements  along 
the  Ohio  and  its  branches. 

Generals  Hand  and  Mclntosh,  Col.  Brodhead  and  Gen. 
Irvine  commaded  Fort  Pitt  during  the  Revolution,  and 
although  many  expeditions  were  projected  and  a  few 
abortive  ones  undertaken  to  carry  the  war  into  the  Indian 
country,  nothing  serious  was  ever  accomplished  in  that 
line  to  check  the  repeated  incursions  of  the  savages.  Such 
a  campaign  and  commander  as  carried  terror  to  their 
hearts  in  their  own  native  haunts  in  1764,  would  have 
secured  safety  and  tranquility  to  a  large  extent.  But  the 
desultory  and  fragmentary  efforts  put  forth  from  time  to 
time  for  aggressive  movements  against  the  savages  and 
tories,  as  a  rule  only  resulted  in  greater  hardships  for  the 
frontier  settlers. 

McKee,  the  Girty's  and  other  tories  who  had  grudge 
against  the  frontier  settlers,  led  on  the  savage  demons 
with  great  craft  and  daring  against  the  exposed  frontiers. 
In  April,  1778,  a  Westmorelander  wrote,  "God  only 
knows  what  may  be  the  fate  of  this  county  ;  but  at  pres 
ent  it  wears  a  dismal  aspect."  May  i,  1779,  another 
wrote,  "  The  savages  are  continually  making  depredations 


9 2  COL.  P1ENR Y  BOUQUET 

among  us  ;  not  less  than  forty  people  have  been  killed, 
wounded  or  captured  this  spring."  A  year  later  and  the 
prospect  was  still  more  gloomy.  Over  forty  settlers  had 
been  slain  in  the  Monongahela  region,  and  the  raids  were 
frequent  from  the  northern  Allegheny  regions.  u  It  really 
began  to  look,"  wrote  Butterfield,  "  as  though  Westmoreland 
would  again  become  a  wilderness.  The  people,  in  a  half 
starving  condition,  huddled  in  and  about  the  forts  and 
block-houses.  The  troops  at  Fort  Pitt  were  ragged,  un 
paid,  poorly  fed,  and  of  course  discontented  and  inefficient. 
In  August  the  Maryland  corps  deserted  their  posts  on  the 
frontier  of  Westmoreland,  and  in  a  body  marched  across 
the  mountains.  Lochry  and  his  150  picked  men  were 
surprised  and  destroyed  in  1781.  Crawford,  another 
county  official,  met  with  terrible  disaster  and  death  in 
1782;  and  thus  the  chapter  of  horrors  and  frontier  suf 
fering  goes  on.  Brodhead  and  some  of  his  subordinate  offi 
cers  got  at  loggerheads,  and  in  the  midst  of  quarrels 
among  officers  at  Fort  Pitt  the"  work  of  desolation  pros 
pered. 

Gen.  Irvine  was  appointed,  but  although  many  campaigns 
were  talked  about,  none  but  such  as  Crawford's,  William 
son's,  &c.,  badly  managed  affairs,  were  actualized.  The 
main  army  was  engaged  in  the  last  death  grapples  with 
the  British  Lion  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  the  western 
settlers  were  largely  left  to  the  mercy  of  the  savages. 

The  British  were  emboldened  even  to  fit  out  an  expedi 
tion  to  capture  Fort  Pitt.  Three  hundred  British  and 
Tories,  and  five  hundred  Indians,  assembled  with  twelve 
pieces  of  artillery,  on  Lake  Jadagua  (  Chatauqua  ),  in 
1782,  with  this  intention.  Having  learned,  through  a 
spy,  that  the  fort  was  much  stronger  than  had  been  sup 
posed,  the  main  object  of  the  expedition  was  given  up. 
The  usual  method  of  border  warfare  was  then  adopted, 
and  marauding  bands  went  into  the  different  settlements. 
A  feeling  of  unrest  and  apprehension  pervaded  the  frontier. 
Many  had  been  shot  down  and  scalped,  and  prisoners 
carried  off  from  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Forts  Walthour, 
Klingensmith,  &c.  This  sense  of  alarm  found  very  timely 
and  forcible  representation  in  the  petition  of  German  set 
tlers  on  Brush  Creek,  addressed  to  General  Irvine,  com- 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  93 

mander  at  Fort  Pitt,  June  22,  1782.  It  sets  forth  the  de 
spondency  and  distress  of  the  people  on  account  of 
continued  calamities  ( Crawford's  fate  had  just  been 
learned).  They  speak  of  the  great  peril  attending  t 
gathering  of  the  harvest,  nearly  ripe,  and  beg  for  some 
troops  to  protect  them  as  they  seek  to  gather  in  the  crops, 
which  are  needed  to  save  them  from  famine— as  much  to 
be  dreaded  as  the  scalping  knife.  This  petition  was  signed 
by  ancestors  of  many  living  Westmorelanders,  viz  :  George 
Christopher,  Joseph  and  Michael  Waldhauer  (  Walthour  ) 
Abraham  and  Joseph  Studabedker,  Michael  and  Jacob 
Byerly  John  and  Jacob  Ruthdorf,  Frederick  Williard, 
— —  Wiesskoph  (  Whitehead  ),  Abram  Schneider,  Peter 
and  Jacob  Loutzenheiser,  Hanover  Davis,  Conrad  Zulten, 
Garret  Pendegrast  and  John  Kammerer.  This  petition  is 
given  by  Butterfield,  without  the  names  of  signers,  on  pages 
300-301,  of  his  valuable  book,  "Washington  Irvine  Cor 
respondence." 

ATTACK    ON    HANNASTOWN. 

Three  weeks  later,  July  13,  1782,  a  large  detachment  of 
the  aforesaid  Chatauqua  expedition  burst  upon  Hannas- 
town,  the   county  seat    of   Westmoreland.     They  burned 
the  town,   and   came  very  near  capturing  the  fort     into 
which  a  few  of  the  frightened  settlers,  with  Michael  Hurt- 
nagle.  the  prothonotary,  at  their  head,  had  fled  for  safety 
Captain  Matthew  Jack,  by  his    courage   and   presence  of 
mind,  saved  many  lives  on  that  disastrous  day,  as  he  rode 
o-allantly  from  point  to  point,  even  through  the  encompass 
ing  lines  of  whooping  savages.       Miller's  station,  near  by, 
was  raided  by  the  Indians,  and  the  greater  part  of  a  wed 
ding  party  was  captured,  including  the  wife  and  daughters 
of  Robert  Hanna.     Captain  Brownlee,  and  several  others, 
were  tomahawked,  after  being  led   captives  a  few  miles 
Dwellings  were  destroyed,  together  with  many  horses  and 
cattle.        The    settlers  were    so    terror-stricken    that   the 
ripened   harvest  was  not   gathered  in    many  places,  and 
great  want  ensued.      Connolly,  the  renegade  Tory,  whom 
Gen   St    Clair  had  confined  in  the  log  jail  at  Hannastown, 
is    supposed  to  have   led  this  party,  together  with  Guya- 
sutha,  the  famous  Seneca  chief. 


94  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET 

About  20  persons  were  killed  or  captured  in  this  foray. 
On  the  1 3th  of  July,  1882,  the  centennial  of  this  attack 
and  repulse  of  the  Indians  and  Tories  at  Hannastown,  was 
celebrated  by  a  large  assemblage  of  Westmorelanders,  in 
the  woods  near  the  old  site  of  Hannastown.  Hon.  Jacob 
Turney  presided,  and  made  the  opening  address.  Addresses 
were  also  made  by  Hon.  Daniel  Kane,  Judge  Bigham,  Ex- 
Senator  Cowan,  and  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort. 

RELIGIOUS    CHARACTERISTICS    OF    EARLY    SETTLERS. 

It  is  gratifying  to  know  that  amid  their  dangers  and 
hardships,  those  Teutonic  pioneers  in  old  Westmoreland 
forgot  not  the  God  of  their  fathers. 

On  May  i,  1782,  when  the  Reformed  Coetus  (Synod) 
met  at  Reading,  Pa.,  a  petition  was  received  from  "  A 
congregation  in  Westmoreland  county,  near  Pittsburg,  in 
the  back  part  of  Pennsylvania,  a  new  settlement,  where 
no  ministers  have  yet  been."  They  "  very  earnestly  en 
treated  for  a  good  minister,  to  whom  they  promise  to  pay 
annually  80  pounds  sterling,  besides  other  necessaries  of 
life." 

Rev.  John  William  Weber,  having  expressed  a  willing 
ness  to  go  west  and  take  charge  of  this  mission  enterprise, 
the  Reverend  Ccetus  recommended  him  and  advised  the 
Westmoreland  people  to  give  him  a  regular  call.  He  ar 
rived  in  Sept.,  1782,  and  preached  through  what  now 
constitutes  Westmoreland,  Washington  and  Fayette  coun 
ties,  and  at  Fort  Pitt,  where  the  traveler  Schopf  met  him  in 
October,  1782.  The  congregations  at  Harolds  and  Brush 
Creek  were  organized  a  few  months  after  Rev.  Weber's 
arrival  in  Westmoreland.  Here  worshipped  the  Turneys, 
Drums,  Barnharts,  Marchands,  Trubys,  Mechlings,  Kem- 
merers,  Kifers,  Klines,  Byerlys,  Whiteheads,  Saams,  Kling- 
ensmiths,  Kunkles,  Walthours,  Baughmans.  Thomases, 
Detars,  Harrolds,  Grosses,  Henrys,  Corts,  Keppels,  Kiehls, 
Shrums,  Painters,  and  many  other  ancestors  of  Reformed 
and  Lutheran  families. 

Previous  to  the  coming  of  Rev.  Weber  many  of  these 
German  pioneers  used  to  meet  at  the  house  of  Loutzen- 
heiser  and  Davis  to  read  the  scriptures,  sing  the  sweet 


AND  HIS  CAMPAIGNS.  95 

hymns  of  the  German  fatherland,  hear  a  sermon  read  by 
some  competent  person,  and  engage  in  other  religious  ser 
vices  as  best  they  could. 

They  frequently  carried  their  rifles  with  them,  when 
they  went  to  worship  in  the  early  days  of  Rev.  Weber's 
ministry.  Prowling  savages  lurked  in  the  thickets  for 
many  years.  Amid  such  perils  and  privations,  those  pio 
neer  settlers  carved  out  homes  for  their  children  and 
turned  the  western  wilderness  of  Penn's  woods  into  a 
fruitful  field.  Surely  a  grateful  posterity  should  honor 
their  memory  and  rise  up  and  call  them  blessed,  while 
enjoying  the  goodly  fruits  of  their  pioneer  toil. 

At  a  still  earlier  date  the  Scotch- Irish,  led  by  pastors 
Finley,  Power,  McMillan,  Dodd,  Smith,  &c.,  occupied  the 
Sewickly  and  other  settlements,  and  already  in  1781  the 
old  Redstone  Presbytery  was  organized.  "  The  incursions 
of  savages  "  prevented  the  first  meeting  being  held  at 
Laurel  Hill,  the  appointed  place,  and  so  it  met  at  Pigeon 
Creek. 

It  is  meet,  as  already  said,  that  the  descendants  of  the 
hardy  Scotch-Irish  and  German-Swiss  should  occupy  the 
green  hills  and  fertile  valleys  of  old  Westmoreland.  By 
the  blood  and  the  sweat  and  the  toil  of  their  pioneer  an 
cestors,  this  goodly  land  has  been  rescued  from  savage 
barbarism.  Hallowed  be  the  memory  of  the  brave  men 
and  women  who  nobly  stood  in  the  breach  in  the  hour  of 
trial  and  danger. 

Pennsylvania  has  been  compared  to  a  sleeping  giant, 
not  yet  fully  conscious  of  her  vast  power  and  resources. 
With  unappreciated  modesty,  she  has  failed  to  assert  her 
rights,  and  especially  has  she  neglected  to  cherish  aright 
the  rich  legacies  of  the  past,  bequeathed  by  an  honest  and 
patriotic  ancestry.  It  behooves  us  to  gather  up  the  his 
toric  treasures  that  rightfully  belong  to  our  grand  old 
Keystone  commonwealth. 

Our  own  self-respect  and  independent  manhood  de 
mands  this.  It  is  no  less  a  duty  to  posterity  than  a  debt 
of  gratitude  to  our  heroic  ancestry.  The  educational 
effect  will  be  stimulating  and  ennobling  in  all  respects. 


g6  COL.  HENRY  BOUQUET. 

For  the  sake  of  religious  principle,  our  forefathers  crossed 
old  ocean's  wave  and  braved  the  dangers  of  pioneer  life 
in  the  new  world.  In  the  midst  of  untold  perils,  they 
were  true  to  the  principles  of  civil  and  religious  liberty, 
as  we  have  already  seen,  and  here  on  our  native  hills  was 
fought  the  decisive  battle  of  Christian  civilization  against 
heathen  barbarism. 


ADDENDA. 


Referring  back  to  page  n,  it  is  proper  to  remark  that 
Bouquet  and  Washington  were  personally  on  good  terms, 
and  did  not  impugn  each  others  motives. 

Many  persons  will  doubtless  feel  prompted  to  contrib 
ute  toward  the  erection  of  a  monument  to  Henry  Bouquet, 
after  reading  the  record  of  his  gallant  achievements.  All 
such  will  please  send  funds  or  written  pledges  to  James 
Gregg,  Chairman  of  Finance  Committee,  Greensburg,  Pa., 
subject  to  the  disposal  of  the  Executive  Committee — 
Coulter,  Kline  and  Gregg — for  that  purpose. 

P.  S. — After  this  pamphlet  was  nearly  all  in  type,  I 
learned  that  at  a  meeting  held  subsequent  to  June  19, 
1883,  it  was  decided  to  invite  the  following  gentlemen  to 
address  the  meeting  at  Bushy  Run  battlefield,  Aug.  6, 
1883,  viz: 

Hon.  James  G.  Elaine,  of  Washington,  D.  C.;  Dr.  Sam'l 
Wilson,  of  Allegheny  City,  Pa.;  Gen.  James  A.  Beaver,  of 
Bellefonte,  Pa.;  Hon.  William  S.  Stenger,  of  Harrisburg, 
Pa.;  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort,  of  Creencastle.  Pa.;  Wm.  M.  Dar 
lington,  of  Pittsburgh,  Pa.;  Hon.  W.  U.  Hensel,  of  Lan 
caster,  Pa.;  Hon.  Silas  M.  Clark,  of  Indiana,  Pa.;  Hon. 
Wm.  Koontz,  of  Somerset,  Pa. 

POEM. — Frank  Cowan,  Esq.,  of  Greensburg,  Pa. 

ERROR. — On  page  54,  instead  of  "  Schnorrbock  "  read 
"  Schnorr,  Vock." 


THE 


BOUQUET  CELEBRATION 


ON 


BUSHY  RUN  BATTLEFIELD, 


IX 


WESTMORELAND  COUNTY,  PA., 


AUGTJST  6,  1883. 


Edited  by  REV.  CYRUS  COR  T,  of  Greencastle,  Pa., 
in  Behalf  of  the  Bouquet  Memorial  Committee. 


LANCASTER,  PA. 

STEINMAN  &  HENSEL,  PRINTERS. 

1886. 

. 


D  ED  1C  A  TION. 


'pO  the  Memory  of  Henry  Bouquet  and  the  7763  Army 
of  Deliverance,  composed  of  Scotch  Highlanders,  Royal 
Americans  (inainly  of  German-Swiss  extraction],  and  Pro 
vincial  Rangers — nearly  one-fourth  of  whom  by  their 
blood,  and  all  of  whom  by  their  valor,  consecrated  the  field 
of  Biishy  Run,  August  ^th  and  6th,  f?6j. 

May  the  descendants  of  the  hardy  Scotch-Irish  and 
German- Swiss  Pioneer  Settlers,  whose  goodly  heritage  they 
rescued  from  the  savage  destroyer,  always  show  themselves 
worthy  such  heroic  defenders. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Antecedent  Steps, I 

Meeting  in  Greensburg  Court  House, 7 

The  Gathering  of  the  Clans,  August  6,  1883,  at  Bushy  Run,     9 

Organization  of  the  Meeting, 10 

General  Coulter's  Remarks, 10 

Address  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort, 12 

Poem  of  Dr.  Frank  Cowan, 19 

Pic-Nic  Dinner  in  the  Grove,  a  Contrast,  Incidents,  &c.,..  20 

Address  of  Gen.  James  A.  Beaver, 23 

Address  of  Judge  Parke, 29 

Address  of  Judge  Bigham, 36 

Conclusion,  38 

Review  of  the  Grand  Army  Posts, 39 

Letters  from  Public  Officials,  &c., 40 

APPENDIX  : 

Important  Addenda — Letters,  &c., 43 

Celebration  Items, 46 

Monument  Collections, 47 

Guyasutha, 49 

Concluding  Remarks, 50 


ANTECEDENT  STEPS. 

THE  celebration  of  the  one  hundred  and  twentieth  anni 
versary  of  the  victory  won  by  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 
over  the  Eastern  Confederates  of  Pontiac,  at  Bushy  Run,  Aug. 
6,  1763,  brought  together  the  largest  and  finest  concourse 
of  people  ever  assembled  in  Old  Westmoreland  county. 

The  magnificence  of  the  demonstration  in  honor  of  the 
gallant  Bouquet  and  his  Army  of  Deliverance,  compensated 
in  some  degree  for  the  long  delay  in  commemorating  their 
heroic  achievements. 

The  battle  of  Bushy  Run,  or  Edge  Hill,  was  not  only 
memorable  as  an  exhibition  of  dauntless  courage  and  con 
summate  military  skill  under  the  most  desperate  circum 
stances.  It  was  so  decisive  and  important  in  its  immediate 
and  remote  results,  that  it  well  deserves  perennial  remem 
brance. 

To  perpetuate  the  memory  of  the  great  event  itself,  and 
its  splendid  commemoration,  Aug.  6,  1883,  a  memorial 
committee  was  appointed  with  the  unanimous  approval  of 
the  vast  assemblage  convened  in  Gongaware's  woods  on  cel 
ebration  day.  After  some  delay,  they  herewith  present  the 
result  of  their  labors. 

Every  movement  of  this  kind  has  its  history,  in  the  light 
of  which  it  can  only  be  properly  understood  and  appre 
ciated. 

Accordingly  it  has  been  deemed  advisable  to  give  a  brief 
sketch  of  the  various  steps  that  led  the  way  to  the  celebra 
tion  of  Aug.  6,  1883,  as  a  proper  introduction  to  the  full 
account  of  the  celebration  itself. 


2  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

The  Renaissance,  or  renewal  of  interest  in  Bouquet  and 
his  campaigns  on  the  part  of  those  more  immediately  identi 
fied  with  the  recent  celebration,  dates  back  to  the  autumn 
of  1872. 

On  the   25th  of  September,   of  that  year,     Dr.     Frank 
Cowan  published  an  article  in  his  newspaper,  giving  an  ac 
count  of  a  visit  to  the  battle-field  of  Edge  Hill,  or  Bushy 
Run,  and  a  sketch  of  the  battle  itself,  as  given  in  the  old 
provincial  work  of  Dr.  William  Smith.      The  young  editor 
lamented  the  dearth  or  total  absence  of  local  traditions  re 
specting  the  battle  as  compared  with  the  Burning  of  Han- 
nastown.     He  accounted  for  this  on  the  ground  that  the 
battle  was  fought  by  foreigners,  none  of  whose  decendants 
had  ever  located  near  the  scene  of  the  conflict,  &c.    At  the 
end  of  nearly  two  months,  a  mutilated  copy  of  Mr.  Cowan's 
paper,  with  the  aforsaid  article,  fell  into  the  hands  of  Rev. 
Cyrus  Cort,  then  residing  at  Vinton,  Iowa.      Mr.  Cort  im 
mediately  wrote  a  lengthy  article,  giving  an  account  of  the 
battle  of  Bouquet  and  a  number  of  incidents  and  traditions 
connected  with  it,  which  he  had  received   from  his  great 
grandfather,  Jacob  Byerly,  and  his  son  Joseph  on  Christ 
mas  day,  1855,  several  years  before  the  Revolutionary  vet 
eran  ended  his  days  in  his  ninety-ninth  year.    Jacob  Byerly 
was  a  son  of  Andrew  Byerly,  the  founder  of  Byerly  Station 
at  Bushy  Run,  and  along  with  the  rest  of  the  Byerly  family, 
barely  escaped  with  his  life  to  Fort  Ligonier,  in  the  latter 
part  of  May,   1763.     After  being  closely  besieged  for  two 
months,  Col.  Bouquet  came  to  their  relief  with  his  Scotch 
Highlanders,   Royal  Americans,  and  a  few  Provincial  Ran 
gers.      Andrew  Byerly  went  along  with  the  army,  and  was 
in  the  advance  when  the  battle  of  Aug.   6,  1763,  began  on 
Gongaware's  hill.     He  took  an  active  part  in  the  two  days' 
conflict,  and  through  him  some  very  interesting  incidents 
have  been  handed  down  to  posterity  which  were  never  pub 
lished  until  recent  years.     The  article  of  Rev.  Cort,  besides 
supplementing  the  editorial  of  Mr.   Cowan  as  regards  inci 
dents  of  the  battle,  urged  upon  the  people  of  Westmoreland 
the  duty  of  erecting  a  durable  monument  to  the  memory  of 
Bouquet  and  his  Army  of  Deliverance. 

The  editor  heartily  commended  the  article  to  the  atten- 


Antecedent  Steps.  3 

tion  of  his  readers,  and  called  upon  all  who  were  interested 
in  the  history  of  Old  Westmoreland,  the  mother  county,  to 
record  without  delay  all  traditional  incidents  and  adven 
tures  with  which  they  might  be  acquainted.  Thus  the  mat 
ter  rested  until  December,  1880,  when  Rev.  C.  Cort  pub 
lished  an  article  on  Bouquet  and  his  campaigns  in  the 
Guardian,  a  monthly  magazine  printed  at  Philadelphia.  A 
revised  edition  of  this  article,  with  a  poem  on  "Bouquet's 
Grave,"  was  issued  a  few  weeks  later  in  pamphlet  form. 
The  Guardian  article  was  republished  in  a  short  time  by 
many  of  the  papers  in  Southern  and  Southwestern  Penn 
sylvania,  and  created  a  good  deal  of  interest  in  the  hero  of 
Bushy  Run.  A  short  time  previous,  George  Harrison 
Fisher,  Esq.,  of  Philadelphia,  had  published  in  the  Penn 
sylvania  Historical  Magazine  some  interesting  correspon 
dence  between  Col.  Bouquet  and  a  Miss  Willing,  together 
with  a  sketch  of  the  gallant  Swiss  officer.  This  was  embel 
lished  with  a  fine  steel  engraving  of  Col.  Bouquet,  taken 
from  an  original  painting  in  possession  of  the  Fisher  family. 

Rev.  Cort  was  not  aware  of  the  article  of  Mr.  Fisher 
until  after  the  publication  of  his  own. 

Again  there  was  a  pause  until  the  centennial  observances 
of  the  burning  of  Hannastown,  July  13,  1882.  As  one  of 
the  speakers  on  that  occasion,  Rev.  Cort  in  the  course  of 
his  address  made  the-  following  reference  to  Bouquet  and 
Bushy  Run :  "This  is  an  age  of  centennials,  and  I  am  glad 
that  the  centennial  boom  has  struck  Old  Westmoreland.  It 
should  have  struck  you  nineteen  years  sooner.  It  has  al 
ways  appeared  passing  strange  to  me  that  Westmoreland 
county,  and  Western  Pennsylvania  failed  to  celebrate  with 
centennial  memorial  services  the  victory  of  Bouquet  in  the 
heart  of  our  noble  old  county  on  Aug.  6,  1763.  It  is  true 
that  many  of  us  were  off  to  the  wars  in  1863,  and  had  more 
important  work  in  fighting  battles  for  the  preservation  of 
the  Union  than  to  commemorate  the  deeds  of  colonial 
days.  But  there  were  enough  men  and  women  at  home  to 
have  made  the  welkin  ring  with  the  grateful  notes  of  centen 
nial  commemoration.  An  event  so  critical,  so  decisive  and 
far  reaching  in  its  results,  should  be  commemorated  by  an 
nual  as  well  as  centennial  observances.  The  heroic  deeds 


4  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

of  Col.  Bouquet,  the  gallant  German-Swiss  commander,  the 
Scotch  Highlanders  and  Colonial  Volunteers,  that  formed 
the  little  army  of  deliverance,  deserve  to  be  held  in  grateful 
and  everlasting  remembrance  by  all  the  descendants  of  the 
thousands  of  pioneer  settlers  in  Western  Pennsylvania  and 
Virginia,  who  were  then  delivered  from  the  horrors  of  sav 
age  warfare.  Had  such  deeds  of  valor,  and  such  inspiring 
associations  been  connected  with  any  spot  in  New  England, 
the  Yankees  would  have  made  it  pay  long  ago  in  more  ways 
than  one.  Bouquet's  battle-field,  near  Bushy  Run,  a  few 
miles  west  of  here,  should  be  hallowed  as  historic  ground, 
and  honored  by  the  erection  of  a  monument  that  would 
vividly  call  to  remembrance  the  deeds  of  the  dauntless 
heroes  who  consecrated  it  with  their  blood  and  valor  one 
hundred  and  nineteen  years  ago." 

In  the  latter  part  of  October,  the  battle  of  Bushy  Run 
was  brought  prominently  before  the  public  in  the  bi-centen- 
nial  celebration  at  Philadelphia.  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort,  who 
was  in  the  city  at  the  time,  wrote  an  article  on  his  return 
home,  which  was  published  in  all  the  Green sburg  papers. 
We  give  the  following  extracts  as  bearing  directly  on  the 
subject  in  hand,  and  because  the  article  helped  greatly  in 
preparing  the  way  for  the  celebration  which  came  off,  as 
suggested,  on  the  succeeding  anniversary  of  the  victory  of 
Bouquet : 

The  battle  of  Col.  Bouquet  with  the  Indians  at  Bushy  Run  in  1763, 
formed  a  prominent  feature  in  the  gorgeous  tableau  that  paraded  the 
streets  of  Philadelphia  on  Wednesday  night,  October  25th,  during  the 
great  Bi-Centennial  celebration.  Comparatively  few  of  the  spectators 
were  well  enough  posted  in  the  colonial  history  of  the  Keystone  Com 
monwealth  to  understand  or  appreciate  the  representation  which  held 
so  conspicuous  a  position  in  the  grand  pageant  Even  so  well  informed 
and  cautious  a  paper  as  the  Ledger,  spoke  of  it  next  day  as  a  fight  be- 
ween  the  British  soldiers  and  the  early  settlers  !  It  seems  that  Major 
Beane  received  the  suggestion  from  Mr.  Stone,  the  Librarian  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Historical  society,  who  considers  the  victory  of  Bouquet 
over  the  Indians  at  Bushy  Run,  the  decisive  or  turning  point  in  the  con 
quest  of  the  vast  region  west  of  the  Alleghenieg  by  the  Anglo-Saxon 
race.  The  representation  was  rather  too  much  of  an  anacronism. 
•British  soldiers  and  Indians  were  armed  with  the  latest  improved 
modern  rifles.  The  very  essential  Scotch  Highlander  and  Colonial 
Volunteer,  features  of  the  conflict,  were  ignored  in  the  tableau  for  lack 


Antecedent  Steps.  5 

of  proper  costume  for  the  characters,  as  the  writer  was  informed  by 
Major  Beane.  But  certainly  the  Scotch  societies,  or  the  Caledonian 
club,  that  took  part  in  Tuesday's  parade,  could  easily  have  furnished 
this,  and  thus  have  made  the  representation  much  more  correct  as  well 
as  picturesque. 

The  point,  however,  to  which  I  wish  to  call  the  attention  of  West 
moreland  this  time,  does  not  concern  the  success  of  the  tableau  represen 
tation  of  the  battle  of  Bouquet  so  much  as  the  importance  of  the  event 
itself,  and  the  rich  historical  treasures  that  necessarily  cluster  around  the 
locality  where  that  desperate  and  decisive  conflict  took  place.  Allow 
me  in  this  connection  to  repeat  a  few  sentences  of  my  Hannastown 
Centennial  address,  delivered  on  the  13*  day  of  last  July  : 

[Here  follow  extracts  already  quoted  from  the  Hannas 
town  address  which  need  not  be  repeated.] 

The  sentiments  then  expressed  have  been  strikingly  confirmed  by  the 
estimate  of  the  learned  Librarian  of  the  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society, 
and  by  the  unusual  prominence  given  to  the  battle  of  Bouquet  in  the  re 
cent  Bi-Centennial  tableaux  in  Philadelphia. 

In  my  monograph  on  Col.  Bouquet,  several  years  ago,  I  set  forth  the 
same  views.  It  seems  to  me  that  it  is  high  time  that  Westmorelanders, 
and  the  descendants  of  the  Colonial  settlers,  should  make  an  earnest 
practical  effort  to  mark  the  battle-field  of  Bouquet,  a  short  distance  east 
of  Harrison  City,  on  the  old  Gongaware  and  Wannamaker  farms.  With 
the  map  of  Hutchins,the  royal  geographer,  executed  soon  after  the  bat 
tle,  and  published  with  Dr.  William  Smith's  account  of  Bouquet's  ex 
pedition,  and  with  the  aid  of  local  traditions,  this  could" be  done  with 
out  much  difficulty.  The  little  spring  from  which  my  great-great 
grandfather  Byerly  carried  a  scant  supply  of  water  in  his  hat  to  the 
wounded  Highlanders  and  volunteers,  who  were  almost  perishing  with 
thirst  during  the  two  days  conflict,  would  help  to  locate  an  important 
part  of  the  field. 

*  *  *  #  *  *  * 

Old  residents  can  easily  designate  the  fields  where  the  old  forest  trees 
contained  so  many  bullets,  when  their  land  was  cleared  a  generation  or 
so  ago.  The  exact  route  of  the  old  road  between  Fort  Ligonier  and 
Fort  Pitt  could  no  doubt  be  definitely  fixed  at  this  point,  so  as  to  help 
determine  the  exact  locality  of  the  battle.  The -committee  having 
charge  of  the  Soldiers'  Monument  enterprise,  of  which,  I  believe,  Gen.  R. 
Coulter,  Hon.  Jas.  C.  Clarke,  Gen.  Thos.  Gallagher  and  John  Arm 
strong,  Esq.,  are  members,  could  not  only  locate  the  outlines  of  Bou 
quet's  battle-field,  but  would  be  a  very  good  committe  to  receive  funds 
and  devise  a  suitable  monument  in  honor  of  Col.  Henry  Bouquet  and 
his  gallant  army  of  deliverance. 

*  *  *  -*  *  * 

The  proposed  soldiers'  monument  to  Westmoreland  military  heroes 
might  be  so  designed  as  to  commemorate  Colonial  heroes  like  Bouquet, 


6  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

Revolutionary  heroes  like  St.  Clair,  War  of  1812  heroes  like  Markle,  or 
Major  Andrew  Byerly,  (whose  command  defended  Commodore  Per 
ry's  fleet  while  it  was  being  built  on  Lake  Erie),  Mexican  war  heroes, 
&c.,  as  well  as  the  heroes  of  the  latest  and  greatest  of  our  American 
wars, 
•x-  *****  * 

At  all  events,  I  trust  that  suitable  efforts  will  be  made  at  an  early  day, 
to  define  the  main  features  or  outlines  of  Bouquet's  battle-field.  Vice 
President  Jourdan,  of  the  Historical  Society  at  Philadelphia,  called  my 
attention  to  the  fact  that  Bancroft  or  some  other  standard  author,  stated 
that  the  scene  of  Bouquet's  battle  was  unknown.  I  remarked  that  the 
statement  was  not  correct,  and  that  the  battle  was  fought  in  the  heart  of 
Westmoreland  county,  a  short  distance  east  of  Harrison  City.  Bullets, 
bones,  &c.,  had  in  former  days,  been  found  there  in  great  numbers,  and 
the  local  tradition,  together  with  the  map  of  Hutchins,  would  enable  any 
intelligent  person  to  locate  the  battlefield.  I  am  confident  that  the 
Pennsylvania  Historical  Society  would  cheerfully  give  room  in  their  val 
uable  magazine  for  any  communication  on  the  subject  which  such  a 
committee  as  I  have  designated  might  choose  to  make.  In  this  way 
justice  might,  in  a  measure,  be  done  to  the  memory  of  the  departed 
heroes,  while  at  the  same  time  a  pilgrim  shrine  would  be  erected  in  the 
grand  old  county  of  our  nativity,  that  would  increase  in  interest  and 
importance  as  age  after  age  rolled  by.  Might  not  the  next  4th  of  July, 
or  the  5th  or  6th  days  of  August  be  made  memorable  by  a  celebration, 
sham  battles,  speeches,  &c.,  that  would  give  the  movement  a  successful 
impulse  ?  Judging  from  the  interest  he  manifested  in  the  monograph 
on  Col.  Henry  Bouquet,  several  years  ago,  and  more  recently  in  one  on 
"  Baron  Steuben  and  his  relations  to  the  Reformed  Church,"  I  believe 
Adjutant  General  R.  C.  Drum  would  honor  and  grace  such  an  occasion 
with  his  presence  if  invited  by  such  a  committee. 

So  also,  public  spirited  Westmorelanders  from  all  parts  of  the  county, 
and  from  all  parts  of  the  Union,  many  of  whom  have  become  distin 
guished  in  civil  and  military  life,  would  esteem  it  a  privilege  and 
pleasure  to  take  part  in  such  a  demonstration.  Let  us  begin  at  the  be 
ginning  in  this  matter  of  commemorating  the  deeds  of  departed  heroes 
and  benefactors  whose  names  are  linked  inseparably  with  the  history  of 
old  Westmoreland.  Thus  can  we  best  secure  proper  remembrance 
and  honor  in  the  end  for  the  scarred  veterans  and  heroic  dead  of  our 
late  war,  and  at  the  same  time  stimulate  intelligent  interest  and  gen 
erous  emulation  in  the  minds  and  hearts  of  the  rising  generation.  The 
fame  of  their  illustrious  men  is  one  of  the  noblest  heritages  of  a  people. 
Those  who  will  not  gratefully  cherish  the  names  and  deeds  of  heroic  an 
cestors  and  benefactors,  will  scarcely  do  aught  that  posterity  will  delight 
to  honor.  For  the  sake  of  the  living  champions  of  constitutional  liberty 
and  union,  and  for  the  sake  of  unborn  generations,  no  less  than  for  the 
sake  of  the  illustrious  dead  of  Colonial  days,  I  trust  that  Westmore 
landers  will  do  speedy  and  ample  justice  to  the  memory  of  Colonel 
Henry  Bouquet,  and  the  1763  army  of  deliverance. 

GREENCASTLE,  Franklin  Co.,  Pa.,  Oct.  30.  CYRUS  CORT. 


Meeting  in  the  Greensburg  Court  House.  7 

The  county  papers  generally  favored  the  proposed  celebra 
tion  and  articles  furnished  by  Rev.  C.  Cort  and  Hon.  Jos.  H. 
Kuhns  in  furtherance  of  the  movement  were,  from  time  to 
time,  published  in  the  Greensburg  Daily  Press,  and  in  sev 
eral  of  the  weeklies. 

April  25,  1883,  a  committee  consisting  of  Rev.  C.  Cort, 
S.  A.  Kline,  Esq.,  Maj.  J.  M.  Laird,  A.  B.  Kline,  Esq.  and 
Curtis  Gregg,  visited  and  located  the  Bushy  Run,  or  Edge 
Hill  battle-field  in  its  main  features,  and  selected  a  grove 
covering  the  same  for  the  proposed  celebration. 

MEETING    IN    THE    GREENSBURG    COURT    HOUSE. 

On  the  following  evening  a  public  meeting  was  held  in 
the  Court  House  at  Greensburg,  to  arrange  for  the  celebra 
tion.  Ex-Governor  Latta  presided,  and  General  Coulter 
and  Hon  Jacob  Turney  acted  as  vice  presidents,  with  Maj. 
Laird,  Frank  Vogle  and  Curtis  Gregg  as  secretaries. 

In  an  address  of  over  half  an  hour,  Rev.  C.  Cort  reviewed 
the  career  of  Col.  Bouquet,  and  described  the  battle  of 
Bushy  Run  and  its  far  reaching  results.  He  urged  the  pro 
priety  of  getting  up  a  celebration  at  the  next  anniversary  of 
Bouquet's  victory  on  that  bloody  field.  Bouquet  as  the 
champion  and  chief  builder  of  the  Forbes  road,  from  Bed 
ford  to  Fort  Pitt,  in  1758,  had  rendered  signal  service  to  the 
province  of  Pennsylvania. 

A  committee  consisting  of  Revs.  Love,  Moorhead  and 
Lucien  Cort,  and  Philip  Kuhns,  Dr.  Kline  and  A.  M. 
Sloan,  Esq.,  presented  a  series  of  resolutions  providing  for 
the  celebration  by  religious  services  of  a  commemorative 
nature,  in  all  the  churches  of  the  county,  Aug.  5,  and  by 
addresses,  poem,  military  display  and  pic-nic  dinner  in  the 
grove  on  Bushy  Run  battle-field,  Aug.  6,  1883. 

Committees  were  appointed  as  follows  : 

Committee  of  Arrangements  to  secure  and  prepare  grounds  for  the 
celebration :  Amos  B.  Kline,  J.  B.  Laux,  Lewis  Wannamaker,  E.  F. 
Houseman,  Lewis  Gongaware,  William  Moore,  Mr.  Shadwick,  Jos. 
Clark,  Robert  Byerly,  Wm.  G.  Shuster,  Abner  Cort. 

Committee  on  Finance  :  Jas.  Gregg,  Esq.,  Geo.  F.  Huff,  Capt.  J.  J. 
Wirsing,  Dr.  Sowash,  Wm.  B.  Skelly,  Paul  Lauffer,  David  Snyder, 
Jno.  Rankin,  Sebastian  Baer,  Esq.,  Hon.  N.  M.  Marker,  H.  F.  Lud- 
wig,  Esq.,  Hon.  John  Hugus,  and  George  Plumer  Smith,  of  Philadel 
phia, 


8  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

Committee  on  Invitation  :  General  R.  Coulter,  Hon.  Jos.  H.  Kuhns, 
Hon.  Jacob  Turney,  Hon.  John  Latta,  Maj.  James  M.  Laird,  G.  D.  Al 
bert,  Esq.,  John  A.  Marchand,  Esq.,  Dr.  Frank  Cowan. 

Committee  of  Reception  at  Bushy  Run  on  Monday — viz  :  Hon.  John 
Latta,  Hon.  James  R.  McAfee,  Col.  Geo.  F.  Huff,  John  Kuhns  and  A. 
D.  McConnell,  Esqs. 

The  chairmen,  R.  Coulter,  Jas.  Gregg  and  Amos  B. 
Kline,  were  appointed  an  executive  committee  to  fill  all 
vacancies  and  have  a  general  oversight  of  the  celebration. 

A  few  weeks  previous  to  the  celebration,  Rev.  C.  Cort 
published,  by  request  of  the  executive  committee,  a  pam 
phlet  of  one  hundred  pages  on  "Col.  Henry  Bouquet  and 
His  Campaigns."  This  document  was  received  with  words 
of  hearty  commendation  by  the  religious,  as  well  as  secu 
lar  press,  German  and  English,  in  Pennslvania,  Ohio  and 
New  York.  Lengthy  extracts  from  it  were  inserted  in  the 
Pittsburg  dailies  a  few  days  before  the  celebration  took 
place.  In  this  way  the  name  of  Bouquet  and  Bushy  Run 
became  familiar  to  thousands  who  had  never  heard  of 
them  before,  and  a  deep  interest  was  created  in  the  ap 
proaching  celebration.  Thus,  too,  the  questions  of  some  of 
the  Pittsburg  dailies  two  months  previous,  "Who  is  Bou 
quet,  What  Did  He  Do,"  &c.,  were  measurably  answered 
in  a  way  that  raised  the  subject  far  above  the  plane  of 
ridicule. 

Amos  B.  Kline,  with  his  colleagues  on  the  committee  of 
arrangements,  did  their  work  well.  With  the  assistance  of 
County  Surveyor  Wm.  Miller,  John  Kuhns,  Esq.,  Ed.  Potts, 
Louis  Wannamaker  and  Rev.  C.  Cort,  the  battle-field  was 
definitely  located  and  the  exact  positions  of  Bouquet's 
troops  and  their  savage  assailants,  clearly  indicated.  The 
first  and  second  positions  of  the  troops ;  the  lines  held  re 
spectively  by  the  Highlanders,  the  Royal  Americans  and 
Provincial  Rangers ;  the  location  of  the  pack  horses,  the 
cattle  and  the  Flour  Bag  Fort,  occupied  by  the  wounded, 
in  the  two  days'  fight  were  definitely  marked  with  flags 
and  handboards,  and  pointed  out  as  they  had  not  hitherto 
been  for  a  hundred  years. 


The  Gathering  of  the  Clans.  9 

THE    GATHERING    OF   THE    CLANS AUGUST    6,    1883. 

All  the  necessary  preliminary  arrangements  having  been 
completed,  the  friends  and  promoters  of  the  celebration 
awaited  the  dawning  of  the  memorable  6th  of  August,  1883, 
with  anxious  hearts.  It  came  bright  and  beautiful,  as  balmy 
and  propitious  a  day  as  could  have  been  desired  for  such  an 
occasion.  And  never  did  the  sons  and  daughters  of  Old 
Westmoreland  turn  out  in  such  a  vast  and  magnificent  array 
as  they  did  on  that  memorable  day.  Old  and  public-spirited 
citizens  like  Gen.  Thos.  F.  Gallagher,  who  had  attended  all 
important  convocations  of  our  people  for  a  generation  past, 
declared  that  the  concourse  assembled  on  Bouquet's  battle 
field,  Aug.  6,  was  by  far  the  largest  and  grandest  of  them 
all.  It  was  the  largest  assemblage  of  any  kind  ever  con 
vened  in  Old  Westmoreland,  and  by  far  the  largest  of  the 
kind  ever  convened  in  Western  Pennsylvania.  Estimates  of 
the  numbers  present  vary  greatly,  ranging  from  8,000  to  25,- 
ooo.  Dr.  Samuel  Stewart,  who  had  considerable  army  ex 
perience,  named  thelatter  number.  It  was  estimated  that 
between  2,500  and  3,000  vehicles  were  on  the  grounds  or 
in  the  groves,  fields,  fence  corners,  &c.,  within  a  circuit  of 
two  miles.  A  large  number  of  hacks  ran  during  most  of  the 
day  from  Manor  and  Penn  Stations,  and  thousands  footed  it 
from  the  railroad  and  neighboring  towns.  At  Irwin,  busi 
ness  was  largely  suspended,  and  L.  Kunkle,  with  four  Per- 
cheron  horses,  hauled  on  a  large  wagon,  seventy-two  per 
sons  to  the  battle-field.  All  other  vehicles  had  been  engaged 
weeks  ahead. 

"What  would  Colonel  Bouquet  have  thought  of  this," 
exclaimed  Ex-United  States  Senator  Cowan  to  General  Bea 
ver,  as  they  met  at  the  outskirts  of  the  crowd,  on  the  Gen 
eral's  arrival.  It  was  indeed  a  mighty  host  to  honor  the 
memory  of  Bouquet  and  his  Army  of  Deliverance,  on  the 
very  scene  of  their  heroic  achievements,  after  the  lapse  of 
120  years.  If  the  ovation  was  long  in  coming,  it  made  up 
in  a  measure  for  the  delay  by  its  splendid  character  and 
magnificent  proportions.  It  was  worthy  the  man  and  the 
occasion,  and  did  high  honor  to  Old  Westmoreland,  the 
mother  of  counties,  and  the  mother  of  the  great  majority  of 


io  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

those  assembled  on  the  historic  field,  in  social  and  patriotic 
communion. 

^ 

THE    ORGANIZATION    OF   THE    MEETING. 

A  large  stand  had  been  erected  in  Gongaware's  woods 
by  the  committee  of  arrangements,  on  part  of  the  old 
Bushy  Run  battle-field.  The  stand  was  tastefully  decorated 
with  American  flags  and  with  several  flags  of  the  Swiss  Re 
public,  loaned  for  the  occasion  by  the  Swiss  consul  at  Phil 
adelphia.  The  coat-of-arms  of  the  Cantons  of  Berne  and  of 
Vand,  the  home  of  Bouquet,  painted  on  large  metallic 
shields,  with  their  brown  bears  and  motto,  "  Liberte  et 
Patrie,"  held  a  conspicuous  place.  Relics  in  large  numbers 
from  Provincial  and  Revolutionary  times,  covered  the  tables. 
Prominent  among  them  was  a  bayonet,  found  in  a  clearing 
on  the  battle-field,  in  good  state  of  preservation,  two  years 
ago.  Amos  B.  Kline,  Esq.,  chairman  of  the  committee 
of  arrangements,  called  the  meeting  to  order  at  half  past  ten 
o'clock,  and  nominated  General  Richard  Coulter  as  presid 
ing  officer.  The  General  made  a  short  speech  as  follows  : 

GENERAL    COULTER'S    REMARKS. 

Gentlemen  and  Ladies :  You  all  know  the  object  of 
this  meeting.  We  are  here  to  commemorate  the  memory  of 
a  brave  and  skillful  commander,  and  a  military  achievement 
that  had  far  greater  influence  in  determining  the  character 
of  the  Western  end  of  the  State,  than  any  event  of  later 
years.  In  the  stirring  times  of  later  wars,  the  battle  of 
Bushy  Run  had  been  forgotten.  Its  importance  had  not 
been  appreciated,  and  it  received  but  a  small  share  of  the 
attention  which  it  deserves.  But  I  am  not  going  to  make 
any  speech.  It  is  my  duty  to  see  the  programme  carried 
out. 

Prayer  was  then  offered  by  Rev.  B.  F.  Boyle,. of  Irwin. 

On  motion  of  Dr.  Frank  Cowan,  a  committee  consisting 
of  Geo.  D.  Albert,  Esq.,  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort  and  E.  B.  Kenly, 
was  appointed  to  prepare  a  memorial  of  the  celebration. 

The  following  is  the  list  of  vice  presidents  and  secretaries  : 

Vice  Presidents  :  Hon.  Jos.  H.  Kuhns,  Hon.  Jas.  C.  Clarke,  Greens- 
burg;  Robert  M.  Cavett,  Irwin;  Samuel  Rock,  Esq.,  Adamsburg ; 


Organization  of  the  Meeting.  1 1 

Daniel  Kuhns,  Jno.  C.  Rankin,  Jacob  Gongaware,  Jesse  Brinker,  Penn 
township;  Jacob  Rugh,  J.  J.  Hazlett,  Esq.,  Hempfield  township;  Dr. 
Jas.  Fulton,  Salem  borough ;  H.  M.  Jones,  Salem  township ;  Dr.  Rugh, 
Finton  Torrence,  Franklin  township  ;  Obediah  McKeown,  Washington 
township;  John  Townsend,  Allegheny  township;  Isaac  Irwin,  Burrell 
township;  Jonathan  Whitesell,  Bell  township;  Robert  Fostor,  Loyal  - 
hanna  township;  General  Thos.  Gallagher,  John  M.  Stewart,  New  Alex 
andria;  David  Brown,  Samuel  Gorgas,  Derry  township;  Col.  John  Oursler 
Col.  Geo.  Anderson,  Latrobe  borough ;  Col.  John  Johnston,  James 
Rogers,  Unity  township  ;  John  Fausold,  Mt.  Pleasant  township ;  Capt. 
Wm.  Jordan,  O.  P.  Shupe,  Mt.  Pleasant  borough;  Jacob  Stoner,  Hunt 
ingdon,  East,  township ;  Samuel  Bell,  Dr.  Sutton,  Huntingdon,  South, 
township;  Dr.  Patton,  Hon.  E.  C.  Leightty,  West  Newton;  Maj.  M. 
M.  Dick,  Geo.  Waltz,  Sewickley  township;  Geo.  Campbell,  Cook 
township;  John  Hubbs,  Samuel  McLain,  Donegal  township;  Howard 
Covode,  Hon.  John  Hargnett,  Ligonier  borough  ;  Col.  David  Hoover, 
Frank  Ford,  St.  Clair  township ;  Hon  Daniel  Kaine,  Fayette  county  ; 
Dr.  J.  M,  Service,  Dr.  Kerr,  Philadelphia ;  Robert  Paul,  Rev.  T.  R. 
Ewing,  Indiana  county  ;  I.  W.  Hughes,  Bedford  county;  Hon.  Thos. 
J.  Bigham,  Francis  Torrence,  J.  P.  Fleming,  Hon.  J.  E.  Parke,  Alle 
gheny  county ;  Robt.  L.  Johnson,  Esq.,  Hon.  D.  J.  Morrell,  Cambria 
county ;  Hon.  Ed.  S.  Golden,  John  W.  Tohner,  Armstrong  county ; 
Simon  Hughes,  Esq.,  Edward  Scull,  Somerset  county;  John  T.  Shryock 
Zanesville,  Ohio.  '  ' 

Secretaries:  Frank  Vogle,  Greensburg  Democrat;  Jas.  B.  Laux, 
Greensburg  Press  ;  E.  V.  B.  Laird,  Greensburg  Argus  ;  D.  S.  Atkin 
son,  Esq.,  Greensburg  Tribune  and  Herald ;  Thos.  J.  Keenan,  Chas. 
Shryock,  Pittsburg  Times ;  Geo.  H.  Welshonse,  E.  C.  McCurdy,  Pitts- 
burg  Dispatch;  J.  G.  Blair,  Daniel  Robinson,  Pittsburg  Chronicle; 
Robt.  W.  Herbert,  Pittsburg  Post ;  L.  M.  Ackley,  Pittsburg  Commer 
cial-Gazette  ;  I.  M.  Newcomer,  Scottdale  Tribune  ;  Chas.  Fink,  La 
trobe  Advance ;  E.  C.  Hough,  West  Newton  Press  ;  Jas.  B.  Sanson, 
Indiana  Democrat. 

At  this  time  the  scene  was  a  very  animated  one.  An  im 
mense  assemblage  stood  in  front  of  the  grand-stand,  eight 
brass  bands,  from  Greenburg,  Latrobe,  Ligonier,  and  other 
localities  made  the  welkin  ring  with  their  martial  and  patri 
otic  strains.  It  was  with  difficulty  that  General  Coulter 
succeeded  in  silencing  some  of  them,  so  as  to  enable  him  to 
proceed  with  the  programme. 

He  then  introduced  Rev.  C.  Cort,  of  Greenc.astle,  Pa., 
who  made  the  opening  address,  as  follows : 


1 2  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

ADDRESS    OF   REV.    CYRUS    CORT. 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  Friends  and  Countrymen :  We 
have  longed  to  see  this  day,  and  we  now  see  it  and  are  glad. 
We  have  met  in  the  leafy  grove,  under  heaven's  blue  arch, 
in  this  temple  not  made  with  hands,  to  honor  the  memory  of 
Colonel  Henry  Bouquet  and  the  1763  Army  of  Deliverance. 
The  skies  are  bright  and  the  heavens  smile  upon  us.  It  is 
right  and  proper  that  we  should  leave  our  shops  and  our 
stores,  our  mines  and  our  farms,  to  mingle  thus  in  social  and 
patriotic  communion.  It  is  high  time,  indeed,  that  this 
should  be  done.  Greensburg  should  have  been  called  after 
Bouquet.  Many  of  your  sons  should  have  been  namesakes 
of  the  gallant  Swiss  hero,  to  whom  we  all  owe  so  much.  In 
stead  of  this  many  living  in  sight  of  this  historic  field  of 
his  triumph,  were  ignorant  of  the  first  A  B  C  of  his  history. 
Even  the  little  village  called  after  him,  a  couple  of  miles  up 
the  Manor,  some  of  you  used  to  spell  with  one  "u,"  and 
two  t's,  and  two  e's,  (Boquette)  instead  of  Bouquet,  as  the 
grand  warrior  wrote  it. 

But  all  this  dense  ignorance  has  passed  away,  and  even 
some  of  the  Pittsburg  newspaper  men,  who  inquired  a  few 
months  ago,  "Who  is  Bouquet?"  are  beginning  to  get  some 
light  into  their  darkened  understandings.  Let  the  good 
work  go  on.  Every  gallant  young  man  ought  to  have  a  but 
ton-hole  forget-me-not  bouquet  on  his  coat  to-day,  and 
every  young  lady  ought  to  have  the  beau  without  the  quet — 
only  let  them  take  care  that  they  have  not  too  many  strings 
to  their  bow,  or  too  many  beaux  to  their  string.  One  is 
enough,  if  he  is  good,  and  too  many  if  bad. 

But  all  jokes  aside. 

I  am  heartily  glad  to  see  you  here  to-day.  This  is  indeed 
a  grand  assemblage  of  the  beauty  and  chivalry.  Fair  women 
and  brave  men  of  Old  Westmoreland,  and  honored  citizens 
of  the  Republic  from  abroad,  distinguished  in  the  forum  and 
the  field,  are  here  to  grace  and  honor  the  occasion  with  their 
presence — men  who  have  poured  out  their  blood  like  water 
on  the  battle-fields  of  the  Republic. 

As  a  grateful  and  progressive  people,  we  dare  never  for 
get  the  toils,  the  dangers  and  hardships  of  our  pioneer  an- 


Address  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort.  1 3 

cestors.  The  wilderness  has  been  turned  into  a  fruitful  field 
and  the  desert  made  to  blossom  like  the  rose,  but  it  was  by 
the  sweat  and  blood  of  brave  and  hardy'  men  \  the  fruits  ot 
whose  labor  we  now  enjoy. 

This  is  hallowed  ground,  and  sacred  are  the  memories 
that  cluster  around  this  spot.  One  hundred  and  twenty 
years  ago,  this  very  forenoon,  the  representative  champions 
of  Christian  civilization  and  human  progress  made  the 
gallant  charge  around  and  through  this  grove  that  rolled 
back  the  exulting  hosts  of  barbarism.  Here  was  executed 
that  masterly  stratagem  that  shattered  the  right  flank  and 
front  of  the  encompassing  host  of  savages.  Here  was  broken 
the  eastern  wing  of  Pontiac's  great  conspiracy.  Here  it  was 
that  Bouquet  plucked  the  flower  of  safety  and  success  from 
the  nettle  of  danger.  Here,  from  the  very  jaws  of  defeat, 
disaster  and  death,  he  snatched  a  glorious  victory.  Here 
the  die  was  cast  and  the  stakes  were  lost,  and  lost  forever, 
by  the  impetuous  confederates  of  Pontiac.  Here  was  fought 
and  won  the  battle  that  decided  Anglo-Saxon  supremacy  in 
the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi.  Here  the  kilted  and 
plaited  Highlander,  from  Caledonia's  hills,  the  red-coated 
Royal  Americans  (mostly  of  German  and  Swiss  extraction), 
and  their  comrades,  the  Provincial  Ranger,  from  East  Penn 
sylvania  and  Maryland,  all  fought  side  by  side,  and 
triumphed  under  the  masterful  leadership  of  that  superb  of 
ficer  who  hailed  from  the  Alpine  Mountains  of  Republican 
Switzerland.  This  is  indeed  hallowed  ground  on  which  we 
stand  to-day. 

"  A  shrine  to  code  nor  creed  confined, 

A  Delphian  vale,  a  Palestine  ; 

A  Mecca  of  the  mind." 

All  true-hearted  men  and  women  will  delight  to  honor  the 
memory  of  the  gallant  heroes  who  fought  and  fell  on  this 
bloody  field.  But  we,  who  are  the  beneficiaries  of  their 
self-sacrificing  toil  and  valor,  we,  in  whose  veins  flows  the 
blood  of  Scotch-Irish  and  German-Swiss  ancestors ;  above 
all,  we,  whose  pioneer  ancestors  were  rescued  from  the 
tomahawk  and  scalping-knife  of  the  blood-thirsty  savages, 
we,  my  countrymen,  one  and  all,  may  well  unite  in  paying 
homage  to  the  memory  of  the  brave  men  who  consecrated 


14  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

these  hills  and  these  vales  with  their  blood  and  their  daunt 
less  courage  120  years  ago. 

"  The  land  is  holy  where  they  fought, 
And  holy  where  they  fell." 

The  lofty  example  of  heroism,  the  steadfast  devotion  to 
duty  even  unto  death,  the  magnanimous  response  to  the  cries 
of  panic-stricken  settlers  and  of  beleaguered  frontier  garri 
sons  in  deadly  peril,  the  virtues  that  exalt  and  adorn  human 
nature,  which  were  illustrated  on  this  gory  field  in  trying 
days  of  yore,  dare  not  be  forgotten — all  this  is  full  of  in 
struction  and  inspiration. 

"  There  is  a  spirit  in  man,  and  the  inspiration  of  the 
Almighty  giveth  him  understanding." 

"  Man  shall  not  live  by  bread  alone,  but  by  every  word 
that  proceedeth  out  of  the  mouth  of  God." 

The  Almighty  gives  us  words  of  direct  revelation  as  we 
have  them  recorded  in  the  Sacred  Scriptures,  and  words  of 
Providential  manifestation  in  the  unfoldings  of  history; 
words  of  solemn  import  and  energizing  power  for  all  who 
have  ears  to  hear  and  eyes  to  see.  Ideas  and  sentiments, 
such  as  come  from  ennobling  historical  associations  and 
surroundings,  are  more  to  be  prized  than  silver  or  gold. 
They  enter  into  the  warp  and  woof  and  become  part  of  the 
texture  of  communities  and  nations. 

And  here  to-day,  my  countrymen,  we  gather  for  ourselves 
and  our  children  some  of  the  rich,  historic  treasures  of  the 
past,  and  we  catch  an  inspiration  in  contemplating  the 
worthy  deeds  of  departed  heroes  and  benefactors  of  the 
human  race.  Life  is  flat  and  stale  and  monotonous,  indeed, 
when  it  lacks  sentiment  and  enthusiasm — I  mean  enthusiasm 
in  the  true  sense — the  stirrings  of  Deity  within  us,  prompt 
ing  us  to  realize  high  ideas  of  manhood  and  womanhood  in 
whatever  sphere  Providence  may  call  us  to  occupy. 

"Without  enthusiasm  nothing  truly  great  was  ever 
achieved,"  says  Senecca,  the  greatest  of  heathen  moralists. 
It  gives  rapture  to  the  poet,  heroism  to  the  warrior,  devo 
tion  to  the  martyr,  ardor  to  the  patriot,  lifting  them  above 
their  narrow  selfishness  into  the  plane  of  superhuman  effort 
and  consecration. 

The  will,  the  intellect,  yea  our  .entire  being  in  body  and 


Address  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Corf.  15 

soul  must  be  enthused  with  grand  ideas  of  truth  and  duty 
if  we  shall  ever  effectually  help  forward  the  race  in  its 
ceaseless  efforts  to  reach  the  final  goal  of  history  and 
humanity. 

A  stagnant  and  treadmill  existence,  indeed,  is  that  of  the 
Mongolian  and  other  Orientals  who  are  largely  destitute  of 
sentiment  and  enthusiasm. 

But  we,  who  represent  a  cosmopolitan  population  ;  we 
who  belong  to  the  great  Republic  of  the  New  World,  which 
embraces  in  one  vast  national  existence  all  the  historic  tribes 
of  humanity,  the  kindred  streams  of  the  great  Teutonic  or 
Indo-Germanic  family  of  nations,  we  must  gather  and 
cherish  the  achievements  of  by-gone  ages  and  especially 
those  that  so  deeply  concern  our  own  life  and  history. 

Only  by  learning  aright  the  lessons  of  the  past  can  we  go 
forward  with  safety  and  courage  in  the  future.  Rooted  and 
grounded  in  principles  and  sentiments  that  have  stood  the 
test  of  the  ages  we  may  take  hostages  of  futurity  and  march 
in  the  vanguard  of  human  progress.  Then,  as  Tennyson 
has  expressed  it : 

"  Not  in  vain  the  distance  beacons  forward,  forward,  let  us  range ; 

Let  the  great  world  spin  forever,  down  the  ringing  grooves  of  change  ; 

Through  the  shadows  of  the  globe  we  sweep  into  the  younger  day ; 

Better  fifty  years  of  Europe  Than  a  cycle  of  Cathay     *     *     * 

Oh,  I  see  the  crescent  promise  of  my  spirit  hath  not  set; 

Ancient  founts  of  inspiration  well  through  all  my  fancy  yet." 

Yes,  one  year  of  American  life  full  of  vigorous  thought 
and  progress  is  better  than  a  thousand  years  of  monotonous 
treadmill  Oriental  existence. 

Civilization,  and  especially  Christian  civilization,  makes 
history  possible.  The  red  men  roamed  through  these  forests 
for  countless  ages,  but  their  lives  and  their  labors  were  like 
water  spilt  upon  the  ground  which  can  never  be  gathered  up 
for  the  benefit  of  others.  No  reliable  records  have  they  to 
show  the  pit  from  which  they  were  dug  and  the  rock  from 
which  they  were  hewn — hence  fundamental  elements  of 
progress  and  improvement  are  lacking. 

Great  men  lived  before  Agamemnon  but  they  had  no 
Homer  to  sing  their  praises  and  immortalize  their  deeds, 
and  so  far  as  instruction  and  inspiration  to  others  are  con1 
cerned  they  lived  and  toiled  and  struggled  in  vain. 


1 6  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

In  order  to  be  true  to  ourselves  and  those  who  shall  come 
after  us,  we  must  cherish  and  record  the  deeds  of  those  who 
have  gone  before  us  as  the  master  spirits  of  our  race. 
Among  these  the  pioneers  who  took  their  lives  in  their 
hands  to  carve  out  homes  for  themselves  and  their  children, 
dare  not  be  forgotten. 

The  muse  of  poetry  and  the  muse  of  history  must  be  in 
voked,  as  we  have  invoked  them  here  to-day,  in  behalf  of 
one  of 

"  The  few,  the  immortal  names 
That  were  not  born  to  die." 

The  contemplation  of  noble  characters  and  great  achieve 
ments  is  in  itself  ennobling.  It  lifts  us  out  of  the  narrow 
rut  of  our  own  selfishness  into  a  higher  and  purer  atmos 
phere. 

Anniversary  commemorations,  orations,  poems,  historical 
records,  monuments  such  as  I  hope  to  see  crown  these  hills 
in  honor  of  Bouquet,  these  enshrine,  crystalize,  and  local 
ize,  great  and  decisive  events. 

They  are  educational  and  stimulating  to  the  young  in  the 
highest  degree.  As  the  soul  of  Thucyides  was  enthused 
with  the  lofty  resolve  to  emulate  the  works  of  Herodotus  when 
he  heard  them  read  for  the  first  time  at  the  Olympic  games, 
so  amid  such  scenes  as  these  the  young  and  gifted  sons  of 
genius  feel  within  them  the  kindlings  of  high  and  honor 
able  effort. 

"  Immortal  fame  is  a  grand  thought, 
It  is  worthy  the  toil  of  the  noble  hearted." 
"  Fame  is  a  spur  to  brave  and  honest  deeds 
And  who  despises  fame  will  soon  renounce  the  virtues  that  deserve  it." 

But  fame  must  have  an  enduring  basis  of  genuine  worth 
and  merit ;  fraud  and  falsehood  vitiate  everything  that  they 
touch.  Not  only  the  makers,  but  the  lovers  of  lies,  shall 
be  excluded  from  the  company  of  the  blessed  in  the  New 
Jerusalem  above.  We  must  love  and  seek  truth  as  the  jewel 
of  the  soul,  as  the  pearl  beyond  all  price,  as  that  which 
allies  us  to  the  great  and  omnipotent  Jehovah.  Justice  and 
judgment  are  the  habitation  of  His  throne,  the  place  where 
His  Honor  dwelleth. 

The  poorest  widow,  with  a  just  cause,   is  stronger  before 


Address  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort.  17 

the  final  tribunal  of  history  and  of  God  than  the  mightiest 
monarch  that  ever  sat  upon  an  earthly  throne.  "The 
hypocrite's  hope  shall  perish."  "  The  refuge  of  lies  shall 
be  swept  away."  There  is  a  Nemesis  of  History  which 
sooner  or  later  avenges  the  wrongs  of  the  past  and  vindi 
cates  with  just  judgment  the  inexorable  claims  of  truth  and 
righteousness. 

The  locomotive  may  take  the  place  of  the  pack  horse,  the 
four  horse  reaper  and  steam  separator  may  take  the  place  of 
the  sickle  and  the  flail  of  our  forefathers,  the  telegraph  may 
take  the  place  of  the  express  rider,  and  ten  thousand 
other  improvements  be  made  in  art  and  science  and  material 
industries,  but  the  old-fashioned  principles  of  morality  and 
religion  are  unchangeable,  and  eternal  "Jesus  Christ  is  the 
same,  yesterday,  to-day  and  forever. "  "  The  holiest  among 
the  mighty,  and  the  mightiest  among  the  holy,  who  with 
His  pierced  hands  has  lifted  empires  off  their  hinges,  turned 
the  streams  of  centuries,  and  still  governs  the  ages." 

As  Julia  Ward  Howe  has  expressed  it  in  the  Grand  Battle 
Hymn  of  the  Republic  : 

Let  the  Hero  born  of  woman,  crush  the  serpent  with  his  heel, 
He  has  sounded  forth  the  trumpet  that  shall  never  call  retreat, 
He  is  sifting  out  the  hearts  of  men  before  His  judgment  seat ; 
O,  be  swift,  my  soul,  to  answer. Him;  be  jubilant  my  feet. 
In  the  beauty  of  the  lilies,  Christ  was  born  across  the  sea, 
With  a  glory  in  his  bosom  that  transfigures  you  and  me, 
As  he  died  to  make  men  holy, 
Let  us  die  to  make  men  free, 
While  God  is  marching  on. 

Yes,   make  men    free!    free  in  the  highest  and  noblest 
sense  of  that  word. 
"  He  alone  is  free  whom  the  truth  makes  free,  and  all  are  slaves  beside." 

For  the  sake  of  religious  principle,  our  forefathers  came 
to  this  new  world,  and  we  are  degenerate  sons  of  noble 
sires  if  we  barter  away  the  precious  birthright.  Let  us  be 
true  to  the  God  of  our  fathers,  and  He  will  never  for 
sake  us. 

Men  and  women  of  Westmoreland,  and  all  good  people 
here  assembled,  this  is  a  great  day,  a  "red  letter  day"  in 
the  history  of  our  grand  old  county. 


1 8  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

Here,  on  this  ground,  hallowed  by  the  blood  and  strug 
gles  of  the  Swiss  and  the  Scot,  on  this  historic  field  of  Edge 
Hill  and  Bushy  Run,  let  us  dedicate  our  lives  anew  to  the 
sacred  cause  of  Christian  civilization  and  constitutional  lib 
erty. 

Bouquet  was  a  free-born  Switzer.  In  the  land  of  Tell  and 
Winkleried  he  breathed  the  air  of  freedom.  In  the  armies 
of  the  Dutch  Republic,  the  pioneer  of  our  own  great  Repub 
lic,  he  gained  his  first  laurels  and  won  distinction.  His 
sword  was  always  drawn  in  behalf  of  the  land  that  best  repre 
sented  the  cause  of  civil  and  religious  liberty. 

He  sincerely  loved  the  British  Constitution,  the  princi 
ples  of  Magna  Charta,  dear  to  every  Anglo-Saxon  heart. 
He  indignantly  resigned  his  high  position  in  the  King's  ser 
vice,  when  he  thought  it  involved  some  degree  of  humilia 
tion,  which  he,  as  a  high-souled  man,  could  never  brook. 

For  what  he  was  in  himself,  for  what  the  poor  Swiss  boy 
from  the  shadow  of  the  Alps  made  of  himself  as  the  peer  of 
the  greatest  and  best  among  the  foremost  nations  on  the  face 
of  the  earth ;  for  what  he  did  for  us  and  our  pioneer  an 
cestors,  we  commend  his  example,  we  honor  his  memory 
and  invoke  for  him  an  undying  fame. 

"  Cold  in  the  dust  the  cherished  form  may  lie," 

As  it  has  lain  for  lo  !  these  118  years,  in  an  unknown 
grave  in  the  sunny  South. 

"  But  that  which  made  this  man  and  men  like  him,  can  never  die." 

With  Pericles  and  Edward  Everett,  we  may  say  of  illus 
trious  men,  "the  whole  earth  is  their  sepulchre,  and  all 
time  the  millennium  of  their  glory." 

Oh,  land  of  the  brave  and  free  ! 

Bright  as  the  noonday  sun, 
Long  as  your  streams  shall  run, 

Let  the  fame  of  the  Switzer  be. 


The  papers  state  that  Rev.  C.  Cort  spoke  in  a  loud,  clear 
voice,  and  was  frequently  applauded. 

General  Coulter  then  introduced  the  poet  of  the  day,  who 
delivered  his  production  in  good  style,  as  follows ; 


: 

Poem  of  Dr.  Frank  Cowan.  19 

THE   POEM   OF   DR.    FRANK   COWAN. 

THE  BATTLE   OF  BUSHY   RUN. 

What !  Poet,  wouldst  thou  sing  of  war  ? — of  human  strife  and  slaughter? 
Of  severed  limbs  and  shattered  bones?— of  heart's-blood  shed  like 

water  ? — 

Of  Murder  in  its  maddest  mood,  agasp  with  fiery  breath, 
Leaving  the  world  without  a  sun,  a  blackened  waste  in  death  ? 

Aye,  wouldst  thou,  in  this  Christian  land,  extol  the  God  of  War  ? — 
Or  Scythian  Sword,  the  Roman  Mars,  the  Scandinavian  Thor, 
Or  Mexic  monster,  Hindoo  ghoul — whatever  it  may  prove, 
Forefend  against  it,  Jesus  Christ,  thou  God  of  Peace  and  Love ! 

Yea,  Man  of  Peace,  I  sing  of  war ! — of  butchery  and  blood  ! — 
Heads  hot  with  rage,  hearts  hard  with  hate,  and  hands  with  gore  im 
brued  ! — 

Destruction  crushing  into  dust  the  noblest  forms  of  earth 
Th'  Eternal  and  the  Infinite  unite  in  giving  birth ! 

Yea,  war  !  red-handed,  raging  war  !  in  its  most  direful  form  ; 

The  struggle  for  existence  in  a  fierce  organic  storm  ! 

The  lightning's  flash,  the  dart  of  death,  the  sword,  the  barb,  the  ball ! 

The  thunder's  crash,  the  vanquisht's  groan,  the  victor's  shout  o'er  all ! 

Sublime,  thou  call'st  the  storm  at  sea,  the  wind  and  wave  contending, — 
Sublime,  the  earthquake  suddenly  the  very  mountains  rending, — 
And  the  volcano  belching  fire  and  smoke  for  miles  afar, — 
But  what  are  these  but  bubbles  when  compared  with  human  war  ! 

Consider,  for  a  moment,  MAN,  the  all-involving  world 
Turned  outside-in  in  flesh  and  blood,  and  into  action  whirled — 
Sphere  crushing  sphere,  sun  burning  sun,  an  universal  jar  ! — 
And  thou  canst  measure  if  thou  wilt  the  majesty  of  war ! 

But  why  this  eulogy  of  war,  this  bright  and  happy  day, 

Within  this  peace-appareled  wood,  in  holiday  array, 

Where  men  and  women,  boys  and  girls,  commingle  without  strife, 

As  if  with  darkness  Death  had  left  the  world  to  light  and  Life ! 

Here,  where  we  stand,  the  battle  raged  :  the  hosts  contending,  those 
Whom  time  and  place  and  circumstance  had  made  relentless  foes — 
The  Civilized  and  Savage  man — the  White  and  Red  of  hue — 
The  East  and  West  of  place  of  birth— the  Old  World  and  the  New  ! 

A  symbol  battle  of  the  world  !  A  race  opposing  race, 
Expanding  in  significance  throughout  all  time  and  space  ; 
The  victory  declaring  for  the  good  above  the  evil, — 
Life  over  Death, — Heaven  over  Hell, — a  God  above  a  Devil ! 

In  proof  whereof,  The  Continent,  from  one  sea  to  the  other, 
To  fifty  millions  of  mankind  a  mighty  nation- mother  ! — 


20  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

Her  breasts  outnumbering  countlessly  the  dugs  of  the  Diana 

The  old  Ephesians  painted  black — Earth  bearing  Man  and  Manna ! 

A  mother  to  increase  until  exhausted  with  old  age, 

Five  hundred  million  sons  or  more  in  civil  strife  engage — 

Depopulating  cities,  states — leaving  the  land  a  prey 

To  those  by  might  and  worth  decreed,  a  better  race  than  they  ! 

So  Rome  and  Greece,  and  Egypt  fell — the  glories  of  an  age, 
In  the  unfinished  book  of  time  a  multilated  page  ; 
Like  ox  and  ass  with  broken  backs,  their  usefulness  outlived, 
The  world  the  better  for  their  death,  their  ultimate  achieved  ! 

So  Turkey,  China  fall  to-day — their  masses  much  more  fit 
To  mingle  with  the  mundane  mud  than  to  emerge  from  it ; 
Like  the  Great  Auk  and  Dodo,  or  the  Saurians  of  the  Past, 
The  world  the  better  for  their  bones  in  solid  stone  encased ! 

Then  let  the  cheer  go  round  and  round,  for  war,  relentless  war  ! 
That  purifies  the  planet  till  it  glows  a  heavenly  star  ! 
Sweeping  away  the  weak  and  vile — as  in  this  very  wood — 
Leaving  tne  globe  a  heritance  to  him  of  worthiest  blood  ! 

Aye,  let  the  cheer  go  round  and  round,  in  honor  of  the  few 
Who  on  this  field  of  battle  won  a  New  World  for  their  due — 
This  glorious  Land  of  Liberty !  the  worth-reward  of  Man  ! 
AMERICA,  the  Mighty,  where  HE  IS  THE  KING  THAT  CAN  ! 

This  closed  the  literary  exercises  of  the  forenoon.  It 
was  now  after  twelve  o'clock  and  the  meeting'took  a  recess 
for  dinner. 

DINNER. 

In  families  and  groups  of  families  the  vast  assemblage 
partook  of  a  pic-nic  dinner  in  the  grove  and  adjacent  fields. 
Everybody  seemed  to  be  in  excellent  spirits  and  a  grand 
good  time  they  had  of  it.  The  trip  to  the  battle-field,  the 
bracing  and  balmy  air  and  the  pleasurable  excitement  of  the 
occasion  added  a  relish  to  the  repast  by  increasing  the 
keenness  of  the  appetite.  The  lemonade  and  restaurant 
stands  did  a  thriving  business.  Not  a  few  persons  lost  their 
friends  in  the  crowd  and  had  to  depend  upon  some  good 
Samaritan  for  rations.  Rev.  Cort,  in  a  vain  attempt  to  find 
his  commissary  stores,  ran  across  Gen.  Beaver  and  his  three 
boys  who  had  just  come  upon  the  grounds.  The  General's 
horses  were  provided  for  in  Wannamaker's  barn  and  the 


The  Dinner.  21 

party  then  set  out  in  search  of  friends  with  whom  they  ex 
pected  to  get  dinner.  But  it  was  a  useless  seach  amid  that 
seething  mass  of  humanity.  Messrs.  Hazlet  and  Stark,  with 
their  families,  had  just  finished  a  sumptuous  repast  but  had 
plenty  and  to  spare.  The  overplus  they  kindly  placed  at 
the  disposal  of  the  General,  the  preacher  and  the  boys,  all 
of  whom  heartily  enjoyed  their  improvised  meal  at  the  edge 
of  the  grove.  The  General  then  made  a  rapid  survey  of 
the  field  of  battle,  springing  along  so  nimbly  and  rapidly 
on  his  crutches  that  his  clerical  guide  had  hard  work  to 
keep  up  as  he  sought  to  explain  the  respective  positions  of 
Bouquet's  Highlanders,  Royal  Americans  and  Rangers  on  the 
one  hand  and  that  of  their  savage  assailants  on  the  other. 
All  this  while  Col.  Geo.  F.  Huff,  ex-Gov.  Latta  and  other 
members  of  the  Reception  Committee  were  on  the  lookout 
for  Gen.  Beaver  in  order  to  furnish  him  escort  and  enter 
tainment.  The  afternoon  proceedings,  however,  brought 
all  speakers  and  committees  into  right  relation  with  each 
other  at  the  grand  stand. 

A  little  Indian  (Guyatau  or  Guito)  of  the  Seneca  tribe, 
from  the  Cattaraugus  Reservation,  under  the  care  of  Mr. 
Gibson,  of  Dunbar,  Fayette  county,  Pa.,  was  on  the  stand, 
dressed  up  in  full  Indian  costume  and  attracted  great  atten 
tion.  Guyasutha,  the  chief  of  the  Senecas  located  in  Ohio, 
was  the  leading  spirit  among  the  Indians  in  this  battle  and 
in  the  siege  of  Fort  Pitt  and  subsequently  in  the  attack  on 
Hannastown.  (See  appendix).  Hence  this  little  copper- 
colored,  dark-eyed  Indian,  with  tomahawk  and  other  war 
like  equipments,  was  looked  upon  as  a  representative  of  the 
vanishing  race  of  red  men  who  made  these  woods  hideous 
with' their  war-whoops  120  years  ago  to-day.  Guyatau  or 
Guito  is  seven  years  old  and  a  smart  looking  Indian  boy. 
In  striking  contrast  with  him  in  appearance  and  historical 
association  there  sat  with  his  mother  on  the  same  platform, 
a  few  feet  distance  from  Guyatau,  Ralph  Bouquet,  a  fair- 
skinned,  light-haired,  rosy-cheeked,  blue-eyed  white  boy, 
the  four-year-old  son  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort,  and  the  great- 
great-great-grandson  of  Andrew  Byerly,  the  founder  of 
Byerly's  Station  at  Bushy  Run  about  1760,  and  an  import 
ant  actor  in  the  bloody  drama  enacted  on  these  hills  in 


22  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

those  trying  days  of  yore.  Andrew  Byerly  was  one  of  the 
advance  guard  of  eighteen  who  received  the  first  fire  of  the 
savages,  Aug.  5,  1763,  on  Gongaware's  hill — twelve  of  the 
eighteen  fell — two  companies  of  the  Highlanders  rushed  for 
ward  to  the  rescue  when  the  conflict  soon  raged,  not  only  in 
the  front,  but  on  both  flanks  and  the  rear,  for  the  savges  had 
completely  surrounded  Bouquet  and  his  little  army.  Byerly 
rendered  valuable  service  during  the  fight,  and  at  the  im 
minent  risk  of  his  life,  carried  water  in  his  hat  to  the 
wounded  Highlanders  famishing  from  thirst  during  the  ter 
rible  night  of  suffering  and  suspense  between  the  two  days  of 
conflict.  (For  fuller  notice  of  Andrew  Byerly,  &c.,  see 
pages  23,  &c.,  51,  &c.,  of  pamphlet  on  "Col.  Henry  Bou 
quet  and  His  Campaigns.") 

AFTERNOON  PROCEEDINGS  AND  SPEECHES. 

The  appearance  of  General  Beaver  on  the  platform,  ere" 
ated  great  enthusiasm  among  the  assembled  multitude  which 
had  now  crowded  together  again  in  front  of  the  speaker's 
stand. 

The  sea  of  smiling  faces,  the  thousands  of  handsome  and 
well  dressed  ladies  and  their  gallant  escorts,  parents  with 
their  children,  beaux  with  their  sweethearts,  sitting  and 
standing  among  the  forest  trees  and  anxious  to  see  and  hear 
the  one-legged  hero,  whose  blood  had  been  poured  out  so 
freely  on  so  many  battle-fields  of  the  Republic,  presented  a 
scene  never  to  be  forgotten  by  those  who  were  privileged  to 
behold  it.  Visitors  from  a  distance  spoke  with  admira 
tion  of  the  fine  appearance  and  excellent  behavior  of  the 
people.  Everybody  seemed  happy  and  anxious  to  promote 
the  comfort  and  happiness  of  their  fellows.  There  was  one 
drawback,  however.  Eight  brass  bands  were  scattered 
through  the  grove,  and  each  of  these  bands  seemed  to  think 
that  they  ought  to  be  heard  whenever  they  felt  like  blowing 
their  horns.  Rev.  W.  W.  Moorehead,  of  Greensburg,  Pa., 
had  offered  an  appropriate  and  fervent  prayer,  and  General 
Coulter  had  introduced  General  Beaver  amid  the  applause 
of  10,000  enthusiastic  people.  But  still  the  bands  kept 
tooting  away.  By  extra  effort  on  the  part  of  his  aids,  com- 


Address  of  Gen.  James  A.  Beaver.  23 

parative  quiet  was'  secured,  and  General  B.,  in  a  pleasant 
manner  and  loud,  clear  voice,  proceeded  to  speak  as  follows : 

ADDRESS  OF  GENERAL  JAMES  A.  BEAVER,  OF  BELLEFONTE,  PA. 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen : — I  confess  to  you  that  my  com 
ing  here  to-day  has  been  more  for  my  own  gratification  and 
instruction  than  with  the  hope  or  for  the  purpose  of  saying 
anything  either  to  gratify  or  to  instruct  the  good  people  of 
Westmoreland  county.  My  boys  and  I  have  driven  more 
than  1 60  miles  from  our  home  rather  for  the  purpose  of 
learning  what  Westmoreland  county  is,  and  what  has  been 
done  by  your  ancestors  both  for  you  and  for  us,  than  for  the 
purpose  of  adding  to  your  knowledge  of  history  or  of  the 
men  who  made  history,  or  of  increasing  the  pride  and  ^ in 
tensifying  the  interest  which  you  must  have  in  the  historical 
associations  which  crowd  around  this  locality  and  this  oc 
casion.  (At  this  point  the  music  of  a  brass  band  almost 
drowned  the  speaker's  voice,  and  he  laughingly  exclaimed : 
''There  is  too  much  of  this  thing;  I  never  could  blow 
against  a  brass  band."  The  crowd  joined  in  a  hearty 
laugh  and  General  Coulter  leaning  far  over  the  railing 
toward  the  unruly  musicians  shouted :  "  Are  there  not 
enough  good  people  out  there  to  stop  that  band  ?"  But  the 
band  played  on.  The  crowd  still  seemed  to  enjoy  it.  Gen. 
Beaver  after  waiting  a  minute  turned  to  those  in  the  im 
mediate  neighborhood  and  said  :  "  Coulter  forgets  that  he 
is  not  commanding  a  brigade ;  there  was  a  time  when  he 
could  say  to  a  brass  band,  stop,  and  it  stopped ;  play,  and 
it  played ;  but  that  time  has  gone  by,  my  old  friend,  the 
brass  band  is  on  top."  Renewed  laughter.)  Order  being 
finally  restored  the  speaker  continued  : 

Coming  from  our  home  in  Bellefonte  south  of  Bedford, 
and  then  turning  westward,  we  endeavored  to  follow  the 
old  military  road  that  was  laid  out  for  General  Forbes  by 
Colonel  Bouquet  (or  rather  by  Col.  Burd  under  Bouquet's 
supervision),  to  Ligonier  which  was  afterwards  extended  by 
Washington  to  Fort  Pitt.  We  were  unable  to  follow  its  im 
mediate  route  altogether,  inasmuch  as  it  has  been  replaced 
by  roads  with  better  grades  which  cross  it ;  but  following 


24  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

the  same  general  direction  we  gathered  enough  to  see,  and 
in  some  measure  to  understand  how  the  men  who  established 
our  civilization  were  compelled  to  toil  and  to  march,  and 
to  suffer  in  order  that  we  might  enjoy  the  civilization  and 
the  advantages  which  we  have  to-day.  It  is  a  wonderful 
inspiration  for  a  Pennsylvanian  who  has  some  knowledge  of 
the  history  of  this  general  locality  to  come  over  these  moun 
tains,  and  recall  as  he  crosses  them  how  much  our  fathers 
labored  and  suffered  and  wrought  out  in  toil  and  blood  in 
order  that  they  might  hand  over  to  us  the  great  heritage  of 
civilization  and  of  freedom  which  we  enjoy,  and  which  we 
are  bound  to  preserve  and  hand  over  to  our  children  and 
children's  children.  I  have  lately  re-read-  some  of  the  history 
which  relates  to  the  expedition  under  the  command  of  Col. 
Bouquet,  which  left  Bedford  with  the  design  and  for  the 
purpose  of  relieving  the  beleaguered  garrison  at  Fort  Pitt. 
It  is  a  wonderful  story,  full  of  romance  and  daring,  but  I  do 
not  propose  to  go  into  its  historical  details.  All  who  are 
here  have  doubtless  heard  of  the  gallant  commander  of  the 
expedition,  Col.  Henry  Bouquet.  He  was  a  man  of  the 
most  wonderful  versatility  and  varied  acquirements  and  of 
undaunted  bravery,  and  yet,  of  such  wisdom  and  gentleness 
that  he  was  enabled  to  secure  the  co-operation  of  the  people 
of  the  eastern  part  of  the  State,  who,  it  must  be  confessed, 
were  at  that  time  a  little  "twisty  "  and  unwilling  to  give 
that  cordial  help  and  co-operation  in  military  campaigns 
that  were  absolutely  necessary  to  secure  the  full  fruits  of  vic 
tory.  Bouquet,  by  his  wisdom  and  gentleness  quite  won 
the  admiration  of  our  Quaker  population  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  State,  and  succeeded  in  procuring  with  their  ap 
parent  sanction  the  necessary  votes  of  supplies  and  men 
which  enabled  him  to  make  his  subsequent  1764  campaign, 
which  brought  permanent  peace  to  the  frontier  settlers  until 
the  war  of  Revolution  began.  This  is  not  the  time  nor  the 
place,  nor  does  it  fall  to  my  province  to  recount  the  details 
of  the  campaigns  of  which  the  battle  of  Bushy  Run  was  a 
part,  nor  yet  to  sketch  the  life  and  character  of  the  gallant 
commander  who  displayed  such  heroic  bravery  and  wise  in 
telligence  in  making  the  dispositions  of  his  forces,  which 
enabled  him  to  win  immediate  victory  upon  the  field  which 


Address  of  Gen.  James  A.  Beaver.  25 

is  in  our  sight.  There  are  certain  practical  questions  which 
grow  out  of  this  event  which,  it  seems  to  me,  press  upon 
our  attention,  and  should  receive  our  careful  consideration. 
Go  to  yonder  hill-top  and  picture  if  you  can  how  this  wise, 
brave  Swiss  Colonel  protected  his  340  pack-horses  and  their 
•drivers  (for  those  of  you  who  had  experience  in  the  army 
will  readily  understand  that  the  drivers  were  harder  to 
manage  than  the  horses),  and  surrounded  on  all  sides  by 
hordes  of  savages,  who  were  confident  of  the  scalps  and 
supplies  of  the  little  army  which  they  had  surrounded,  not 
only  saved  his  transportation  and  supplies,  but  by  skillfull 
manoeuvring  and  brave  fighting  after  a  two  days'  battle 
drove  the  savages  from  their  well  chosen  position,  and  fin 
ally  gained  the  object  of  his  expedition.  No  stretch  of  our 
imagination  can  picture  to  us  the  kind  of  warfare  which 
was  carried  on  to  protect  our  fathers  against  the  savage 
hordes  who  were  trying  their  utmost  to  blot  out  the  little 
spark  of  civilization  which  was  lighted  in  this  Western 
region,  and  which  the  early  settlers  were  than  trying  to  fan 
into  a  flame.  Those  of  us  who  have  some  knowledge  of 
modern  warfare  and  some  experience  in  the  late  war  so 
happily  ended,  can  scarcely  conceive  of  the  situation  in 
which  this  little  army  of  Bouquet  was  placed. 

You  remember,  my  comrades,  that  if  we  did  not  have 
about  three  days'  rations  in  our  haversacks,  and  fully  five 
days  more  in  the  wagon  train,  and  if  we  did  not  have 
further,  a  railroad  or  a  river  by  which  to  bring  up  our  sup 
plies,  and  a  telegraph  line  to  keep  us  in  communication 
with  the  outside  world,  we  were  supposed  to  be  in  danger 
of  being  cut  off  and  "gobbled  up."  But  here  is  a  man 
with  less  than  a  thousand  men  ;  aye,  with  less  than  half  of 
that  number,  who  struck  out  from  Bedford  across  the  moun 
tains  by  a  road  which  had  been  constructed  some  five  years 
before,  who  left  his  wagon  train  at  Fort  Ligonier  and  started 
thence  with  all  his  supplies  upon  pack-horses  with  his  rangers, 
his  Royal  Americans,  his  Highlanders  and  his  Light  Infantry 
through  the  wilderness  to  relieve  the  beleaguered  fort  at 
the  junction  of  the  Allegheny  and  Monongahela  rivers. 
The  mode  of  warfare  is  so  thoroughly  foreign  to  our  present 
conceptions  of  military  operations  that  no  stretch  of  the 


26  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

imagination,  I  say,  can  enable  us  to  comprehend  what  was 
involved  in  the  campaign  to  which  we  have  referred,  and 
which  was  carried  to  such  a  successful  issue  by  Col.  Bouquet. 
My  admiration  for  the  man,  however,  has  led  me  to  wander, 
and  I  come  back  to  the  practical  thought  which  I  wish 
especially  to  present,  which  is  this :  that  as  the  men  whom 
we  have  in  mind  to-day  lived  and  labored,  and*  some  of 
them  laid  down  their  lives  for  us  and  for  what  we  hold  most 
dear  to  us,  so  we  are  to  see  to  it  not  only  that  what  was  left 
us  should  be  preserved  and  handed  down  to  our  children, 
but  that  their  memories  should  be  perpetuated  in  an  endur 
ing  way,  so  that  our  children  and  our  children's  children 
may  learn  what  was  done  on  these  hills,  before  the  remem 
brance  of  it  has  faded  out  of  the  minds  of  men  and  locali 
ties  can  no  longer  be  clearly  designated.  We,  in  Pennsylva 
nia  have  less  of  local  pride  and  of  interest  in  our  local  history 
than  have  the  people  either  of  New  England  or  New  York ; 
as  a  consequence,  many  localities  full  of  historical  and 
romantic  interest  are  unmarked  and  comparatively  unknown. 
We  have  in  this  State  a  society  known  as  the  Historical 
Society  of  Pennsylvania,  whose  headquarters  are  in  Phila 
delphia.  It  is  doing  a  vast  amount  of  good  in  preserving 
the  early  records  of  our  settlers,  and  publishing  them 
through  the  medium  of  the  Pennsylvania  Magazine.  This 
society,  however,  is  unfortunately  largely  local  in  its  agencies 
and  ends,  and  therefore  local  in  its  results.  Its  aim  is  to 
reach  out  through  the  entire  State  and  to  enlist  the  interest 
and  co-operation  of  men  in  every  section.  Unfortunately, 
however,  it  has  been  unable  so  far  to  do  this  as  fully  as  we 
could  wish.  Although  I  live  east  of  the  Allegheny  moun 
tains,  we,  of  that  locality  are  classed  and  have  come  to 
consider  ourselves  as  belonging  to  Western  Pennsylvania. 
It  would  be  much  better  if  we  could  co-operate  with  the 
society  of  which  I  have  spoken,  but  if  this  cannot  be  done, 
we  should  undoubtedly  seek  to  co-operate  with  a  similar 
society  which  has  been  organized  in  Pittsburg  for  the  bene 
fit  of  that  locality  and,  I  take  it,  for  that  of  all  Western 
Pennsylvania.  Through  one  or  the  other  of  these  agencies 
not  only  should  what  has  been  written  with  reference  to  this 
battle  be  preserved,  but  the  relics  which  remain  of  it  and 


Address  of  Gen.  James  A.  Beaver  27 

everything  which  relates  to  it  should  be  gathered  and  de 
posited  under  their  auspices. 

Here  is  a  bayonet ;  it  formed  a  part  of  the  equipment  of 
one  of  the  Highlanders,  doubtless,  before  whose  terrific 
bayonet  charge  the  Indian  gave  way.  It  should  be  placed 
where  it  would  become  an  object  lesson  to  all  beholders  of 
the  fight  at  Bushy  Run  and  should  stimulate  inquiry  in  re 
gard  to  that  battle  and  those  who  took  part  in  it.  Local 
historical  societies  in  connection  with  either  one  or  the 
other  of  the  greater  societies  already  named,  should  be  or 
ganized  in  our  several  localities  so  as  to  co-operate  with 
them  and  secure  for  them  just  such  relics  as  I  have  mentioned. 
The  place  where  the  battle  was  fought  should  be  so  marked 
that  coming  generations  would  have  no  difficulty  in  telling 
where  it  is  and  learn  through  its  monuments  of  the  heroism 
of  those  who  won  its  great  victory.  Monuments  which 
would  serve  tell  not  only  where  the  battle  was  fought  and 
the  victory  won,  but  who  fell  in  the  fight,  and  who  they 
were  and  what  they  did  in  winning  it.  We  are  brought  face 
to  face  to-day  with  this  bit  of  colonial  history.  We  learn 
more  than  we  have  ever  known  perhaps  of  Col.  Bouquet 
and  his  little  army — of  their  bravery  and  of  his  wisdom 
and  courage ;  and  yet  he  has  largely  dropped  out  of  Ameri 
can  history  as  it  is  learned  by  the  masses  of  this  generation. 
Over  these  hill-tops  his  name  ought  to  be  perpetuated. 
Through  the  influence  of  this  day  the  memory  of  his 
achievements  should  be  revived;  and  their  influence  in 
shaping  the  welfare  of  this  region  gratefully  recalled.  One 
of  the  boasts  of  my  lineage  is  that  I  am  mainly  of  Penn 
sylvania  German  stock.  There  is  good  reason  perhaps, 
why  the  memory  of  Col.  Bouquet  and  his  followers  is  so 
little  regarded.  Following  his  campaigns,  came  the  excit 
ing  events  which  culminated  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 
That,  of  course,  to  us  Americans  was  the  great  event  in  our 
history.  Our  interest  centres  in  that,  and  our  American 
historians  are  more  interested  in  preserving  the  names  of 
the  men  who  participated  in  it,  than  those  brave  spirits  who 
served  the  mother  country  in  the  Indian  wars  which  pre 
ceded  it.  This  perhaps,  is  the  reason  why  the  memory  of 
Washington,  St.  Clair  and  Mad  Anthony  Wayne  over- 


28  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

shadows,  and  their  achievements  overtop,  and  to  a  great 
extent  blot  out  the  memory  and  achievements  of  this  brave 
German-Swiss.  We  have  a  history  of  which  we  need  not 
be  ashamed.  Let  us  be  interested  in  preserving  it  and 
making  it  known  to  the  world  and  to  our  descendants.  We 
owe  it  to  those  who  made  the  history ;  we  owe  it  to  our 
selves  ;  we  owe  it  to  those  who  are  to  come  after  us.  Let  us 
therefore  co-operate  with  Judge  Parke  and  Mr.  Bigham 
and  the  other  gentlemen  who  have  come  here  from  Pitts- 
burg  and  are  interested  in  preserving  the  historical  records 
of  this  region  of  Western  Pennsylvania. 

It  is  a  great  pleasure,  I  assure  you,  to  join  with  you  in  the 
commemoration  of  this  great  event.  I  see  not  only  West 
moreland,  but  Armstrong,  Allegheny,  Fayette  and  other 
counties  represented  on  these  grounds.  Such  gatherings 
are  good,  not  only  because  they  remind  us  of  what  others 
have  done  and  suffered,  but  because  of  the  social  features 
which  surround  them,  and  other  opportunities  thus  afforded 
for  renewing  old  friendships  and  making  new  ones.  Grate 
fully  mindful  of  the  men  and  the  achievements  of  the  past, 
true  to  obligations  of  the  present  and  trustful  as  to  the 
future,  let  us  gather  up  the  lessons  of  to-day,  and  carry  them 
with  us  as  an  inspiration  and  an  incentive  in  the  life  which 
we  are  to  live  for  the  benefit  not  of  ourselves  alone,  but  of 
those  who  are  about  us  and  are  to  come  after  us. 


At  the  close  and  also  frequently  during  the  progress  of 
his  speech,  the  sentiments  of  General  Beaver  were  greeted 
with  hearty  applause. 

Hon.  John  E.  Parke,  of  Pittsburg,  president  of  the 
Western  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  delivered  the  fol 
lowing  address  on  the  French  and  Indian  war  and  the 
causes  that  led  to  the  same,  &c. 


Address  of  Judge  John  E.  Parke.  29 

ADDRESS    OF   JUDGE   JOHN    E.   PARKE.* 
PONTIAC'S    PLOT. 

We  have  been  called  together  this  day  to  celebrate  one 
of  the  most  important  and  interesting  events  connected  with 
the  history  of  our  country.  On  this  spot,  sacred  to  the 
memory  of  the  past,  one  hundred  and  twenty  years  ago,  the 
gallant  and  accomplished  Col.  Henry  Bouquet,  with  his 
heroic  little  band  of  Highlanders  and  Anglo-Americans, 
having  passed  the  rugged  and  dangerous  defiles  of  the  Alle 
gheny,  arrived  at  Bushy  Run,  August  5,  1763. 

The  prominent  events  connected  with  Bouquet's  expedi 
tion,  and  their  subsequent  development  into  permanent  set 
tlements,  the  ingredients  of  which  are  of  the  highest  import 
ance  in  perpetuating  the  fame  of  these  gallant  men,  who 
left  the  confines  of  civilization  to  brave  the  dangers  of  an 
unknown  country,  the  simple  outline  of  which,  when  drawn 
with  fidelity,  possess  marvelous  interest  to  the  student  of 
nature.  The  elaboration  of  these  events  I  will  leave  to 
others  more  competent  to  do  justice  to  the  subject. 

The  imagination  fails  to  conceive  incidents  more  roman 
tic,  than  those  which  sober  truth  reveals  in  the  career  of 
those  who  penetrated  the  Western  wilds  in  order  to  create 
new  homes  for  themselves  and  families,  impelled  by  those 
powerful  motives  of  human  action — ambition  and  a  love  of 
liberty. 

In  the  career  of  many  of  the  early  adventurers,  we  see 
these  passions  overruling  all  others.  They  stand  out  in  bold 
relief  as  grand  heroes  worthy  of  a  representation  in  the  an 
nals  of  the  country.  In  the  delineation  of  their  deeds,  and 
of  those  who  follow  after  them,  who  occupied  what  they 
had  won,  by  faith,  courage  and  indomitable  perseverance, 
are  prominent  features  in  the  picture.  These  were  the  nec 
essary  elements  of  success  in  the  wide  and  dangerous  fields 
of  adventure,  and  were  ever  present  in  great  abundance 
when  required  in  laying  the  foundation  of  their  future 
homes. 

*Judge  Parke  had  engaged  to  secure  the  attendance  of  W.  D.  Moore,  Esq., 
of  Pittsburg,  but  that  gentleman  was  unable  to  fulfill  the  engagement,  and  up 
on  a  few  hours'  notice,  the  Judge  was  obliged  to  prepare  himself  to  fill  his 
place. 


30  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

Many  of  the  events  which  have  rendered  Western  Penn 
sylvania  conspicuous  in  the  history  of  the  past,  leave  their 
impress  on  the  mind  of  every  American  citizen.  They  pass 
before  us  as  a  mighty  vision,  making  us  feel  the  poverty  of 
language  and  weakness  of  eloquence  when  startling  realities 
are  to  be  described. 

Old  Westmoreland,  whose  vast  territory  at  an  early  day 
extended  so  as  to  embace  nearly  all  the  territory  lying  west 
ward  from  the  foot  hills  of  the  Alleghenies  to  the  Virginia 
borders,  may  be  justly  styled  the  Mother  of  the  Western 
Counties,  and  her  soil  was  among  the  first  points  selected 
by  the  hardy  pioneer  and  venturesome  scout  to  commence 
the  work  of  civilization. 

Here  all  the  embarrassments  of  a  new  settlement  were  en 
countered.  The  terrible  conflicts  with  the  cruel  and  treach 
erous  red  men,  isolation  from  society,  cut  off  from  aid  and 
intercourse  with  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  were  evils  of  no  or 
dinary  magnitude. 

The  rugged  passes  of  the  Alleghenies  then  presented  a 
formidable  barrier,  and  the  traveler  who  passed  them,  found 
himself,  as  it  were,  in  a  new  world,  where  he  was  compelled 
to  defend  himself  or  perish.  A  continual  conflict  was 
waged  between  the  sturdy  pioneer  and  his  implacable  In 
dian  foeman.  These  conflicts  were  for  life  and  all  that  made 
life  dear,  and  were,  however,  only  marked  individual  acts  of 
heroism,  which  produced  none  of  those  events  affecting 
national  greatness,  which  it  is  the  province  of  the  historian 
to  record.  They  wiH, '  therefore,  find  no  place  in  the  an 
nals  of  our  country,  yet  it  is  to  be  hoped,  nevertheless,  that 
the  indomitable  reporter  will  start  out  in  quest  of  tradition 
ary  lore,  who  will  patiently  listen  to  the  reminiscences  of 
hoary-headed  men,  and  laboriously  glean  the  frail  and  frag 
mentary  memorials  of  other  days. 

Then  will  the  hardy  pioneer  and  gallant  conqueror  of  the 
country,  of  which  we  are  so  proud,  find  a  place,  if  not  with 
heroes  of  history,  at  least  with  heroes  of  romance.  • 

The  early  exploration  of  Westmoreland  county  by  these 
avant  couriers  of  civilization,  of  which  there  is  no  authentic 
record,  are  well  calculated  to  excite  an  interest  in  the  breast 


Address  of  Judge  John  E.  Parke.  31 

of  every  American  citizen,  especially  those  to  the  "  manor 
born." 

We  can  scarcely  realize  the  wondrous  changes  that  have 
occurred  in  our  midst,  even  within  the  compass  of  our  own 
recollection.  Before  the  introduction  of  steamboats,  or 
street  railways  were  invented,  ere  the  lightning  telegraph  and 
telephone  had  annihilated  space,  or  the  steam  horse  ren 
dered  distance  a  myth,  a  long  time  ago,  to  the  Indian  war- 
whoop  and  the  midnight  howl  of  the  wolf,  to  the  light  of 
burning  cabins,  now  succeed  the  sound  of  the  steam  whistle, 
the  light  of  glowing  furnaces,  the  sound  of  the  ponderous 
engine,  clang  of  machinery,  and  the  whirr  and  clatter  of 
the  shuttle  and  cotton  spindle. 

Over  this  territory,  hallowed  by  the  memory  of  the  past, 
the  merciless  red  man  roamed,  and  who  claimed  the  country 
from  the  foothills  of  the  Alleghenies  to  the  great  lakes  of 
the  North,  over  which  he  ruled,  bidding  defiance  to  his  in 
domitable  Anglo-Saxon  foe. 

The  startling  war-whoop,  and  the  no  less  appalling  cry  of 
the  panther,  struck  terror  into  the  hearts  of  all  who  had  the 
temerity  to  venture  within  the  depths  of  the  gloomy  for 
ests. 

Westward  through  the  wilderness  led  the  great  Indian 
trail  to  the  mouth  of  the  Beaver ;  thence  in  a  northwesterly 
direction  to  Sandusky  and  Detroit ;  following  the  ridges,  it 
passed  through  Trumbull  and  Portage  counties,  Ohio,  clear 
ly  defined  by  stone-piles  and  marked  trees.  Near  the  con 
fluence  of  the  Mahoning  and  Shenango,  forming  the  Bea 
ver,  another  trail  crossed,  following  a  more  westerly  direc 
tion  to  the  Tuscarawas  branch  of  the  Muskingum.  Over 
these  trails  these  wild  denizens  made  their  periodical  raids, 
unchecked,  towards  the  settlements,  except  when  opposed 
by  the  avant  couriers  of  civilization,  the  venturesome 
pioneer  and  brave  and  hardy  scout.  Notwithstanding  the 
important  treaties  that  had  been  made  with  them  from  time 
to  time,  they  still  continued  their  atrocities  upon  the  de 
fenseless  pioneer,  who  had  the  hardihood  to  brave  the  dan 
ger  consequent  upon  the  settlement  of  an  unknown  coun 
try. 

The  memorable  struggles  between  the  legions  of  France 


32  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

and  the  battalions  of  England  for  the  supremacy  in  the 
great  Northwest,  during  which  time  the  gorgeous  Fleur  de 
Lis  and  the  royal  banner  of  St.  George  waved  successively 
over  the  battlements  of  old  Fort  Duquesne,  was  happily  de 
termined  by  the  peace  of  1763.  Negotiations  with  this  view 
were  entered  into  during  the  year  1762,  and  were  finally 
consummated  early  in  the  following  year.  By  the  condition 
of  the  treaty,  France  agreed  to  surrender  absolutely  all  her 
possessions  in  North  America  to  England.  Anticipating  an 
early  peace,  the  former  made  a  secret  covenant  with  Spain, 
ceding  to  that  nation  the  territory  of  Louisiana,  (in  the  year 
1800  it  was  re-ceded  to  France,  and  in  1803  was  purchased 
by  the  United  States  for  $15,000,000),  which  at  the  time 
embraced  a  large  portion  of  the  Southwest.  The  object  of 
this  secret  covenant  was  evidently  to  keep  from  under  the 
control  of  their  hereditary  enemy,  the  free  navigation  of 
waters  flowing  through  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  Valleys 
within  the  ceded  territory.  This  deception  was  not  appar 
ent  during  the  negotiation ;  it  was  only  made  so  at  the  time 
of  the  execution  of  the  treaty.  This  covert  disposition  of 
t}ie  territory,  which  they  failed  to  maintain  by  the  prestige 
of  arms,  was  a  diplomatic  trick,  seriously  involving  their 
national  honor,  and  which  came  near  defeating  the  object. 
In  view  of  the  prostration  of  the  country  by  the  recent  war, 
England  resolved  to  accept  the  situation,  trusting  in  their 
ability  to  acquire  in  the  future  the  peaceful  possession  of  the 
disputed  territory. 

With  the  restoration  of  peace,  it  was  confidently  hoped 
that  it  would  forever  end  the  troubles  and  difficulties  with 
the  Indians,  who  were,  with  a  few  exceptions,  the  allies  of 
France.  This,  however,  was  a  fatal  mistake,  as  it  proved 
the  prelude  to  a  most  cruel  and  devastating  war,  destructive 
alike  to  life  and  property  throughout  the  entire  Western 
frontier.  The  contemplated  and  simultaneous  uprising  of 
the  several  hostile  tribes  was  so  unexpected  that  the  out 
posts  were  in  a  great  measure  unprepared  to  repel  success 
fully,  their  murderous  onslaughts,  except  in  the  instance  of 
the  attack  on  Fort  Pitt,  Detroit  and  Ligonier. 

Hitherto  the  Indians  who  had  been  held  in  subjection  by 
the  French  had  been  won  over  by  a  doubtful  diplomacy 


Address  of  Judge  John  E.  Parke.  33 

and  apparent  kindness,  so  that  the  relations  existing  be 
tween  them  were 'of  the  most  friendly  character. 

When,  however,  they  discovered  that  they  were  to  be 
handed  over  under  the  treaty  to  their  foe,  they  indignantly 
refused  to  consent  thereto.  The  onward  and  steady  pro 
gress  of  civilization  carried  forward  by  the  indomitable 
Anglo-Saxon  race,  assured  them  that  submission  on  their 
part  would  end  in  extermination ;  to  prevent  such  a  calamity, 
then  was  the  time  to  act,  while  the  forts  were  feeble  and 
wide  apart,  and  the  settlements  scattered  and  thinly  popu 
lated. 

The  war  familarily  known  as  the  Pontiac  war,  so  called 
because  this  great  war  chief  was  the  genius  who  devised  and 
inaugurated  it,  and  who  carried  it  on  with  that  relentness, 
cruelty  so  characteristic  of  the  North  American  Indian. 
Pontiac' s  personal  efforts,  however,  were  confined  chiefly  to 
the  neighborhood  around  Detroit  and  the  lakes,  while  the 
operations  on  the  borders  of  the  Ohio  were  entrusted  to 
warriors  equally  fierce  and  unrelenting. 

As  far  as  the  English  and  Colonists  were  concerned,  the 
contests  were  principally  confined  to  Forts  Pitt,  Detroit  and 
Ligonier.  All  the  frontier  forts,  except  those  three  and 
Niagara,  fell  without  an  effort  at  defense,  the  latter  was  con 
sidered  too  well  fortified  to  be  molested,  so  that  the  three 
former  were  the  only  ones  that  successfully  resisted  the  ad 
vancing  tide  of  savage  vengeance ;  whilst  there  was  nothing 
left  of  the  unfortunate  garrisons  and  the  settlements  around 
them  but  a  mass  of  smouldering  ruins.  Immured  within 
the  gloomy  depths  of  a  mighty  wilderness,  isolated  from  all 
intercourse  with  civilization,  these  gallant  defenders  not 
only  maintainted  their  posts,  but  actually  carried  the  war 
into  the  heart  of  the  enemy's  country,  and,  at  the  point  of 
the  bayonet,  wrung  from  them  an  unwilling  peace. 

The  movements,  therefore,  on  these  three  forts,  and  the  ex 
pedition  that  subsequently  went  out  from  them  against  the 
savages,  comprises  the  entire  history  of  the  wars  as  far  as  it 
relates  to  our  own  military  movements.  The  sparse  and 
scattered  locations  of  our  frontier  defenses  through  the  vast 
wilderness  lying  between  the  great  Northern  lakes  and  the 
Ohio  and  Misissippi  Valleys,  were  but  rude  log  enclosures, 

2* 


34  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

principally  located  on  the  lines  of  water  communications, 
but  frequently  met  with  in  the  heart  of  the  forests,  gar 
risoned  by  a  mere  handful  of  soldiers,  and  the  emblem  of 
sovereignty  floating  above  them,  seemed  more  of  burlesque 
than  the  distinguishing  mark  of  a  mighty  and  powerful  na 
tion.  These  forts,  situated  so  distant  from  each  other,  were 
but  mere  dots  in  the  interminable  wilderness. 

The  presence  and  maintenance  of  these  isolated  outposts 
inflamed  the  spirits  of  the  haughty  chiefs,  who  had  the  saga 
city  to  believe  that  if  the  struggle  for  the  supremacy  was 
maintained  and  accomplished  by  their  foes,  it  would  be  the 
foreshadowing  of  the  red  man's  coming  fate. 

To  resist  this  encroachment  on  their  rights,  the  head 
chiefs  of  the  various  tribes  who  inhabited  the  country,  then 
only  known  and  travelled  by  their  own  hunting  and  war 
parties,  determined  to  crush  out  at  once  the  power  of  their 
foes.  y 

The  Shawnees,  Delawares,  Sonecas,  Wyandots  and  Mi- 
amis,  who  considered  themselves  the  exclusive  masters  of 
the  territory,  being  moved  by  their  hatred  and  fear  of  their 
Anglo-Saxon  foemen,  joined  together  in  a  common  cause, 
in  order  to  wipe  out  at  once,  by  a  simultaneous  movement, 
the  further  progress  of  civilization. 

Although  rumors  of  this  confederation  occasionally 
reached  the  military  authorities,  they  did  not  wholly  ignore 
them,  but  rather  treated  them  with  a  cool  indifference, 
highly  discreditable  to  their  military  education,  for  if  prompt 
measures  had  been  carried  out  on  the  first  intimation  of 
alarm,  the  sacrifice  of  life  and  the  destruction  of  the  out 
posts  might  have  been  prevented. 

It  was  in  consequence  of  this  fatal  indifference  that  when 
the  storm  burst  upon  the  forts  and  defenseless  settlements,  it 
came  like  the  mighty  tornado,  carrying  terror  and  destruc 
tion  as  it  sweeps  its  irresistible  course. 

The  period  of  time  selected  by  the  tribe  to  carry  into  ef 
fect  their  purposes,  evinced  their  profound  knowledge  and 
sagacity.  Operations  were  delayed  until  the  harvests  were 
safely  garnered,  so  that  their  foes  with  the  provisions  pro 
vided  for  their  sustenance,  might  be  destroyed  at  the  same 


Address  of  Judge  John  E.  Parke.  35 

time — thus  clearing  the  wilderness  of  their  foes,  at  least,  for 
the  time  being. 

Fort  LaBoeuf,  on  French  creek,  Venango  on  the  Alle 
gheny,  Presque  Isle,  on  Lake  Erie,  La  Bay,  on  Lake  Mich 
igan,  St.  Joseph,  Miami,  Sandusky  and  Michilmackinas, 
went  down  in  gloom  one  after  another,  with  scarcely  any  re 
sistance.  Many  of  them  fell  by  stratagem,  and  their  gar 
risons  were  cruelly  massacred  ;  others  capitulated  and  shared 
the  same  fate  ;  out  of  all,  only  one,  LaBoeuf  escaped.  The 
defense  of  the  latter  proved  futile,  the  Indians  having  suc 
ceeded  in  firing  the  adjacent  buildings.  The  garrison  took 
refuge  in  the  woods,  and  ultimately  escaped. 

The  royal  banner  of  St.  George,  wherever  it  floated  over 
mountain,  prairie  and  stream  within  these  vast  domains,  was 
stricken  down.  Forts  Pitt,  Niagara,  Ligonier  and  Detroit 
still  remained  intact,  and  the  hardy  settlers  who  had  escaped 
the  murderous  tomahawk  and  scalping-knife,  fled  for  safety 
within  their  protecting  walls.  The  intrepid  trapper  and  ven 
turesome  trader  were  followed  up  with  untiring  zeal,  and 
when  taken,  were  horribly  tortured  and  ruthlessly  butchered 
in  cold  blood,  in  a  manner  only  known  and  practiced  by 
these  human  sleuth-hounds. 

The  stout  pioneer  in  the  clearng,  and  the  loved  ones  in 
the  log  cabin,  fell  alike  before  the  rifle  and  tomahawk. 

The  sound  of  the  woodman's  axe  and  the  boom  of  the 
morning  and  evening  gun  of  the  lonely  forts  went  down  in 
silence  together,  and  the  fires  of  civilization  and  the  smoke 
thereof,  as  it  gracefully  ascended  above  the  tree  tops,  were  ex 
tinguished  in  blood.  Those  who  escaped  the  murderous 
raid  left  their  rude  homes  to  the  torch  of  the  foe,  and 
sought  safety  in  flight,  carrying  with  them  a  tale  of  blood 
and  cruelty,  the  bare  recital  of  which  filled  the  border  set 
tlements  with  terror  and  dismay.  In  the  midst  of  these  scenes 
of  gloom  and  desolation,  the  indomitable  defenders  of  Forts 
Pitt,  Detroit  and  Ligonier  watched  with  vigilance  the  move 
ments  of  their  treacherous  assailants,  thus  assuring  the  safety 
of  the  forts,  their  flags  gallantly  spread  to  the  breeze,  the  only 
emblems  of  Anglo-Saxon  power  and  of  civilization  in  a 
land  now  covered  with  teeming  cities,  girdled  by  the  wires 
of  the  electric  telegraph,  and  traversed  by  a  mighty  network 
of  railroads. 


56  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

Judge  Parke  was  followed  by  Hon.  T.  J.  Bigham,  of 
Pittsburg,  who  spoke  as  follows  : 

ADDRESS    OF    HON.    T.    J.    BIGHAM. 

I  have  attended,  I  believe,  all  the  historical  celebrations 
in  Westmoreland  county  of  late  years.  Some  years  ago  I 
attended  the  celebration  at  Greensburg,  and  I  was  at  Han- 
nastown  one  year  ago.  I  am  not  in  good  health.  My  wife 
let  me  come  here  on  condition  that  I  would  not  make  a 
speech.  I  am  a  native  of  this  county,  having  been  born  at 
the  other  end  of  the  manor.  I  was  born  and  lived  there 
until  I  went  to  college.  My  ancestors  settled  there  about 
two  years  after  this  battle  at  Bushy  Run.  We  did  not  cele 
brate  the  one  hundreth  anniversary  of  this  battle,  as  the 
battle  of  Gettysburg  occurred  just  about  that  time. 

At  the  time  of  the  Bushy  Run  battle  this  county  was  in 
Cumberland — the  capital  was  Carlisle.  At  one  time  it  in 
cluded  nearly  the  whole  of  Western  Pennsylvania.  This 
was  all  called  Mother  Cumberland,  just  after  the  battle  of 
Bushy  Run.  I  am  in  favor  of  preserving  the  records  of  the 
early  history  of  Westmoreland.  I  am  seventy-four  years 
old  and  have  been,  next  to  Judge  Parke,  the  most  busily  en 
gaged  in  the  old  historical  celebrations.  There  was  one  or 
two  battles  in  Fayette  county,  by  Washington,  and  one  in 
Armstrong.  Col.  Armstrong  led  all  Pennsylvanians  to 
Kittanning,  and  destroyed  that  nest  of  Indians.  I  always 
like  to  attend  these  meetings  if  I  am  able  to  get  out  at  all. 

The  old  Residenter's  Society  of  Pittsburg  is  designed  to 
imitate  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania.  Judge 
Parke  wishes  to  enlarge  this  society.  Most  people  have  lost 
a  knowledge  of  the  French  and  Indian  war.  A  reporter 
came  up  to  me  and  asked  me  about  this  war.  I  said  "  Is  it 
possible  that  the  young  generation  don't  know  anything 
about  this  war?"  France  claimed  to  have  discovered  the 
mouth  of  the  Mississippi  river,  also  the  St.  Lawrence.  It 
was  then  a  kind  of  rule  that  the  nation  that  discovered  the 
mouth  of  the  river  had  the  right  to  the  territory  which  it 
drained.  France  claimed  every  foot  of  ground  that  she 
thought  was  hers,  and  named  it  New  France. 

Louis  XIV. ,  in  the  estimation  of  the  French,  was  a  grand 


Address  of  Hon.  T.  J.  Bigham.  37 

monarch,  and  he  claimed  all  the  country  west  of  the  Mis 
sissippi  and  Ohio.  Louis  XXV  entertained  the  same  idea. 
The  English  had  settled  east  of  the  Allegheny  mountains. 
The  English  charter  included  all  the  country  from  ocean  to 
ocean.  We  passed  through  the  country  where  Braddock 
was  defeated  in  July,  1755,  this  morning.  In  1758  William 
Pitt,  after  whom  Pittsburg  is  named,  was  called  to  the  helm 
of  the  British  Empire.  He  was  the  greatest  statesman  of 
the  last  century;  no  European  statesman  excelled  him. 
Before  this  time  the  armies  in  America  had  bad  leaders. 
Pitt  sent  good  men  to  take  command.  Wolfe  and  Forbes 
were  sent  over  to  fight  the  French  and  Indians.  The  war 
continued  some  seven  or  eight  months  and  was  ended  just 
before  the  battle  of  Bushy  Run.  Great  Britain  never  was 
so  powerful  as  she  was  at  that  time.  The  whole  of  this 
country  east  of  the  Mississippi  was  owned  by  her.  In  India 
war  was  carried  on,  and  the  whole  of  that  country,  with  a 
population  greater  than  the  United  States  to-day,  was  ceded 
to  England.  She  was  never  so  great  a  nation  as  at  that 
time,  not  even  after  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  where  the  whole 
of  Europe  was  repulsed.  Our  interests  were  with  Great 
Britain,  and  I  think  if  England  had  not  succeeded  in  the 
French  and  Indian  war  we  would  not  be  as  far  on  in  indus 
try  and  civilization  as  we  are  at  the  present  time. 

Pontiac  is  said  to  have  led  part  of  the  force  which  de 
feated  Braddock.  He  summoned  his  men  and  made  a  great 
speech,  in  which  he  told  them  that  the  Great  Spirit  had  come 
to  them  and  they  resolved  that  they  would  destroy  our  an 
cestors.  The  tempest  broke  out  in  June.  Guyasootha  was 
the  commander  of  the  party  which  attacked  this  place.  He 
was  the  principal  man  that  led  the  warriors  under  Pontiac. 
Pontiac  himself  was  besieging  Detroit.  It  is  not  known 
definitely  that  Guyasootha  was  the  commander  in  the  battle, 
but  it  is  highly  probable  he  was  here.  I  rejoice  that  Bouquet 
was  successful.  They  attempted  to  play  the  same  trick  on 
Bouquet  as  they  did  on  Braddock,  but  he  turned  the  tables 
on  them.  They  fought  the  whole  afternoon  of  the  fifth,  night 
parted  them  and  they  fought  the  battle  again  the  next  day. 

This  place  was  a  sort  of  half-way  station  between  Ligonier 
and  Fort  Pitt.  He  intended  to  rest  his  men  at  Bushy  Run 


38  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

and  march  through  the  wilderness  near  Turtle  Creek  at 
night,  where  he  expected  to  meet  the  Indians.  At  this 
battle  he  managed  his  men  in  two  files.  He  then  sent  for 
ward  two  companies  to  make  the  attack,  but  this  was  a 
failure. 

The  Indians  supposed  this  to  be  a  real  retreat,  and  got 
out  from  the  woods  and  then  had  to  fight  Bouquet's  men  on 
both  sides.  That  was  just  the  reverse  of  the  position  in 
which  Braddock  was.  The  Indians  in  the  woods  were 
formidable,  but  out  of  them  the  white  man  could  get  the 
best  of  them.  Bouquet  just  re-acted  Braddock' s  Field,  but 
got  the  Indians  into  the  trap.  After  they  were  driven  back 
they  fled  away  to  the  Muskingum  country.  Some  time  ago 
some  young  lawyers  came  in  my  office,  and  I  asked  them  if 
they  knew  who  Bouquet  was  ?  My  son  spoke  up  and  said 
that  he  was  a  Frenchman. 

I  request  that  the  people  of  Harrison  City  petition  the 
Court  to  change  the  name  of  Harrison  City  to  that  of  Bou 
quet.  It  would  mean  something  to  have  Bouquet  City  in 
stead  of  Harrison  City. 

From  infancy  I  heard  talk  of  the  burning  of  Hannastown. 
Braddock  forbid  his  men  to  get  behind  trees  but  made  them 
keep  in  regular  order,  and  in  this  way  the  Indians  had  the 
advantage. 

Bouquet  made  another  tour  in  1764  into  the  Muskingum 
country  to  effect  a  treaty  with  the  Indians  in  which  he  was 
successful.  In  1765  he  was  sent  to  Florida.  He  contracted 
a  fever  there  and  died. 

In  1762  all  the  country  east  of  the  Mississippi  was  ceded 
to  the  English.  Pontiac  did  not  hate  the  French  as  much 
as  he  did  the  English,  for  he  knew  they  would  not  harm 
so  much  in  the  way  of  making  settlements  and  in  cultivat 
ing  land.  The  Anglo-Saxons  were  industrious.  My  an 
cestors  were  Irish.  If  the  French  were  industrious  they 
could  have  found  plenty  to  do  in  the  Mississippi  valley. 

THE   CONCLUSION. 

When  Judge  Bigham's  speech  was  ended  the  benediction 
was  pronounced  by  Rev.  D.  B.  Lady,  of  Manor,  and  the 


Review  of  the  Grand  Army  Posts.  39 

literary  exercises  of  the  day  were  brought  to  a  close  between 
three  and  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon. 

Letters  were  received  from  distinguished  gentlemen  of 
our  own  and  other  lands,  some  of  which  are  hereto  appended. 

REVIEW    OF   THE    GRAND   ARMY    POSTS. 

While  Gen.  R.  Coulter  was  presiding  at  the  speaker's 
stand  during  the  delivery  of  the  last  two  addresses,  Gen. 
James  A.  Beaver,  Gen.  Thomas  F.  Gallagher,  Col.  John 
Johnston  and  other  military  men  reviewed  the  Grand  Army 
Posts  on  the  top  of  Gongaware's  Hill,  the  scene  of  the  first 
day's  fight  between  the  Indians  and  the  two  companies  of 
Highlanders  and  where  a  large  number  of  Bouquet's  men 
were  buried  at  the  close  of  the  battle. 

G.  A.  R.  Post,  No.  4,  of  Latrobe,  arrived  in  the  grove 
on  Sunday  evening  and  encamped  there  during  the  night. 
On  Monday  they  were  joined  by  two  brass  bands  from  that 
place  and  others  of  their  comrades  until  their  number 
reached  about  50.  Irwin  Post,  (190)  mustering  75  men 
and  headed  by  the  Paintertown  cornet  band,  and  Turtle 
Creek  Post,  (199)  with  25  men  and  a  martial  band,  arrived 
early  in  the  day.  Later  the  Greensburg  Post,  with  40 
members  and  a  martial  band,  and  Fort  Ligonier  Post,  with 
40  members  and  a  brass  band,  reached  the  grove.  Still 
later  the  Sewickley  Cavalry,  commanded  by  Capt.  Samuel 
Bell  and  Lieuts.  Millken,  Martin  and  McCune,  70  strong, 
and  headed  by  a  martial  band,  rode  up  to  the  rendezvous 
of  rejoicing.  There  were  other  members  of  Posts  in 
neighboring  towns  and  counties  in  attendance,  but  not  as 
organizations.  The  excellent  Salem  cornet  band  and  Citi 
zens'  band  of  Greensburg  were  likewise  present  and  added 
their  harmonious  strains  to  the  almost  ceaseless  flow  of  music 
during  the  day. 

Headed  by  the  Citizens'  band,  of  Greensburg,  the  battle- 
scarred  veterans  to  the  number  of  about  300  with  their 
respective  bands,  made  a  few  evolutions  around  the  hill-top 
and  then  marched  past  the  Generals  in  fine  style.  They 
were  followed  by  the  Cavalry  in  picturesque  costumes. 

The  distinguished  reviewers  expressed  themselves  highly 
gratified  with  the  military  display. 


40  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

Shortly  before  the  review  began  Rev.  C.  Cort  introduced 
Revs.  A.  E.  Truxal,  John  W.  Love,  Geo.  H.  Johnston, 
Thos.  J.  Barkley  and  A.  B.  Kline  to  Generals  Beaver  and 
Gallagher.  As  soon  as  the  introduction  was  ended  Gen. 
Beaver  remarked:  "Gentlemen,  I  am  very  glad  to  see  you 
here  and  I  appoint  you  all  to  act  as  members  of  my  staff. ' ' 
Several  of  the  clergy  received  orders  immediately  to  clear 
the  space  in  front  of  the  General  and  his  party  so  that  the 
veterans  could  pass  muster  without  being  crowded.  This 
was  no  easy  task  under  the  circumstances. 

Col.  Oursler,  of  Latrobe,  and  others  deserve  great  credit 
for  securing  the  presence  of  so  many  G.  A.  R.  men. 

Herewith  we  append  some  of  the  letters  received  by  those 
in  charge  of  the 'celebration. 

LETTERS    FROM    PUBLIC    OFFICIALS,    &C. 

PHILADELPHIA,  Aug.  2,  1883. 

To  the  Honorable  Committee  on  Invitation  for  the  Bouq^^et  Celebration  : 
Gentlemen  :  Your  kind  invitation  to  participate  in  the  celebration  of 
the  battle  of  Bushy  Run,  in  honor  of  my  distinguished  countryman, 
Gen.  Henry  Bouquet,  on  the  6th  instant,  has  come  to  hand  in  time. 
Please  accept  my  sincere  thanks  for  the  same  and  believe  me,  it  would 
afford  me  great  pleasure,  to  meet  you  on  such  an  occasion  of  intense 
gratification  to  my  patriotic  feelings.  To  see  the  history  of  another 
of  my  compatriots,  who  devoted  his  life  and  gallant  services  to  the  exist 
ence  and  security  of  this  land  of  freedom  in  its  early  stages, — a  republi 
can  by  birth  and  spirit,  instrumental  in  the  early  struggles  of  this  great 
Republic, — drawn  from  oblivion  and  placed  in  its  well  deserved  posi 
tion  before  the  people,  cannot  but  fill  my  heart  with  pride  for  the  hero 
of  your  celebration  and  with  warmest  thanks  for  the  gentlemen  who 
have  taken  in  hand  this  noble  task.  While  I,  therefore,  deeply  regret  to 
be  prevented,  by  my  arduous  duties  from  accepting  your  kind  and  honor 
ing  invitation,  I  thank  you  gentlemen,  all  of  you,  who  have  the  noblest 
interest,  started  and  brought  to  a  happy  issue  this  timely  and  creditable 
celebration,  from  all  my  heart.  I  also  convey  to  you  my  warmest  thanks 
from  the  countrymen  in  my  consular  district  and  especially  from  the 
members  of  the  Swiss  National  Festival  Society,  in  this  city,  whom  I 
have  made  acquainted  with  your  object,  and  who,  in  their  last  meeting, 
by  resolution,  unanimously  passed,  have  authorized  and  requested  me 
to  do  so.  With  sincere  hope  and  conviction,  that  your  festival  may  be 
a  great  and  complete  success,  I  remain,  gentlemen,  very  respectfully 
yours,  R.  KORADI,  Consul  of  Switzerland. 

In  a  personal  letter  to  Rev.    Cyrus   Cort,   Herr  Koradi 


Letters  from  Public  Officials,  &c.  41 

states  that  he  has  forwarded  copies  of  the  former's  historical 
pamphlet  to  the  Prefect  at  Rolle,  the  Chief  of  Department 
of  Public  Instruction  at  Lausanna,  to  the  Federal  Chancery 
at  Berne  and  to  the  Swiss  Legation  at  Washington. 

EXECUTIVE  MANSION,  WASHINGTON,  July  12,  1883. 

My  Dear  Sir :  The  President  desires  me  to  acknowledge  the  re 
ceipt  of  your  kind  note  of  the  7th  inst.,  inviting  him  to  be  present  at  the 
celebration  of  Bushy  Run,  on  the  6th  of  August  next,  and  to  express 
his  regret  that  engagements  covering  that  date  will  prevent  its  accep 
tance.  Thanking  you  in  his  behalf  for  the  courtesy  of  the  invitation,  I 
am,  very  truly  yours,  O.  L.  PRUDEN,  Sec'y. 

R.  COULTER,  ESQ.,  Ch'm,  etc.,  Greensburg,  Penn'a. 

WASHINGTON,  July  17,  1883. 

Sir  :  I  much  regret  that  it  will  not  be  in  my  power  to  accept  your 
courteous  invitation  to  be  present  at  the  celebration  of  the  I2oth  an 
niversary  of  the  battle  of  Bushy  Run  on  the  6th  of  Aug.  next.  Very 
faithfully  yours,  J.  S.  SACKVILLE  WEST. 

R.  COULTER,  ESQ.,  Greensburg. 

EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT,  COMMONWEALTH  OF  PENNA., 

OFFICE  OF  THE  GOVERNOR, 
HARRISBURG,  July  nth,  1883. 

GENERAL  R.  COULTER,  Greensburg,  Pa. 

Dear  Sir :  I  am  in  receipt  of  your  very  kind  invitation  to  attend  the 
celebration  of  the  i2Oth  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Bushy  Run,  August 
6th,  and  regret  my  inability  to  be  present.  Accept  my  thanks  and  be 
lieve  me  your  obedient  servant,  R.  E.  PATTISON. 

STATE  OF  OHIO,  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 
OFFICE  OF  THE  GOVERNOR, 

COLUMBUS,  July 
R.  COULTER,  ESQ.,  Greensburg,  Pa. 

My  Dear  Sir :  By  direction  of  the  Governor,  I  have  the  honor  to 
acknowledge  the  receipt  of  an  invitation  to  him  to  be  present  and  par 
ticipate  in  the  celebration  of  the  battle  of  Bushy  Run,  to  be  held  on  the 
battle-field  on  Monday,  August  6th.  The  Governor  is  greatly  obliged 
for  your  kind  remembrance  of  him  and  regrets  that  engagements  already 
made  cover  the  dates  named  and  will  prevent  his  acceptance.  Very 
truly  yours,  F.  D.  MUSSEY,  Private  Secretary. 

WAR  DEPARTMENT,  ADJUTANT  GENERAL'S  OFFICE,     \ 
WASHINGTON,  July  18,  1883.  ] 
R.  COULTER,  ESQ.,  Chairman  : 

Dear  Sir  :  In  reply  to  your  invitation  to  General  Drum  to  be  pres 
ent  at  the  celebration  of  the  battle  of  Bushy  Run  on  August  6th,  I  beg 
to  inform  you  that  the  General  is  at  present  absent  on  a  "tour  of  inspec- 


[ENT,  ^ 

ERNOR,        [• 
II,    I883.  J 


42  The  Bouquet  Celebration. 

tion,"  and  will  not  return  to  this  city  before  the  date  named,  otherwise 
I  have  no  doubt  he  would  take  pleasure  in  joining  the  celebration. 
Very  Respectfully, 

HENRY  TURNBULL. 

Letters  of  regret  were  also  read  from  ex-Governor  Hart- 
ranft;  Mayor  King,  of  Philadelphia;  Hon.  W.  U.  Hensel, 
of  Lancaster,  and  Prof.  Samuel  Wilson,  of  Allegheny  City. 


APPENDIX. 


IMPORTANT  ADDENDA,  LETTERS,   ETC. 

In  response  to  enquiries  sent  by  Counsul  Koradi,  through 
the  Prefect  of  Rolle,  to  the  custodians  of  the  archives  of  the 
Canton  Vand,  at  Lausanne,  in  Switzerland,  Rev.  C.  Cort 
received  some  valuable  data  from  Mr.  J.  Berney,  the  Chief 
of  Public  Instruction  for  the  Canton  Vand. 

This  came  too  late  for  the  Bouquet  pamphlet,  for  which  it 
was  desired,  but  we  will  insert  the  main  points  here. 

In  the  Parochial  Register  of  the  Reformed  Church  of 
Rolle,  the  entry  is  made  March  25,  1735,  that  Henry  Bou 
quet  had  been  examined,  along  with  others,  with  a  view  to 
participate  in  the  Holy  Communion.  His  age  is  stated  to 
be  1 6  years.  This  agrees  with  other  data  which  state  that 
Henry  Bouquet  was  born  in  the  year  1719. 

It  is  further  stated  in  this  document  of  Mr.  Berney,  that 
Henry  Louis  Bouquet  was  the  oldest  of  seven  brothers; 
that  he  entered  the  service  of  Holland,  in  1736,  and  after 
wards  passed  into  the  service  of  Piedmont,  where  his  bril 
liant  career  and  intelligence  attracted  the  Prince  of  Orange, 
who  invited  him  to  command  a  company  of  his  guard. 
During  the  leisure  hours  of  garrison  duty,  he  cultivated  the 
sciences  and  became  intimately  acquainted  with  distinguished 
professors  in  Holland,  at  the  University  of  Leeyden,  &c. 
From  this,  it  appears .  that  our  hero  had  a  middle  name, 
which  he  seldom  or  never  used.  Loin's  Bouquet,  evidently 
the  uncle  referred  to  in  the  will  of  Henry  Bouquet  (see  page 
76,  of  Bouquet  pamphlet),  became  General  Quartermaster 
and  Lieutenant-Colonel  in  the  Regiment  Stuerler,  in  the 
service  of  the  Netherlands,  and  renounced  his  citizenship  of 
Rolle,  April  14,  1750,  and  was  discharged  from  his  duties 
as  a  citizen,  October  8,  1750,  evidently  with  a  view  of  be- 


44  The  Bouquet  Celebration — Appendix. 

coming  a  citizen  of  Holland,  where  he  had  risen  to  distinc 
tion.  Several  members  of  the  Bouquet  family  served  with 
distinction  in  foreign  countries,  we  are  told  ;  particularly  in 
Holland,  where,  among  others,  one  of  his  uncles  was  an 
engineer  officer.  This  may  have  been  Colonel  Louis,  al 
ready  described. 

The  Bouquet  family  were  citizens  of  Rolle,  and  one  of  its 
members  belonged  to  the  council  of  that  town  or  city. 

In  the  letter,  forwarding  the  document,  Consul  Koradi 
writes : 

"  Just  as  I  thought,  when  reading  your  very  interesting  pamphlet, 
in  which  you  give  such  a  clear  and  minute  report  of  my  countryman, 
that  I  wondered  where  you  got  all  these  details  from  ;  the  report  I  got 
does  not  bring  anything  new.  The  only  point  of  importance  is  the 
proof  by  it,  that  Henry  Bouquet  really  was  a  native  of  Rolle,  a  Swiss  from 
the  Canton  of  Vand,  and  that  Bouquetjwas  his  correct  oirginal  name ;  that, 
therefore,  the  suggestions  of  the  Pioneer  of  Cincinnati,  that  he  was  a 
German,  and  his  name  Frenchified,  from  Strauss,  into  Bouquet,  was 
wrong." 

This  was  the  conclusion  arrived  at,  on  other  grounds,  by 
Rev.  Cort  (see  pamphlet,  page  5). 

The  archives  of  Vand  also  state  that : 

"  In  I754»  the  British  government  confided  to  him  and  fellow-coun 
tryman,  Haldimand,  of  Yoerden  (also  in  the  Canton  of  Vand),  the  or 
ganization  of  a  brigade,  named  the  Royal  American,  into  which  he 
drew  several  other  fellow- citizens  of  the  Canton  of  Vand,  among  whom 
was  DuFes,  of  Monden,  and  Vullgamott,  of  Lausanne." 

Subsequent  to  the  publication  of  the  Bouquet  pamphlet 
and  the  Bushy  Run  Celebration  of  August  6,  1883,  Wm. 
M.  Darlington,  Esq.,.  of  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  informed  Rev.  C. 
Cort  that  he  had  spent  a  good  deal  of  time  in  an  effort  to 
ascertain  the  exact  location  of  Bouquet's  grave,  at  Pensa- 
cola,  many  years  ago.  He  had  an  old  drawing  of  the  fort 
and  barracks  at  Pensacola,  made  in  1772,  which  would  seem 
to  locate  the  grave  and  monument  of  Bouquet,  if  the  exact 
position  of  the  old  barracks  can  be  determined. 

Mr.  Darlington  says  that  one  of  the  principal  clerks  of 
the  British  Museum  told  him  that  the  Canadian  government 
paid  a  thousand  pounds  sterling,  or  five  thousand  dollars, 
for  a  manuscript  copy  of  the  Bouquet-Haldimand  papers, 
which  were  presented  to  the  British  Museum  by  a  grandson 
of  Haldimand. 


Important  Addenda,  Letters,  &c.  45 

LETTER  OF  G.  D.  SCULL. 

On  page  83,  of  the  Bouquet  pamphlet,  reference  is  made 
to  G.  D.  Scull,  an  American  resident  of  Oxford,  England, 
who  had  collated  some  of  the  more  important  Bouquet  pa 
pers  for  publication,  a  limited  number  of  which,  at  ten  dol 
lars  a  copy,  was  to  be  printed  at  an  early  date. 

The  following  letter  from  Mr.  Scull  to  Rev.  Cort,  will  be 
of  interest  in  several  respects.  He  had  previously  written 
that  Bouquet  was  deserving  of  perennial  remembrance,  and 
he  was  delighted  to  learn  of  the  proposed  celebration  at 
Bushy  Run. 

RUGBY  LODGE,  NORHAM  ROAD,  \ 
OXFORD,  Aug.  17,  1883.     / 

DEAR  SIR  : — I  am  extremely  obliged  to  you  for  the  copy  of  "  Bou 
quet  and  his  Campaigns,"  received  some  days  ago.  I  assure  you,  I 
have  read  it  with  great  interest  and  pleasure.  Of  a  certainty  you  are 
General  Bouquet's  qualified  and  well-appointed  biographer.  What  a 
pity  that  your  well  directed  search  for  his  grave,  at  Pensacola,  ended  in 
total  failure. 

Lieut.  Francis  Hutcheson,in  1763,  was  with  Bouquet  in  his  expedition 
against  the  Ohio  Indians,  and  acted,  at  times,  as  his  secretary.  Bouquet 
invited  Hutcheson  to  go  with  him  to  Pensacola,  where  they  arrived,  and 
Bouquet  was  buried  eight  days  after.  He  was  appointed  a  Major  of 
Brigades  afterwards.  Hutcheson  acted  as  administrator  to  Bouquet's 
estate,  at  Pensacola,  had  a  vendue,  and  brought  up  North  the  net  bal 
ance  in  bills  on  London  and  New  York — $3,566.03^ — which  was 
handed  over  to  Colonel  Haldimand.  Among  the  items  of  expense  are 
amounts  paid  six  soldiers  for  carrying  the  corpse  to  the  grave,  $3.  Left 
with  Captain  Valoe  to  finish  railing  around  the  General's  grave,  $30, 
and  $11.05  for  scantling  round  ditto. 

Among  the  things  put  in  an  inventory,  and  which  were  probably 
handed  over  to  Colonel  Haldimand,  are  :  A  gold  watch,  with  a  seal, 
coat  of  arms  and  compass,  a  sum  of  coin,  Johannes  and  ^  do.,  doub 
loons,  guineas  and  j^  do.,  2  negro  men  and  I  girl,  24  pieces  of  silver 
plate,  I  pipe  of  Madeira,  3  quarter-casks  do.,  2  casks  Rhenish,  2  demi 
johns  claret,  cask  of  bottled  beer,  scarlet  coat,  with  broad  gold  lace, 
scarlet,  gold-laced  frock  and  breeches,  18  pairs  of  silk  stockings,  9  pairs 
thread  do.,  33  shirts,  10  white  waist  coats,  15  ruffled  caps,  n  cotton 
do.,  17  stocks,  4  pairs  white  spadderdashes,  I  plaid  night  gown,  i  silk 
night  gown,  I  Huzzar  cloak,  I  silver-mounted  sword,  I  cutlass,  I  case 
pistols  and  furniture,  2  boxes  containing  5  wigs,  etc. 

Major  Hutcheson  afterwards  became  Colonel  Haldimand's  private 
and  military  secretary.  I  am  quite  in  the  dark  if  anything  has  yet  been 
done  to  bring  out  my  Bouquet  correspondence  in  Philadelphia.  I  am 
grievously  disappointed  at  the  result. 

Very  truly  yours,  G.  D.  SCULL. 


46  The  Bouquet  Celebration — Appendix. 

Looking  at  matters  from  our  modern  standpoint,  we  may 
smile  at  the  mention  of  some  of  the  articles  in  the  forego 
ing  list.  But  Bouquet,  like  all  other  men,  must  be  judged 
by  his  own  times,  and  the  customs  of  the  age  and  country 
in  which  he  lived.  An  inventory  of  the  personal  effects  of 
George  Washington  and  other  Revolutionary  patriots  would 
not  differ  materially  from  the  one  given  above. 

The  inventory  confirms  what  we  know  from  other  data, 
that  Bouquet  was  a  generous-hearted  host,  a  good  liver  and 
a  man  of  elegant  tastes. 

CELEBRATION    ITEMS. 

Gen.  James  A.  Beaver  and  his  three  sons  arrived  in  Greensburg  on 
Saturday  evening,  and  stopped  at  the  Fisher  House  until  Monday  morn 
ing,  when  they  drove  to  the  Bouquet  battle  ground,  where  the  General 
took  part  in  the  celebration.  He  was  on  his  way  to  Conneaut  Lake, 
where  his  brigade  will  go  into  encampment  at  the  close  of  the  week. 

Andrew  Byerly,  of  Sharpsville,  Mercer  county,  a  great  grandson  of 
Andrew  Byerly,  of  Bushy  Run  fame,  arrived  in  Greensburg  on  Satur 
day,  on  his  way  to  Bushy  Run,  and  was  the  guest  of  Ex- County  Treas 
urer  James  Gregg. — Prof.  Andrew  Byerly,  of  Millersville  Normal 
School,  an  establishment  of  seven  or  eight  hundred  students,  is  also  a 
great  grandson. 

Mrs.  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort,  two  sons — Paul  and  Ambrose — and  cousin, 
reached  this  place  at  noon  on  Saturday,  from  Greencastle,  in  a  carriage 
drawn  by  one  horse.  They  came  by  way  of  Forts  Bedford  and  Ligo- 
nier — the  same  road  taken  by  Col.  Bouquet  and  his  army  when  on  his 
way  to  relieve  Fort  Pitt.  They  were  three  days  en  route,  the  distance 
traveled  being  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  miles.  They  spent  one 
night  at  Ligonier,  the  site  of  the  fort  by  that  name,  where  Andrew  By 
erly,  the  great-great-great-grandfather  of  Mrs.  Cort's  sons,  was  cooped 
up  by  Pontiac's  confederates,  after  making  a  narrow  escape  from  Bushy 
Run,  where  Byerly  kept  a  relay  station  for  express  riders  midway  be 
tween  Forts  Pitts  and  Ligonier.  Mrs.  Cort  joined  her  husband  at  this 
place,  who  arrived  here  by  rail  on  Thursday  morning  last,  accompanied 
by  his  four-year-old  son,  Ralph  Bouquet,  to  help  perfect  arrangements 
for  the  celebration. 

A  bayonet  used  by  the  .Royal  Infantry,  and  found  on  the  Bushy  Run 
battle-field  by  C.  Gongaware  in  1881,  and  presented  to  Rev.  Cyrus 
Cort,  of  Greencastle,  was.  on  exhibition.  It"is  in  a  good  state  of  preserva 
tion.  The  blade  part  is  sixteen  inches  long  and  bears  the  appearance 
of  having  been  a  very  formidable  instrument  of  war. 

OLD    BOB,    THE   WAR    HORSE. 

The  celebrated  war  horse  upon  which  Col.  George  Covode  was  shot 
and  killed,  is  here.  He  is  owned  by  W.  H.  Covode,  Esq.,  of  Ligo 
nier.  He  is  now  32  years  old,  and  was  through  the  following  engage- 


Monument  Collections.  47 

ments  :  Gaines  Mill,  Charles  City  Cross  Roads,  Hedgeville,  Antietam, 
Markham  Station,  Kelly's  Ford,  Middleburg,  Gettysburg,  Upperville, 
Shepherdstown,  Trevillian  Station,  Todd's  Tavern,  Sulphur  Springs, 
Deep  Bottom,  St.  Mary's  Church,  Ream's  Station,  Stony  Creek,  &c. 
Col.  Covode  rode  Bob  around  Richmond  twice,  during  which  he  was 
shot  in  the  neck,  the  only  wound  the  horse  received. 

That  intrepid  son  of  Mars,  Colonel  Rogers,  divided  the  Indian  honors 
with  Guito,  the  Seneca  youth.  The  valiant  Colonel  was  gotten  up  as  a 
great  brave  in  a  fearful  and  wonderful  costume,  with  rings,  feathers  and 
a  great  battle-axe  as  ornaments.  To  attempt  a  description  of  his  outfit 
would  be  to  essay  to  "  paint  the  lily."  It  is  enough  to  say  that  his 
make-up  was  purely  and  typically  Rogerian  and  that  he  was  the  ob 
served  of  all  observers. 

Captain  Samuel  Bell,  of  South  Huntingdon  township,  with  a  com 
pany  of  100  uniformed  men  on  horseback. 

A  delegation  of  five  arrived  from  Irwin  on  bicycles. 

J.  V.  Stephenson,  Adison  Barnhart,  Harry  Huffman,  Eli  Beck, 
Joseph  Guffey  and  B.  J.  Johnston  arrived  at  9  o'clock  on  bicycles. 

Several  amusing  incidents  occurred  while  the  surveying  party  were 
engaged  in  marking  the  battle-field. 

John  Layton  (colored)  assisted  at  the  work,  and  his  mind  was  evi 
dently  quite  wrought  up  by  hearing  details  of  the  fight.  He  gave  vent  to 
his  feelings  by  such  exclamations  as  these  :  "  I  tell  you  what,  didn't 
William  Penn  and  his  soldiers  have  a  hard  time  of  it  here  ?  What  terri 
ble  sufferings  our  ancestors  had  to  go  through,"  &c. 

After  hearing  the  story  of  Kuykyuskung,  (pages  40-42  of  Bouquet 
pamphlet),  some  of  the  boys  concluded  to  have  a  little  fun  and  do  some 
marking  on  their  own  account.  Accordidgly  they  marked  a  board  as 
follows,  and  nailed  it  to  a  large  oak  tree  by  the  roadside,  and  near  the 
scene  of  Bouquet's  final  strategic  movement  so  disastrous  to  the  savages  : 
"  Here  one  bloody  injun,  Kookyoosti,  was  kilt."  A  great  crowd  sur 
rounded  that  tree  on  Celebration  Day,  and  many  pieces  of  its  bark  were 
taken  away  as  relics. 

The  large  Swiss  national  flag  with  its  red  field  and  white  cross  in  the 
centre,  presented  a  fine  appearance,  as  did  also  the  smaller  one  with  its 
gilt  fringing. 

MONUMENT    COLLECTIONS. 

A  number  of  gentlemen  were  furnished  with  subscription 
lists  to  get  contributions  for  the  monument  proposed  to  be 
erected  to  Col.  Bouquet  and  his  army  on  the  battle-field.  But  it 
seems  very  little  was  done  for  this  laudable  object,  except  by 
some  of  the  citizens  of  Irwin  and  Stewartsville  and  vicinity, 
who,  besides  raising  $56  to  help  defray  expenses  of  the  celebra 
tion,  also  gave  forty  dollars  ($40)  toward  the  monument 
fund.  This  $40  with  a  goodly  part  of  the  $56,  were  given 
by  descendants  of  Andrew  Byerly,  of  Bushy  Run.  If 


48  The  Bouquet  Celebration — Appendix. 

Greensburg,  Perm.,  Harrison  City,  Manor,  and  other  places 
would  do  as  well  in  proportion,  a  granite  memorial  column 
would  soon  crown  the  summit  of  the  battle-field,  which 
would  permanently  identify  the  place  and  perpetuate  the 
memory  of  the  decisive  conflict  and  the  gallant  heroes 
through  all  coming  time. 

Several  hundred  dollars  more  are  needed  for  this  monu 
ment  fund,  which  we  trust  the  public-spirited  citizens  of 
Western  Pennsylvania  will  contribute  at  an  early  date.  A 
grand  work  has  already  been  accomplished  by  the  celebra 
tion  of  August  6,  1883,  and  the  various  publications  rela 
ting  to  Bouquet  which  it  called  forth.  But  without  the 
monument  the  projectors  and  advocates  and  actors  in  that 
commemoration  feel  that1  the  main  object  of  their  endeavors 
remains  to  be  realized.  This  fund  is  in  charge  of  General 
Coulter,  Amos  B.  Kline  and  James  Gregg,  (Treasurer),  of 
Greensburg,  to  whom  contributions  may  be  safely  entrusted. 
Furnish  them  $300  more,  and  the  monument  will  be  put  up, 
and  a  grand  dedication  service  will  bring  to  a  fitting  con 
clusion  the  praiseworthy  efforts  to  honor  the  memory  of 
Henry  Bouquet  and  the  1763  Army  of  Deliverance.  One 
way  of  helping  the  cause  is  to  circulate  the  pamphlet  relating 
to  Bouquet,  his  campaigns  and  the  celebration  of  the  Bushy 
Run  victory.  As  the  Freiheif  s  Freund,  of  Pittsburg,  stated 
in  one  of  its  issues,  these  pamphlets  "ought  to  be  put  into 
the  hands  of  every  school  boy  and  girl  in  Pennsylvania." 
As  a  limited  number  of  copies  have  been  printed  and  the 
work  not  stereotyped,  the  time  will  probably  soon  come 
when  they  will  be  as  rare  and  expensive  as  Bouquet's  origi 
nal  narrative,  a  copy  of  which  recently  brought  upwards  of 
fifty  dollars.  And  yet  without  them  no  Pennsylvania 
library  can  be  considered  complete.  Their  preparation  has 
been  a  labor  of  love  on  the  part  of  him  who  has  borne  the 
chief  burden  of  toil  and  expense  from  a  sense  of  gratitude  to 
the  noble  Swiss  hero  who  rescued  his  ancestors  from  the  toma 
hawk  and  scalping-knife  of  the  merciless  savages.  But 
thousands  of  others  in  our  Keystone  Commonwealth,  yea, 
all  over  this  great  Republic,  are  also  greatly  indebted  to 
Henry  Bouquet,  and  should  esteem  it  a  duty  and  privilege  to 
help  perpetuate  the  memory  of  his  noble  character  and  his 
heroic  deeds. 


Guyasutha.  49 

GUYASUTHA. 

The  reputed  leader  of  the  savages  at  Bushy  Run  battle 
and  the  siege  of  Fort  Pitt,  was  Guyasutha,  the  chief  "of  a 
band  ot  Seneca  Indians  located  in  Ohio,  who,  along  with  the 
Mingoes,  belonged  to  the  loquois  or  famous  Six  Nations,  from 
Central  and  Western  New  York.  His  name  is  spelled  in  half  a 
dozen  different  ways.  As  a  young  brave  he  went  with  Wash 
ington  from  Logstown  to  LaBceuf  in  1754.  He  was  a  leading 
character  in  the  conference  with  Gen.  Bradstreet  when  that 
conceited  officer  was  hoodwinked  by  the  wily  savages  near 
Lake  Erie  in  1764.  A  few  weeks  later  he  had  to  deal  with 
a  different  style  of  man  in  his  conference  with  Col.  Bouquet 
on  the  Muskingum.  His  eloquent  and  politic  speech  on 
that  occasion  is  given  in  the  Bouquet  pamphlet,  page  68. 
In  April  and  May,  1768,  he  was  leading  actor  at  a  confer 
ence  at  Fort  Pitt.  When  Washington  descended  the  Ohio 
in  1770  Guyasutha  visited  him  and  was  recognized  as  one 
of  his  companions  in  1754. 

In  1775,  two  days  after  the  Westmoreland  patriots  had 
promulgated  their  Declaration  of  Indpendence,  on  May  16, 
at  Hannastown  and  Fort  Pitt,  Guyasutha,  who  had  just  re 
turned  from  Niagara,  held  a  conference  at  Fort  Pitt  with 
Majors  Trent  and  Ward  and  Captain  Neville.  Capt.  Pipe, 
a  Delaware  chief,  and  Shade,  a  Shawnese  chief,  and  several 
other  Shawnese,  took  part.  Guyasutha  announced  that  the 
Six  Nations  and  their  allies  in  Ohio  would  remain  neutral 
during  the  impending  war  between  the  British  and  the  Amer 
ican  Colonists.  He  said :  "  Brothers,  we  will  not  suffer 
either  English  or  Americans  to  pass  through  our  country. 
Should  either  attempt  it  we  will  forewarn  them  three  times, 
and  .should  they  persist  they  must  abide  the  consequences. 
I  am  appointed  by  the  Six  Nations  to  take  care  of  this 
country,  that  is,  of  the  Indians  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Ohio,  and  I  desire  that  you  will  not  think  of  an  expedition 
against  Detroit,  for,  to  repeat,  we  will  not  suffer  an  army 
to  pass  through  our  country." 

In  1782,  July  13,  Guyasutha  led  the  attack  on  Hannas 
town.  He  seems  to  have  been  the  greatest  leader  of  Pon- 
tiac's  Eastern  confederates,  but  had  his  forces  shattered  at 
Bushy  Run  by  Bouquet,  after  the  best  contested  battle  ever 


50  The  Bouquet  Celebration — Appendix. 

fought  by  the  red  savages  on  American  soil.  In  view  of  his 
prominence,  the  war  is  sometimes  called  "Guyasutha's 
War,"  as  well  as  "  Pontiac's  War."  Finally,  he  died  near 
Pittsburg,  at  an  advanced  age,  leaving  his  name  to  the 
beautiful  plain  on  the  Allegheny  river,  where  his  remains 
now  rest. 

Neville  B.  Craig  gives  most  of  the  foregoing  facts  in 
his  History  of  Pittsburg  (pages  136-9),  and  was  personally 
acquainted  with  Guyasutha,  when  he  tarried  superfluous  on 
the  stage  a  striking  emblem  of  the  decayed  condition  of  the 
Six  Nations,  as  in  the  prime  of  life  he  had  been  a  fit  repre 
sentative  of  their  power  and  glory.  Once  the  Iroquois  car 
ried  dismay  to  all  the  savage  tribes  between  the  Atlantic  and 
the  Father  of  Waters,  and  between  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and 
the  great  Lakes  of  the  North.  Yea,  to  French  and  English 
alike,  in  Canada  and  the  United  States.  They  were  the 
recognized  lords  of  the  savage  wilderness,  and  exacted 
tribute  from  the  powerful  Catawbas  and  Cherokees  in  the 
distant  South,  who  traveled  along  the  war-path  through  the 
wilds  of  Westmoreland,  from  year  to  year,  with  tokens  of 
obeisance  and  servitude  to  the  great  Council  House  at 
Onondaga.  And  thus,  like  the  old  Romans,  their  power 
and  glory,  founded  on  rapine,  has  departed,  in  spite  of  all 
their  superior  courage,  energy  and  governmental  genius. 

CONCLUDING    REMARKS. 

A  shade  of  sadness  comes  over  us  as  we  bring  this  memo 
rial  volume  to  a  close.  A  number  of  public-spirited  citi 
zens,  who  took  part  in  the  celebration,  and  who  were  most 
highly  gratified  and  warmest  in  their  congratulations  over 
its  success,  have  passed  away  since  that  memorable  sixth  of 
August,  1883.  Hon.  Joseph  H.  Kuhns,  who  seemed  to  re 
new  his  youth  in  his  efforts  to  promote  the  commemoration  ; 
General  Thomas  F.  Gallagher,  the  stalwart  hero  of  Games' 
Mills  and  South  Mountain ;  Dr.  Samuel  Wilson,  who  was 
stricken  down  with  fatal  disease  on  the  eve  of  the  celebra 
tion,  in  which  he  fondly  hoped  to  take  part ;  ex-Senator 
Cowan  and  others,  distinguished  in  forum  and  field,  have 
passed  across  the  river.  This  is  a  solemn  reminder  that  we, 
who  remain,  "should  be  up  and  doing,"  to  finish  the 
work  so  grandly  begun. 


MEMORIAL 


OF 


ENOCH  BEOWN 


AND 


ELEVEN  SCHOLARS. 

Who  "Were  Massacred  in  Antrim  Township,  Pranklin 

County,  Pa,,  by  the  Indians,  During  the 

Pontiac  War,  July  26,  1764, 

CONTAINING 

ADDRESSES  OF  GEOKGE  W.  ZIEGLER,  ESQ.,  REV.  CYRUS  CORT,  HON. 
PETER  A.  WITMER,  REV.  F.  A.  WOODS  AND  DR.  WM.  H.  EGLE, 
AND  POEM  OF  JOHN  M.  COOPER,  ESQ.,  AT  THE  DEDICA 
TION  OF  THE  ENOCH  BROWN  PARK  AND  MONU 
MENTS,  THREE  MILES  NORTH  OF  GREEN- 
CASTLE,  PA.,  AUGUST  4,  1885, 
WITH  CENTENNIAL  SERMONS,  APPENDIX,  &c. 


Edited  by  REV.  CYRUS  COR  T,  in  behalf  of  the 
Enoch  Brown  Monument  Committee . 


LANCASTER,  PA. 
STEINMAN  &  HENSEL,  PRINTERS, 

1886. 


Entered  According  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the 
Year  of  our  Lord  1886,  by 

CYRUS  CORT, 
In  the  Office  of  the   Librarian   of  Congress, 

at  Washington. 
All  Rights  Reserved. 


DEDICA  TION. 


the  Teachers  and  Scholars  of  all  the  Schools,  secular 
arid  religious,  in  Franklin  County,  Pa.,  who  aided  by 
their  contributions  and  their  labors  in  securing  the  Enoch 
Broivn  Park  and  Monuments;  also,  to  the  Christian  peo 
ple  and  public-spirited  citizens  of  the  county,  and  of  other 
counties,  who  helped  along  the  good  cause  with  their  gener 
ous  gifts,  this  volume  is  affectionately  dedicated.  "  The 
righteous  shall  be  in  everlasting  remembrance." 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTORY  SKETCH, . i 

THE  DEDICATION  CEREMONIES  : 

Unveiling  and  Dedication, 7 

Speech  of  George  W.  Ziegler,  Esq., 15 

Presentation  Speech  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort, 18 

Address  of  Peter  A.  Witmer,  Esq., 30 

Address  of  Rev.  F.   M.  Woods, 39 

Poem  of  John  M    Cooper, 46 

Address  of  Dr.  Wm.  H.  Egle, 49 

APPENDIX  : 

The  Christian  Name  of  Schoolmaster  Brown, 55 

Enoch  Brown  Poetry, 56 

The  Quaker  Poet, 57 

Hon.  Horatio  Seymour  on  the  Monument, 58 

Report  of  the  Treasurer  of  the  Enoch  Brown  Monument 

Fund,  January  4,  1886, 59 

Incorporation, 62 

The  Archie  McCullough  Spring, 64 

Mother  Terrapin, 65 

The  County  Superintendent's  Absence, 66 

A  Word  of  Explanation, 68 

Action  of  Enoch  Brown  Memorial  Committee, 70 

Providential  Escapes  from  the  Massacre, 71 

CENTENNIAL  MEMORIAL  SERMONS  : 

Sermon  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort, 74 

Centennial  Sermon  of  Rev.  J.  Hassler, 92 

Sermon  of  Rev.  J.  W.  Knappenberger,  A.  M., 103 


MONUMENT  ON  THE  SITE  OF  ENOCH  BROWN  SCHOOL  HOUSE. 


Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 


INTRODUCTORY  SKETCH. 


A  FEW  years  after  the  French  and  Indian  Wars  came  the 
Pontiac  War  of  1 763-4,  when  the  great  chieftain  of 
the  Ottawas  marshaled  the  tribes  between  the  great  lakes 
and  the  Alleghenies  into  hostile  camps  against  the  English 
and  their  colonial  subjects.  His  avowed  purpose  was  to 
drive  the  red  coats  and  pale  faces  into  the  sea.  No  less 
than  ten  forts  between  Detroit  and  Fort  Pitt  were  captured, 
and  most  of  their  garrisons  massacred.  Detroit,  Fort  Pitt 
and  Ligonier  were  closely  besieged  for  months  by  the  savages. 
Col.  Henry  Bouquet  with  a  force  of  about  five  hundred 
men,  mostly  Scotch  highlanders,  broke  the  eastern  wing  of 
Pontiac' s  conspiracy  by  defeating  his  confederates  under 
Guyasutha,  &c.,  after  a  desperate  two  days  battle  at  Edge 
Hill  or  Bushy  Run,  Aug.  5  and  6,  1763.  The  gallant  com 
mander  begged  for  a  few  hundred  more  troops  with  which 
to  penetrate  to  the  haunts  of  the  Indians  in  central  Ohio 
and  thus  bring  the  war  to  a  decisive  close.  But  the  Quaker 
provincial  authorities  disregarded  his  appeals  for  the  much 
needed  reinforcements.  As  a  consequence,  prowling  bands 
of  savages  made  frequent  raids  into  the  settlements,  killing 
and  scalping  the  pioneer  settlers  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland 
and  Virginia  regardless  of  age,  sex  or  condition.  In  one 
of  these  forays  into  the  Cumberland  Valley  on  the  twenty- 
sixth  day  of  July,  1764,  there  was  perpetrated,  what  Park- 
man,  the  historian  of  Colonial  times,  pronounces  "  an  out- 
A 


2  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

rage  unmatched  in  fiendish  atrocity  through  all  the  annals 
of  the  war." 

This  was  the  cold-blooded  massacre  of  Enoch  Brown,  a 
worthy  Christian  school-master,  and  eleven  scholars,  at  a 
little  log  school-house  in  Antrim  township,  three  miles  north 
of  where  Green  castle  now  stands. 

Eight  years  before  to  the  very  day  (July  26,  1756,)  John 
McCullough,  eight  years  old,  and  his  little  brother  had  been 
carried  away  captive  by  five  Delaware  Indians  and  a  French 
man,  from  their  home,  a  few  miles  southwest  of  the  school 
house,  and  at  this  time  John  was  living  as  an  adopted  son, 
among  the  Delaware  Indians  on  the  banks  of  the  Musk- 
ingum.  In  his  narrative,  as  published  in  Border  Life,  &c. , 
it  is  stated  that  the  massacre  of  the  school-master  and 
scholars  was  perpetrated  by  three  young  warriors  from  that 
locality,  who  brought  the  scalps  of  master  and  scholars  back 
as  bloody  trophies  of  their  trip  into  the  settlements.  Neep- 
paugh-weese,  Night  Walker,  an  old  chief  or  half  king,  and 
other  old  Indians  denounced  them  for  killing  so  many  chil 
dren  and  called  them  cowards,  the  greatest  affront  that 
could  be  offered  them. 

The  original  MSS.  of  the  McCullough  narrative,  now  in 
the  possession  of  John  McCullough,  a  grandson  of  the  cap 
tive  lad,  contains  no  reference  to  the  massacre,  but  the 
family  are  confident  that  their  ancestor  furnished  the  ac 
count  as  given  in  Border  Life,  &c. 

Others  have  claimed  that  the  massacre  was  perpetrated  by 
a  squad  of  Seneca  Indians  from  western  New  York.  Rich 
ard  Bard  in  his  narrative  states  that  his  father  was  at  work 
near  the  place  of  massacre  on  the  26th  of  July,  1764,  and 
owing  to  the  strange  movements  of  his  dog  he  concluded 
that  Indians  were  skulking  in  the  thicket  near  by.  He  re 
treated  to  the  house  and  in  about  an  hour  saw  a  party  com 
manded  by  Capt.  Potter  (afterwards  Gen.  Potter  of  the 
Revolution)  who  were  in  pursuit  of  a  party  of  Indians,  who 
had  on  that  morning  murdered  a  school-master  named 
Brown  with  ten  small  children,  and  had  scalped  and  left  for 
dead  one  by  the  name  of  Archibald  McCullough,  who  re 
covered.  *  *  According  to  the  story  of  the  boy,  two  old 
Indians  and  a  young  Indian  rushed  up  to  the  door  soon  after 


Introductory  Sketch.  3 

the  opening  of  the  morning  session.  The  master,  surmising 
their  object,  prayed  them  only  to  take  his  life  and  spare  the 
children,  but  all  were  brutally  knocked  in  the  head  with  an 
Indian  maul  and  scalped.  Some  of  the  traditions  repre 
sent  the  Indians  as  shooting  the  master  down  when  they 
approached  the  door,  and  that  on  his  knees  he  begged  them 
to  spare  the  lives  of  the  little  ones. 

Parkman,  in  his  "  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac,"  Vol.  2,  says: 
"  In  the  centre  lay  the  master,  scalped  and  lifeless,  with  a 
Bible  clasped  in  his  hand ;  while  around  the  room  were 
strewn  the  bodies  of  his  pupils,  miserably  mangled,  though 
one  of  them  still  retained  a  spark  of  life.  The  deed  was 
committed  by  three  or  four  warriors  from  an  Indian  village 
near  the  Ohio. ' ' 

The  savage  fiends  made  good  their  escape,  and  the  horror- 
stricken  settlers  buried  the  master  and  ten  scholars  in  a 
large  box,  placed  alternately  head  and  feet  in  opposite  direc 
tions  in  a  common  grave  a  few  rods  from  the  scene  of 
slaughter.  Seventy-nine  years  afterwards  (Aug.  4.  1843) 
the  traditional  account  of  the  burial  was  verified  by  excava 
tions  made  by  about  twenty  citizens  of  Antrim  township,  in 
cluding  Geo.  W.  Ziegler,  Esq.,  Dr.  Jas.  K.  Davison  and  Gen. 
David  Detrich  who  still  remain  with  us  in  a  hale  old  age. 
Christian  Koser,  the  owner  of  the  land,  planted  four  locust 
trees  at  the  corners  of  the  grave;  two  of  these  grew  for  thirty 
odd  years,  when,  strange  to  tell,  they  were  cut  down  for 
posts.  There  was  danger  that  the  sacred  spot  would  pass 
into  oblivion.  Col.  B.  F.  Winger,  Gen.  David  Detrich 
and  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort  visited  the  location  in  the  spring  of 
1883,  (April  n),  and  a  month  later,  May  14,  laid  the 
matter  before  a  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  Greencastle,  at 
which  Geo.  W.  Ziegler,  Esq.,  presided.  Steps  were  taken 
looking  to  the  purchase  of  the  land  and  the  erection  of  a 
monument,  but  nothing  definite  was  done  until  the  attention 
of  the  Franklin  County  Centennial  Convention  of  April 
22,  1884,  was  called  to  the  subject. 

This  convention,  composed  of  representative  men  from  all 
parts  of  the  county,  appointed  a  committee,  consisting  of 
Rev.  Cyrus  Cort,  Wm.  G.  Davison,  Col.  G.  B.  Wiestling, 


4  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

Dr.  A.  H.  Strickler  and  Benj.  Chambers,  to  devise  plans  for 
raising  funds  to  erect  a  monument,  &c. 

At  the  afternoon  session  of  the  Convention  the  committee 
reported  as  follows : 

Your  committee  appointed  to  prepare  a  proper  plan  for  securing  per 
manent  results  from  the  Centennial  Celebration  in  the  shape  of  a  Monu 
ment  to  the  memory  of  Schoolmaster  Enoch  Brown  and  the  ten  school 
children  massacred  by  merciless  savages,  July  26th  1764,  respectfully  re 
port  the  following  for  the  consideration  of  this  Convention  : 

Resolved,  That  the  sum  of  at  least  two  thousand  dollars  be  raised  for 
the  purpose  of  securing  a  suitable  amount  of  land  on  the  farm  of  Capt. 
Jacob  Diehl,  in  Antrim  township,  including  the  spot  where  Schoolmas 
ter  Brown  and  his  ten  children  were  massacred  by  the  Indians,  July 
26th,  1764,  and  where  they  are  now  buried;  and  of  enclosing  the  same 
with  a  suitable  fence  and  likewise  of  erecting  an  appropriate  monument 
to  their  memory  and  keeping  the  same  in  permanent  repair. 

Resolved,  That  the  aforesaid  fund  shall  be  raised  in  the  name  of  the 
teachers  and  scholars  of  all  the  schools  in  the  county,  including  com 
mon  schools,  select  schools  and  Sunday  schools. 

Resolved,  That  all  the  teachers  and  scholars  of  the  schools  aforesaid 
be  earnestly  requested  to  contribute  at  least  one  dime  each  toward  the 
fund  on  or  before  Sept.  9,  1884,  and  the  names  of  all  teachers  and 
scholars  so  contributing  or  collecting  at  least  one  dime  shall  be  record 
ed  in  a  suitable  book  to  be  preserved  in  the  archives  of  the  Historical 
Society  of  Franklin  County. 

Resolved,  That  the  committee  of  the  respective  townships  be  direct 
ed  to  take  immediate  steps  to  have  the  foregoing  school  collections 
taken  up,  either  by  the  teachers  at  present  or  lately  in  charge  of  the 
schools,  or  by  some  suitable  person  in  each  school  district. 

Resolved,  That  in  aid  of  this  fund  we  recommend  that  a  collection 
be  taken  at  all  the  memorial  religious  services  held  on  the  Sunday  pre 
ceding  the  Centennial  Anniversary,  viz  :  September  7th,  1884. 

Resolved,  That  in  further  aid  of  this  fund  we  recommend  that  the 
Executive  Centennial  Committee  be  directed  to  request  the  various  rail 
roads  in  the  county  to  contribute  a  generous  rebate  on  all  excursion 
tickets  issued  on  account  of  the  Centennial  Celebration. 

Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  five  be  appointed  to  receive  the  funds 
and  carry  into  effect  the  action  proposed  in  the  foregoing  resolution  in 
regard  to  the  purchase  of  land,  erection  of  monument,  &c. 

Resolved,  That  the  above  committee  be  directed  to  request  the  Court 
of  Franklin  County,  or  other  competent  authority,  to  appoint  three  trus 
tees  to  invest  not  less  than  five  hundred  dollars  of  the  funds  in  securi 
ties  approved  by  the  court,  the  annual  proceeds  to  be  devoted  to  keep 
ing  the  grounds,  monument  and  fences  in  good  condition  and  repair. 


Introductory  Sketch.  5 

Resolved,  That  the  newspapers  of  the  county  be  earnestly  requested 
to  urge  the  importance  of  this  memorial  feature  of  the  Centennial  upon 
the  attention  of  the  people  of  Franklin  county. 

The  report  was  unanimously  adopted  by  the  Convention, 
and  on  the  motion  of  Col.  Wiestling,  the  committee  called 
for  in  the  seventh  resolution  was  appointed  as  follows  :  Rev. 
Cyrus  Cort,  (chairman) ;  Dr.  A.  H.  Strickler  (treasurer) ; 
Hon.  D.  W.  Rowe,  Capt.  R.  J.  Boyd  and  Col.  W.  D. 
Dixon. 

On  the  following  day,  April  23d,  the  committee  contracted 
with  Capt.  Diehl,  through  Col.  B.  F.  Winger,  for  the  en 
closed  tract  or  field  which  contains  the  site  of  the  school 
house,  the  grave  of  Enoch  Brown,  and  scholars,  together 
with  the  spring  adjacent. 

April  29th,  the  land  was  surveyed  under  the  supervision 
of  Col.  Winger,  along  with  Rev.  Cort,  Dr.  Strickler  and 
Col.  Dixon  of  the  committee.  Capt.  Diehl  obligated  him 
self  in  writing  to  give  a  deed  for  the  land  as  soon  as  the 
surveyor  had  completed  his  plot  and  estimates.  The  com 
mittee  pay  at  the  rate  of  twenty-five  dollars  per  acre. 

The  committee  bought  more  land  than  was  at  first  con 
templated,  for  the  reason  that  it  was  cheaper  to  purchase 
the  entire  field  of  a  fraction  less  than  twenty  acres  at  $25 
per  acre,  than  to  buy  four  or  five  acres  in  the  heart  of  the 
field  for  $30  per  acre,  fence  it  in  with  a  strong  and  durable 
fence  and  give  bonds  to  keep  the  same  in  good  repair  for 
all  time  to  come,  which  was  the  alternative  presented  by 
the  owner  of  the  tract. 

The  surplus  land  can  be  sold  and  the  cost  of  outside 
fencing  saved,  together  with  the  expense  and  liability  of  a 
bond  binding  through  all  time  and  necessitating  an  invest 
ment  as  large  as  the  cost  of  the  entire  field.  A  public  road 
has  been  laid  out  along  the  north  side  of  the  Enoch  Brown 
Park  as  the  tract  is  now  called.  It  required  a  great  deal  of 
work  to  reclaim  the  historic  spring  and  clear  off  the  ground 
between  it  and  the  grave.  For  several  weeks  during  the 
hottest  weather  the  chairman  of  the  committee,  assisted  by 
other  public  spirited  citizens,  "worked  with  head,  heart, 
hand  and  horse ' '  to  accomplish  this  praiseworthy  undertak- 


6  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

ing,  as  the  poet  John  M.  Cooper,  Esq. ,  expressed  it  in  his 
report  of  the  dedication  services  in  the  Carlisle  Volunteer. 
The  contract  for  erecting  the  monuments  was  awarded  to 
Mr.  W.  N.  Meredith,  of  Mercersburg,  for  the  sum  of  $500, 
the  committee  furnishing  the  limestone  foundations.  Hun 
dreds  have  visited  the  Park  since  dedication  day,  and  have 
uniformly  expressed  their  gratification  with  the  monuments, 
iron  fences  and  improvements  made  by  the  committee  with 
the  funds  at  their  command.  Other  items  of  historic  inter 
est  are  omitted  here  because  they  appear  in  the  addresses. 


MONUMENT  OVER  THE  COMMON  GRAVE  OF  ENOCH  BROWN  AND  TEN  SCHOLARS, 


THE  DEDICATION  CEREMONIES. 


THE    following   account  of  the  dedication  ceremonies, 
organization,  speeches,  &c.,  we  cull  in  the  main  from 
the  Greencastle  Press  of  August  6,  1885  : 

UNVEILING  AND  DEDICATION. 

August  4,  1885,  was  indeed  the  red  letter  day  for  Mother 
Antrim.  Never  before  in  her  history  was  there  such  an 
outpouring  of  her  beauty  and  chivalry  to  honor  and  grace  a 
public  occasion  as  that  which  congregated  at  Enoch  Brown 
Park  on  Dedication  Day.  The  two  previous  days  had  been 
stormy  and  foreboding.  The  long  wished  for  rain  had 
deluged  the  earth  in  torrents  and  many  feared  that  the 
weather  would  be  unfavorable  for  the  ceremonies.  But  there 
never  dawned  a  lovelier  day  for  the  occasion  than  last  Tues 
day.  At  an  early  hour  a  stream  of  visitors  began  to  pour 
out  over  the  hills  to  the  Park  until  about  5,000  people  had 
assembled  on  the  historic  field.  The  large  monument  on 
the  site  of  the  school  house,  which  can  be  seen  from  afar, 
first  attracted  attention,  and  around  it  a  large  con 
course  of  people  were  soon  assembled.  Then  the  beati- 
ful  monument  of  smaller  proportions  over  the  common 
grave  of  Schoolmaster  Enoch  Brown  and  ten  scholars  was 
next  visited,  and  around  it  many  lingered  with  deep  and 
melancholy  interest.  Then  the  historic  spring  at  the  foot 
of  the  hill,  a  few  yards  off,  drew  the  multitude,  not  only 
to  gratify  curiosity,  but  to  slake  their  thirst,  and  thousands 
there  partook  of  nature's  cooling  beverage,  as  did  the 
scholars  of  Enoch  Brown  one  hundred  and  twenty-one  years 
ago.  It  was  equal  to  the  large  demands,  although  one 
hundred  and  fifty  gallons  had  been  dipped  out  the  previous 
evening  after  dusk. 


8  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

Shortly  after  n  o'clock  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort  arrived  with 
Poet  Cooper  and  Historian  Egle  and  daughter  in  his  car 
riage,  the  morning  train  on  which  they  came  from  Harris- 
burg  having  been  delayed  about  half  an  hour. 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  by  Col.  B.  F.  Winger, 
Chief  Marshal.  Mounting  the  base  of  the  monument  the 
Rev.  Cort  made  a  few  preliminary  remarks  and  then  four 
little  girls  and  nine  boys,  viz. ,  Rose  Winger,  Libbie  Sea- 
crest,  Sally  Whitmore  and  Carrie  Hawbecker,  Paul  Cort, 
Paul  Sunners,  Ambrose  Cort,  Ambrose  Walck,  Harry  Fuss, 
Elmer  Pentz,  George  Pentz,  George  Gorden  and  Willie 
Meredith,  pulled  the  cords,  the  mantle  of  red,  white  and 
blue  fell  and  the  monument  stood  forth  a  thing  of  beauty 
and  strength,  the  delight  of  all  beholders.  It  is  indeed  a 
massive  affair.  On  the  top  of  four  feet  of  solid  masonry 
underneath  the  ground  are  nearly  four  feet  of  dressed  lime 
stone  of  immense  proportions  from  Hawbecker's  Williamson 
quarry.  On  the  top  of  this  limestone  foundation,  which  is 
five  feet  square,  is  placed  the  granite  base  of  the  monument, 
four  feet  square  and  seventeen  inches  high,  and  weighing 
4,600  pounds.  Next  comes  the  polished  die  or  sub-base, 
three  feet  square  and  two  feet  high,  on  the  four  sides  of 
which  are  engraved  the  inscriptions.  On  the  top  of  this  stands 
the  shaft  of  the  monument,  two  feet  square  at  the  base,  ten 
feet  high  and  tapering  gracefully  to  a  pyramidal  apex.  The 
shaft  weighs  4,100  pounds.  Enclosing  the  monument  is  a 
very  substantial  iron  fence,  fifteen  feet  square.  The  follow 
ing  are  the  inscriptions : 

On  the  East  side  : 


SACRED  TO  THE  MEMORY  OF  SCHOOL- MASTER  ENOCH 
BROWN  AND  ELEVEN  SCHOLARS,  viz:  RUTH  HART, 
RUTH  HALE,  EBEN  TAYLOR,  GEORGE  DUNSTAN,  AR 
CHIE  McCULLOUGH,  AND  SlX  OTHERS,  (NAMES  UN 

KNOWN)  WHO  WERE  MASSACRED  AND  SCALPED  BY 
INDIANS  ON  THIS  SPOT,  JULY  26,  1764,  DURING  THE 
PONTIAC  WAR. 


The  Dedication  Ceremonies. 


On  the  North  side  : 


ERECTED  BY  DIRECTION  OF  THE  FRANKLIN  COUN 
TY  CENTENNIAL  CONVENTION  OF  APRIL  22,  1884,  IN 
THE  NAME  OF  THE  TEACHERS  AND  SCHOLARS  OF  ALL 
THE  SCHOOLS  IN  THE  COUNTY,  INCLUDING  COMMON 
SCHOOLS,  SELECT  SCHOOLS  AND  SUNDAY  SCHOOLS. 
FOR  A  FULL  LIST  OF  CONTRIBUTORS  SEE  ARCHIVES 
OF  FRANKLIN  COUNTY  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY  OR  RE 
CORDER'S  OFFICE. 


West  side  inscription,  next  to  grave : 


THE  REMAINS  OF  ENOCH  BROWN  AND  TEN  SCHOL 
ARS  (ARCHIE  McCuLLOUGH  SURVIVED  THE  SCALP 
ING)  LIE  BURIED  IN  A  COMMON  GRAVE,  SOUTH  62^ 
DEGREES,  WEST  14^  RODS  FROM  THIS  MONUMENT. 
THEY  FELL  AS  PIONEER  MARTYRS  IN  THE  CAUSE  OF 
:  EDUCATION  AND  CHRISTIAN  CIVILIZATION. 


On  the  South  side  : 


The  ground  is  holy  where  they  fell, 

And  where  their  mingled  ashes  lie, 
Ye  Christian  people  mark  it  well 

With  granite  column  strong  and  high 
And  cherish  well  forevermore 

The  storied  wealth  of  early  years, 
The  sacred  legacies  of  yore, 

The  toils  and  trials  of  pioneers. 


The  latter  are  the  concluding  stanzas  of  a  poem  published 
last  Spring  in  the  town  papers  and  in  the  Guardian,  a 
monthly  magazine  issued  in  Philadelphia. 

The  small  monument  was  unveiled  at  the  grave  by  Rev. 
Cort  after  a  few  preliminary  remarks.  It  is  a  very  chaste 
A* 


TO  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

and  pretty  structure,  composed,  like  the  larger  monument,  of 
Concord  granite.  It  is  about  seven  feet  high  and  two  feet 
square  at  the  base.  On  the  side  facing  the  grave  is  this 
inscription,  "  The  grave  of  Schoolmaster  Enoch  Brown  and 
Ten  Scholars,  massacred  by  the  Indians  July  26,  1764." 
Around  it  is  also  a  solid  iron  fence  ten  feet  square.  A 
heavy  stone  wall  has  been  erected  near  the  south  end  of  the 
grave  and  considerable  filling  has  been  done.  The  Mer- 
cersburg  band  played  a  dirge  at  the  large  monument  and 
the  Greencastle  and  Shady  Grove  bands  at  the  smaller 
when  the  unveiling  took  place.  The  assemblage  then  re 
paired  to  the  stand  erected  in  the  grove  belonging  to  the 
Park,  where  the  remaining  ceremonies  were  conducted  ac 
cording  to  the  published  programme. 

George  W.  Ziegler,  Esq.,  was  chosen  President  for  the 
day  and  made  a  short  address  heartily  approving  the 
cause  which  had  brought  the  people  together  and  com 
mending  the  Monument  Committee  for  its  faithful  and 
energetic  labors.  Rev.  J.  D.  Hunter  then  offered  a  very 
appropriate  prayer.  The  Reformed  church  choir,  under 
the  lead  of  Prof.  Collins  assisted  by  a  few  amateurs,  sang 
"America,"  "My  Country,  'tis  of  Thee,"  and  afterwards 
the  "The Infant  Martyrs,"  a  hymn  composed  by  Dr.  Henry 
Harbaugh  on  the  martyred  babes  of  Bethlehem  who  were 
slain  by  King  Herod.  The  organization  was  completed  by 
the  election  of  the  vice-presidents  and  secretaries,  viz. : 

Vice  Presidents,  Rev.  J.  Spangler  Kiefer,  Hagerstown. 
Md.;  General  David  Detrich,  Dr.  James  K.  Davidson,  Cap 
tain  Jacob  Deihl,  Antrim ;  Jacob  Hoke,  Judge  Kimmel,  Rev. 
Herbert,  Chambersburg ;  Jacob  B.  Brumbaugh,  Peters ; 
Simon  Lecron,  D.  C.  Shank,  George  J.  Balsley,  D.  .  O. 
Nicodemus,  Washington ;  Joseph  Winger,  Montgomery ; 
Dr.  Frick,  Quincy ;  Rev.  Kappenberger,  John  Hoch,  Mer- 
cersburg;  Rev.  Bahner,  Waynesboro;  Rev.  Riddle,  Fairfax, 
Va.;  Andrew  K.  Kissecker,  Tiffin,  Ohio.  Secretaries,  W. 
G.  Davison,  W.  C.  Kreps,  Greencastle;  Bruce  Laudebaugh, 
G.  W.  Atherton,  Mercersburg ;  William  A.  Ried,  Antrim ; 
A.  N.  Pomeroy,  Chambersburg. 

Rev.  Cyrus  Cort,  chairman  of  the  Monument  Committee, 
then  made  the  presentation  speech,  which  was  well  received 


The  Dedication  Ceremonies.  1 1 

and  warmly  applauded  by  the  audience.     The  speaker  was 
heartily  congratulated  from  all  sides  at  the  close. 

PIC-NIC   DINNER. 

At  this  point  a  recess  of  an  hour  was  taken  to  partake  of 
a  pic-nic  dinner  in  the  woods.  It  was  an  interesting  and 
picturesque  sight  to  see  families  and  groups  of  families 
enjoying  the  sumptuous  meals  which  they  spread  upon  the 
leaves  and  grass  or  upon  improvised  tables  throughout  the 
beautiful  grove.  The  speakers,  Witmer,  Woods  (and  lady), 
Egle  (and  daughter),  and  poet  Cooper,  together  with  some 
of  the  clergy,  were  entertained  at  one  table  near  the  stand 
by  President  Ziegler,  Marshal  Winger  and  Chairman  Cort 
and  their  families,  and  seemed  to  greatly  enjoy  their  dinner 
and  the  surroundings.  A  balmy  breeze  floated  among  the 
trees,  and  nature  and  Providence  combined  to  make  the 
scene  one  long  to  be  remembered,  adding  a  peculiar  zest  to 
the  spirit  of  hospitality  and  good  will  that  pervaded  the 
occasion. 

AFTERNOON  SESSION. 

After  dinner  the  exercises  at  the  stand  were  resumed. 
Rev.  J.  W.  Knappenberger,  of  Mercersburg,  made  a  short 
and  very  appropriate  prayer.  Peter  A.  Witmer,  Esq.,  of 
Hagerstown,  Superintendent  of  Public  Schools  of  Washing 
ton  county,  Md.,  made  an  eloquent  and  able  address,  con 
veying  the  cordial  greetings  of  a  sister  State  and  a  neigh 
boring  county,  endorsing  heartily  the  movement.  He 
said  :  "Enoch  Brown  was  a  nobler  hero  than  the  blood 
stained  warriors  or  thousands  of  others  who  were  so  often 
honored  in  this  way.  The  school  house  was  the  symbol  of 
our  civilization  and  that  brave  and  self-sacrificing  man,  who 
was  ready  to  yield  his  life  as  a  sacrifice  for  his  scholars,  was 
a  pioneer  and  a  martyr  in  a  blessed  cause.  He  was  worthy 
the  high  honors  shown  him  to-day. ' '  Rev.  F.  M.  Woods, 
of  Martinsburg,  W.  Va.,  then  delivered  an  excellent  speech 
in  fine  style.  He  paid  a  glowing  tribute  to  the  sterling 
Scotch-Irish  pioneer  settlers,  who  came  to  this  new  world 
that  they  might  have  freedom  to  worship  God.  They  were 
ready  to  leave  kindred  and  country  and  sunder  the  dearest 


1 2  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

earthly  ties  for  conscience  sake.  They  asked  not  "Will  it 
pay?"  "Will  it  be  popular?"  but  "Is  it  right?"  and,  fear 
ing  God,  they  had  no  fear  of  man.  What  added  peculiar 
interest  to  Rev.  Mr.  Wood's  remarks  is  the  fact  that  he  is 
married  to  a  daughter  of  Rev.  D.  X.  Junkin,  who  is  a  de 
scendant  of  Eleanor  Cochrane.  His  wife  sat  immediately 
behind  him  on  the  platform,  and  seemed  to  enjoy  the  occa 
sion  beyond  all  others  present,  which  is  saying  a  great  deal. 

Next  came  the  poem,  by  John  M.  Cooper,  Esq.,  the 
gifted  bard  of  Antrim.  Like  all  other  productions  from 
Mr.  Cooper's  pen,  it  was  beautiful  and  classic.  It  threw  a 
halo  of  poetic  fancy  around  the  memory  of  the  martyred 
schoolmaster  and  scholars. 

Finally  Dr.  Wm.  H.  Egle,  of  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  delivered 
in  an  effective  manner  the  historial  address  of  the  occasion 
on  "Pontiac  and  Bouquet,"  with  especial  reference  to  the 
part  taken  by  Provincial  troops  in  the  campaign  of  1763-4. 
He  contrasted  these  distinguished  leaders  of  the  red  and 
white  races  as  the  representatives  of  savagery  and  civiliza 
tion,  and  sketched  graphically  the  leading  events  in  the 
campaigns  of  1 763-4.  He  paid  a  glowing  tribute  to  the 
memory  of  Enoch  Brown  (he  called  him  Enoch  all  the 
time),  the  brave,  true-hearted  schoolmaster,  who  fell  with 
his  scholars  before  the  brutality  of  incarnate  fiends.  The 
Doctor  evidently  has  no  special  love  for  the  Indian  charac 
ter  and  believes  that  the  uncivilized  red  man  illustrates  fully 
the  doctrine  of  total  depravity.  He  paid  a  very  handsome 
compliment  to  Rev.  C.  Cort,  not  only  for  his  persevering 
and  successful  efforts  in  behalf  of  the  Enoch  Brown  Monu 
ment,  but  as  the  author  of  an  "elegant  work"  on  Bouquet 
and  his  campaign  of  1763-4. 

At  the  close  Col.  Winger  moved  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the 
speakers  and  poet,  and  that  they  be  requested  to  furnish 
copies  of  their  speeches  and  poem  to  the  Enoch  Brown 
Monument  Committee  for  publication.  A  vote  of  thanks 
was  also  returned  to  the  five  bands  present  for  their  gratuitous 
services,  viz  :  The  bands  of  Mercersburg,  Clay  Hill,  Shady 
Grove,  New  Franklin  and  Greencastle. 

The  benediction  was  finally  pronounced  by  Rev.  John  R. 
Agnew,  a  grandson  of  Mary  Ramsey,  one  of  the  scholars 


The  Dedication  Ceremonies.  13 

of  the  Enoch  Brown  school,   who  Providentially  escaped 
the  massacre. 

Col.  Wiestling  was  to  have  made  the  reception  speech, 
but  was  unable  to  be  present.  His  substitute  failing  to 
appear,  the  following  letter  was  read  : 

MONT  ALTO,  July  29,  1885. 
Rev.  Cyrus  Corty  Chairman  Enoch  Brown  Monument  Committee  : 

MY  DEAR  SIR  :  For  several  weeks  I  have  had  but  little  respite  from 
severe  suffering  from  acute  rheumatism  following  in  the  wake  of  a 
sprained  knee.  This  has  so  disabled  me  that  business  matters  have 
accumulated  on  my  hands  to  such  an  extent  as  to  render  it  exceedingly 
improbable  that  I  can  ever  attend  the  unveiling  ceremonies  on  August  4. 

Although  (as  I  advised  you)  I  feared  this  contingency,  yet  I  feel 
sadly  disappointed,  and  deeply  regret  my  inability  to  celebrate  with  you 
what  I  consider  an  important  event.  I  know  it  will  be  interesting ;  I 
know  you  will  be  happy,  because  the  consciousness  of  having  faithfully 
fulfilled  the  trust  committed  to  you  by  the  people  of  Franklin  County 
through  their  representatives  in  convention,  cannot  but  make  you  con 
gratulate  each  other  as  I  heartily  do  you  all.  Yes,  I  congratulate  the 
citizens  of  our  county  on  the  successful  consummation  of  the  crowning 
feature  in  the  programme  of  the  Centennial  celebration,  so  happily 
woven  into  history  by  the  untiring  and  effective  labors  of  your  com 
mittee.  The  convention  made  no  mistake  in  determining  upon  the 
crowning  memorial,  it  did  not  eir  in  providing  the  way  to  secure  means 
for  its  accomplishment,  and  it  was  equally  fortunate  in  selecting  a  com 
mittee  of  ability,  industry  and  unswerving  integrity  to  its  commission,  a 
committee,  the  chairmanship  of  which  you  have  a  right  to  be  proud. 
As  compensation  for  my  absence  I  enclose  my  check  for  twenty  dollars 
additional  contribution  to  the  Monument  fund;  but  how  I  am  to  be 
compensated  for  the  loss  of  my  anticipated  pleasure  in  being  with  you, 
I  know  not.  Very  truly  yours, 

GEO.  B.  WIESTLING. 

The  following  letter  was  also  read  from  Rev.  Prof.  Jos. 
H.  Dubbs,  D.  D.,  Professor  of  History,  &c.,  in  Franklin 
and  Marshall  College : 

Rev.  C.  Cort: 

MR  DEAR  SIR  :  I  regret  that  it  will  not  be  in  my  power  to  be  present 
at  the  dedication  of  the  Enoch  Brown  Monument.  It  is  in  my  opinion 
an  occasion  of  profound  interest,  and  I  hope  it  may  command  the  gen 
eral  respect  which  is  manifestly  deserves.  We  have  in  this  country  but 
imperfectly  learned  the  lesson  that  in  honoring  our  ancestors  we  honor 
ourselves ;  but  the  day  will  surely  come  when  your  disinterested  labors 
in  this  direction  will  be  fully  appreciated. 

I  remain  fraternally  yours, 

Jos.  HENRY  DUBBS. 


14  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

The  following  letter  from  Governor  Pattison  and  extracts 
from  letters  of  Horatio  Seymour  and  Thos.  G.  Apple  to 
Rev.  Cort  were  read  : 

FROM    THE    GOVERNOR. 

EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT,  COMMONWEALTH  OF  PENN'A,     "> 
OFFICE  OF  THE  GOVERNOR,  HARRISBURG,  July  28,  1885.  / 
B.  F.  Winger,  Esq.,  Greencastle,  Pa. 

SIR  :  I  am  directed  by  the  Governor  to  acknowledge  your  very  kind 
invitation  to  attend  the  ceremonies  of  the  unveiling  and  dedication  of 
the  monument  erected  to  the  memory  of  Enoch  Brown  and  his  ten 
scholars  who  were  massacred  by  Indians  one  hundred  and  twenty-one 
years  ago,  three  miles  north  of  Greencastle.  The  Governor  regrets 
that  his  official  engagements  which  cover  the  4th  day  of  August  will 
require  his  presence  at  Erie,  Pa.,  as  President  of  the  commission  to 
establish  and  maintain  a  Home  of  Pennsylvania  Soldiers  and  Sailors. 
For  this  reason  he  cannot  be  present.  But  he  directs  me  to  express  his 
sincere  gratification  that  the  memory  of  the  pioneer  school-master  is 
thus  to  be  perpetuated  and  that  the  children  who  with  him  were  stricken 
down  at  their  humble  shrine  of  learning  are  not  forgotten  by  those  who 
live  in  the  enjoyment  of  the  Christian  civilization  of  the  present  day. 
I  am  Very  truly  yours, 

THOS.  T.  EVERETT, 

Private  Secretary. 

The  people  then  returned  to  their  homes  highly  gratified 
with  what  they  had  seen  and  heard  at  the  Enoch  Brown 
Park.  All  were  pleased  with  the  monuments,  the  iron  fences 
and  other  improvements  made  by  the  committee.  All  were 
delighted  with  the  literary  exercises.  The  poet,  who  is  an 
excellent  judge  of  large  experience,  remarked  in  the  evening 
"  I  never  heard  four  better  speeches  on  any  public  occasion 
than  those  delivered  to-day."  He  repeatedly  announced 
his  intention  to  bring  his  entire  family  to  Antrim  township 
at  an  early  day  to  show  them  the  beautiful  and  lasting  monu 
ments  and  all  the  historic  scenes  belonging  to  the  Enoch 
Brown  Park.  He  considered  it  by  far  the  grandest  day  ever 
seen  in  Mother  Antrim,  and  said  that  the  crowd  around  the 
speaker's  stand  was  larger  than  "  he  had  ever  seen  listening 
to  a  speech  of  any  kind  in  Franklin  County. ' ' 

Many  and  hearty  were  the  congratulations  showered  upon 
the  chairman  of  the  monument  committee  at  the  close  of 
the  meeting.  He  felt  amply  rewarded  for  all  the  toil  and 


Speech  of  George  W.  Ziegler,  Esq.  15 

trouble  which  the  monument  project  has  given  him  by  the 
outcome  of  this  red  letter  day. 

Chief  Marshal  Col.  B.  F.  Winger  performed  his  duties 
with  great  tact  and  efficiency.  The  following  is  the  list  of 
aids  as  appointed  and  revised  by  himself,  viz  :  Wm.  Snyder, 
Charles  B.  Cayl,  Edward  S.  Snively,  John  W.  Kuhn,  D.  I. 
Binkley,  John  H.  Baumbaugh,  John  McCulloch,  Upton  G. 
Hawbaker,  Dr.  Leslie  Lecron,  C.  'C.  Pentz,  Henry  Lenherr, 
W.  L.  G.  linger,  Seth  Dickey,  Dr.  H.  G.  Critzman,  Jere 
miah  Ashway,  Claggett  Seacrest,  Wm.  J.  Zacharias,  Max 
Ways,  J.  W.  Wister,  Capt.  L.  Henkell,  Paul  L.  Cort,  Geo. 
W.  Frye  and  George  Crunkleton. 


SPEECH  OF  GEORGE   W.  ZIEGLER,  ESQ., 

OF   GREENCASTLE,    PENN'A. 

George  W.  Ziegler,  on  being  chosen  president  of  the 
meeting,  spoke  as  follows  : 

LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN: — I  thank  you  for  the  honor  of 
the  position  assigned  me  as  presiding  officer  of  this  large 
and  respectable  meeting  on  this  very  interesting  and  im 
portant  occasion ;  and  permit  me  to  congratulate  you  on 
the  bright  and  glorious  sun  that  greets  us  from  a  cloudless 
sky,  to  cheer  and  gladden  our  hearts  in  the  enjoyment  of 
the  ceremonies  and  intellectual  feast  that  awaits  us. 

The  wooded  hillside  upon  which  we  are  now  assembled 
is  sacred  and  historic  ground,  consecrated  and  hallowed  by 
the  wanton  and  brutal  destruction  of  human  life  and  spill 
ing  of  innocent  blood  more  than  a  century  ago. 

On  the  26th  day  of  July,  A.  D.  1764,  a  small  squad  of 
hostile  and  treacherous  Indians  made  their  appearance  upon 
these  grounds,  and  with  revenge  and  murder  in  their  hearts 
they  stealthily  stole  their  way  to  the  southeastern  declivity 
of  this  hill,  where  then  stood  an  humble  pioneer  school 
house,  occupied  by  teacher  Enoch  Brown  and  eleven  of  his 
scholars  (thank  God  the  number  present  on  that  eventful 
day  was  not  greater),  and  as  soon  as  it  was  reached  they 
suddenly  and  fiercely  rushed  in,  and  with  glaring  eyes  and 


1 6  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

upraised  bludgeons  in  their  hands  confronted  them,  and, 
deaf  to  the  noble  appeal  of  humanity  on  the  part  of  Brown 
to  spare  the  lives  of  his  scholars,  at  the  sacrifice  of  his  own, 
and  their  piteous  shrieks  and  cries  for  mercy,  they  at  once 
commenced  the  slaughter  of  master  and  children,  and  in 
cold  blood  massacred  the  whole  school,  save  little  Archie 
McCullough,  whom  they  supposed  dead,  but  who  afterward 
revived ;  and  while  teacher  and  scholars  were  still  agonizing 
in  the  throes  and  convulsions  of  death  they  proceeded  in 
the  awful  and  horrible  work  of  securing  their  scalps,  that 
they  might  bear  them  back,  in  their  blood-stained  hands, 
as  trophies  of  their  victory  to  the  bloodthirsty  chieftain, 
who  had  no  doubt  detailed  them  on  their  revengeful  mission 
of  destruction  and  death. 

This  act  on  the  part  of  the  Indians  is  unquestionably  the 
most  cowardly,  bloody  and  atrocious  tragedy  that  stains 
the  annals  of  our  border  warfare  in  the  Cumberland  valley, 
during  the  dark  and  bloody  days  of  its  Colonial  history ; 
and,  although  more  than  a  hundred  years  have  come  and 
gone  since  its  enactment,  yet  we  cannot  listen  to  its  recital 
without  a  sigh  and  shudder  of  sorrow  and  regret  for  the  sad 
and  lamentable  fate  of  its  innocent  victims. 

But  enough  of  this  awful  and  horrible  story,  and  let  us 
now  joyfully  turn  to  its  interesting  and  fitting  sequel,  which 
is  about  to  reach  its  culmination  in  the  ceremonies  of  this 
day. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Franklin  County  Centennial  Con 
vention,  held  in  Chambersburg,  on  the  22d  day  of  April, 
1884,  the  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort  and  Col.  George  B.  Wiestling, 
and  other  public  spirited  gentlemen  of  the  convention,  in 
duced  that  body  to  take  action  for  the  adoption  of  certain 
necessary  measures  for  the  promotion  and  consummation  of 
the  laudable  and  commendable  movement  inaugurated  at  a 
meeting  held  by  a  number  of  the  liberal  minded  citizens  of 
the  borough  of  Greencastle,  on  the  i4th  of  May,  1883, 
looking  to  the  erection  of  a  monument,  &c.,  to  the  memory 
of  Enoch  Brown  and  his  scholars,  massacred  on  this  hill  on 
the  26th  of  July,  1764. 

And  to  these  preliminary  movements  and  the  untiring 
labors  of  the  Centennial,  County  and  Monument  Commit- 


Speech  of  George  W.  Ziegler,  Esq.  1 7 

tees,  and  for  the  faithful,  proper  and  speedy  manner  in 
which  they  prosecuted  the  work  assigned  them  by  the 
Franklin  County  Centennial  Convention,  we  stand  greatly 
indebted  this  day  for  the  two  beautiful  and  appropriate 
monuments  which  now  grace  and  adorn  this  hill. 

The  larger  of  these  monuments  stands  on  the  site  occu 
pied  by  the  rustic  school  house  at  the  time  of  the  massacre 
of  Schoolmaster  Brown  and  his  scholars ;  and  the  other,  on 
the  small  mound,  beneath  which  their  sacred  dust  has  long 
since  mingled  and  now  peacefully  slumbers  in  the  common 
grave  in  which  they  were  buried. 

And  what  could  have  been  more  fitting  than  the  manner 
and  place  of  their  burial?  all  deposited  in  the  same  grave, 
and  near  beside  the  little  spring,  still  issuing  from  the  foot 
of  this  hill,  and  where  master  and  scholars  together  were 
wont  to  slake  their  thirst  during  the  interim  of  weary  school 
hours. 

These  monuments  were  fashioned  by  skilful,  artistic  hands, 
and  wrought  out  of  the  most  enduring  materials  (Eastern 
granite  and  Pennsylvania  limestone),  and  rest  on  deep  and 
solid  foundations,  and  will  for  many  long  centuries  to  come 
rescue  from  oblivion  the  sacred  and  hallowed  spots  they  are 
intended  to  perpetuate.  And  I  feel  warranted  in  the 
prophecy,  that  should  some  distant  antiquary,  more  than  a 
thousand  years  hence,  make  a  pilgrimage  to  this  historic 
hill,  that  he  will  find  them  still  intact  and  standing  as  erect 
as  we  behold  them  this  day. 

Enoch  Brown  needed  no  monument  to  perpetuate  his 
name,  it  is -indelibly  engraven  in  the  history  of  the  State, 
and  there  it  will  remain  forever.  "His  is  one  of  the  few 
immortal  names  that  were  not  born  to  die." 

Yet,  as  a  proper  and  fitting  mark  of  love  and  honor  to 
this  faithful  teacher  and  his  lamented  scholars,  and  in  ful 
fillment  of  a  sacred  and  long  neglected  duty,  these  monu 
ments  have  been  erected  and  we  have  met  here  to-day  to 
dedicate  them  to  their  memory. 

NOTE. — I  was  present  at  the  exhumation  of  the  remains  of  Teacher 
Enoch  Brown  and  his  scholars,  and  according  to  the  most  authentic 
evidence  on  the  subject  it  took  place  on  the  4th  of  August,  1843.  Ifc 


1 8  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

was  my  mournful  privilege  to  gaze  upon  their  still  remaining  moulder 
ing  bones  and  other  relics  connected  with  their  burial,  and  these  not  only 
established  beyond  all  doubt  the  identity  of  the  place  of  their  burial, 
but  also  the  truth  of  the  traditional  story  that  they  were  all  buried  in 
one  common  grave.  GEORGE  W.  ZIEGLER. 


PRESENTATION  SPEECH  OF  REV.  CYRUS  CORT. 

MY  CHRISTIAN  FRIENDS: — We  are  glad  to  meet  you  here 
to-day.  We  have  had  a  plentiful  rain.  He  giveth  grass  for 
the  cattle  and  herb  for  the  service  of  man.  And  now  the 
skies  are  bright  and  the  heavens  smile  upon  us.  That  gracious 
Providence  which  has  enabled  us  to  bring  all  the  difficult 
and  dangerous  labors  of  this  monumental  project  to  a  safe 
and  successful  conclusion,  without  harm  or  accident,  still 
continues  to  favor  us.  To  the  Lord  be  all  the  praise,  the 
honor  and  the  glory  of  the  achievement. 

The  greatest  leader  and  lawgiver  of  the  human  race  tells 
us  to  "remember  the  days  of  old  and  consider  the  years 
of  many  generations."  This  is  the  parting  counsel  of  Moses. 
It  is  the  swan  song,  yea,  the  key-note  of  the  swan  song  of 
that  man  of  God  at  the  close  of  his  earthly  pilgrimage. 
The  trials,  the  sufferings  and  heroic  deeds  of  their  ancestors, 
the  gracious  dealings  of  the  great  Jehovah  in  former  years, 
were  to  be  kept  in  everlasting  remembrance.  A  reverential 
historic  spirit  is  one  of  the  noblest  attributes  of  true  man 
hood.  It  is  also  one  of  the  safeguards  of  society.  It  pro 
motes  the  best  interests  of  religion  and  patriotism.  Such  a 
spirit  makes  great  account  of  memorial  occasions.  It 
brings  us  into  living  communion  with  the  heroic  past.  Under 
the  guide  and  inspiration  of  a  reverential  historic  spirit  the 
Hebrews  and  Greeks  marched  in  the  vanguard  of  human 
history  in  developing  the  ideas  of  religion  and  classic  culture. 
In  the  interest  of  that  spirit  we  are  assembled  to-day.  To 
day  we  rescue  from  oblivion  hallowed  scenes  consecrated  by 
the  martyr  blood  of  innocent  childhood  and  the  self-sacri 
ficing  privations  of  pioneers.  To-day  we  commemorate  a 
typical  event,  full  of  pathetic  interest  and  engrave  it  as  a 
memorial  in  the  rock  forever.  The  massacre  of  School- 


Presentation  Speech  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort.  19 

master  Enoch  Brown  and  ten  scholars  and  the  horrid  mang 
ling  of  the  eleventh  on  this  spot  by  the  Indian  savages, 
July  26,  1764,  was  an  "  outrage,"  says  Parkman,  "  un 
matched  in  its  fiendlike  atrocity  through  all  the  annals  of 
the  war,"  that  terrible  Pontiac  war,  so  full  of  bloodshed 
and  horror.  It  was  an  event  indeed  almost  unique  in  human 
history.  Hundreds  of  years  before  the  dawn  of  the  Chris 
tian  era  a  band  of  bloodthirsty  Thracian  soldiers  wantonly 
butchered  the  teacher  and  all  the  scholars  belonging  to  a 
boys'  school  at  Megalissus  in  Greece.  For  thousands  of 
years  that  event  stood  alone  as  an  example  of  human  bar 
barity,  as  a  contrast  between  civilization  and  barbarism, 
until  it  was  outdone  by  the  massacre  of  Enoch  Brown  and 
his  scholars  on  this  very  spot  121  years  ago.  Here  Ruth 
Hart  and  Ruth  Hale,  George  Dunstan,  Eben  Taylor,  Archie 
McCullough  and  six  other  innocent  children  were  knocked 
on  the  head  like  so  many  beeves  and  the  bleeding  scalps 
torn  from  their  mangled  heads  and  that  of  Master  Enoch 
Brown.  O  !  bloodiest  chapter  in  the  book  of  time  !  Here 
a  holocaust  was  offered  to  the  red  Demon  of  war  by  the  red 
demons  of  the  savage  wilderness. 

My  Christian  friends,  it  is  a  sacred  duty  that  we  discharge 
to-day  in  this  tribute  of  the  living  to  the  martyred  dead. 
Long,  too  long  have  the  martyrs  waited  for  this  memorial. 
No  class  of  men  or  women  deserve  more  to  be  held  in 
grateful  and  everlasting  remembrance  than  the  hardy  pio 
neers  who  rescued  the  wilderness  of  this  new  world  from 
savage  beasts  and  savage  men  and  changed  it  into  a  fruitful 
field.  As  citizens  of  this  magnificent  valley  we  enjoy  the 
fruits  of  their  toils,  their  sacrifices  and  privations,  and  let  us 
never  forget  the  memory  of  their  deeds  and  sufferings.  Be 
cause  Enoch  Brown  was  an  honored,  useful  and  trusted 
instrument  in  the  higher  phases  of  that  work  of  pioneer 
civilization  and  progress ;  because  he  fell  as  a  self-sacrificing 
martyr  in  that  cause  at  the  post  of  duty  and  of  danger ; 
because  his  eleven  scholars  fell  as  innocent  victims  and  true 
martyrs  in  that  cause  of  education  and  Christian  civilization 
we  set  apart  these  monuments  and  these  grounds  as  sacred 
to  their  memory  forevermore. 

We  believe  that  Enoch  Brown  was  a  good  and  true  man. 


2o  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

Had  we  not  thought  so  we  would  never  have  toiled  as  we 
have  done  to  bring  this  movement  to  a  successful  close.  He 
was  a  genuine  Christian  schoolmaster  of  the  olden  time,  one 
who  taught  his  scholars  not  only  how  to  read,  write  and 
cypher,  but  who  taught  them  also  the  first  principles  of  our 
holy  religion  as  recorded  in  the  oracles  of  the  living 
God.  Amid  perils  he  taught  such  principles  as  make 
good  citizens  and  faithful  Christians.  Indeed,  one  of 
the  cherished  traditions  of  the  terrible  tragedy  is  that 
Schoolmaster  Brown  was  shot  down  with  the  Bible  in  his 
hand  before  he  could  make  any  resistance  and  on  his  knees 
begged  only  that  the  innocent  children  might  be  spared. 
Parkman,  in  describing  the  ghastly  sight  that  met  those  who 
first  entered  the  school  house  after  the  massacre  says  :  "In 
the  centre  lay  the  master,  scalped  and  lifeless,  with  a  Bible 
clasped  in  his  hands;  while  around  the  room  were  strewn 
the  bodies  of  his  mangled  pupils."  Another  tradition  says 
that  Mr.  Linn,  while  working  in  a  meadow  in  the  vicinity, 
heard  the  shot  that  killed  Schoolmaster  Brown,  and  when 
he  and  others  came  to  see  what  was  the  matter  they  found 
little  Archie  McCullough,  who  survived  the  scalping,  sitting 
by  the  spring  near  by  washing  the  blood  from  his  face  and 
mangled  head.  He  told  them  that  when  the  four  Indians 
opened  the  door  Master  Brown,  knowing  well  their  object, 
begged  them  to  take  him  as  their  victim  and  let  the  innocent 
children  return  to  their  homes.  The  same  instant  he  was 
shot  down,  and  then  he  and  the  children  were  quickly  toma 
hawked  and  scalped  by  two  of  the  savages  while  the  other 
two  stood  with  murderous  weapons  in  the  doorway.  Other 
traditions,  handed  down  directly  by  Betty  Hopkins  to  Gen. 
Detrich  and  others,  go  to  show  that  Enoch  Brown  did  his 
duty  as  a  true-hearted  man,  who  felt  the  awful  responsibility 
of  the  sacred  trust  committed  to  him.  Betty  Hopkins  was 
a  worthy  Christian  woman,  forty  years  old  at  the  time  of  the 
massacre,  living  within  a  mile  of  this  very  spot.  She  saw 
the  mangled  bodies  of  master  and  ten  scholars  committed  to 
a  common  grave  by  the  grief-stricken  and  horror-stricken 
community  121  years  ago,  and  her  story  of  the  burial  was 
corroborated  by  the  exhumation  79  years  after  the  burial. 
No  word  derogatory  to  the  courage  or  character  of  Enoch 


Presentation  Speech  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Corf.  2 1 

Brown  ever  came  from  her  lips  in  the  sixty  odd  years  that 
she  lived  in  this  locality  after  the  tragedy,  which  was  the 
one  great  absorbing  theme  of  her  conversation.  Often  did 
the  General,  when  a  boy,  and  other  young  friends  read  at 
her  request  her  favorite  chapter  in  the  Bible  (the  iyth  of 
the  Gospel  according  to  St.  John),  and  then  listen  in  return 
to  the  story  of  the  massacre  of  Enoch  Brown  and  his  ten 
scholars.  At  length  this  remarkable  woman,  this  traditional 
and  Providential  bond  between  the  living  and  the  dead, 
passed  away  at  the  good  old  age  of  104  years,  when  she  was 
consigned  to  her  last  resting  place  by  the  General  himself. 
Apart  from  all  traditionary  accounts,  one  way  and  another, 
there  is  enough  in  the  very  nature  of  things  to  vindicate  the 
memory  of  Enoch  Brown  from  all  aspersions  of  cowardice 
or  incompetency.  Cowards  are  not  apt  to  teach  school  on 
exposed  frontiers  in  perilous  times.  The  Scotch-Irish  pio 
neer  settlers  were  heroic,  God-fearing  people.  No  matter 
what  some  of  their  descendants  may  do  they  would  have 
died  in  their  tracks  rather  than  disappoint  a  trust,  and  they 
would  never  have  entrusted  the  lives  and  education  of  their 
precious  children  to  an  incompetent  poltroon.  They  were 
brave  and  true  themselves  and  expected  courage,  honor  and 
fidelity  from  all  in  official  position.  And  when  the  savages 
came  in  all  their  fiendish  fury  and  desolated  ten  Christian 
homes  at  one  fell  swoop,  by  butchering  those  innocent  chil 
dren  on  this  very  spot,  when  there  was  bitter  lamentation 
and  weeping  throughout  the  Conococheague  settlement  and 
Antrim's  hills  resounded  with  the  wails  of  mothers  refusing 
to  be  comforted  over  the  destruction  of  their  darling  house 
hold  treasures,  think  you  that  those  true-hearted,  high-souled 
men  and  women  would  have  buried  their  precious  children 
in  a  common  grave  with  Enoch  Brown  had  they  not  es 
teemed  the  schoolmaster  as  a  good,  true  man,  who  did  all 
he  could  to  protect  and  save  the  little  ones  entrusted  to  his 
care?  Never,  never,  would  they  have  given  him  such  an 
honorable  sepulture  along  with  their  slaughtered  innocents 
had  he  not  been  a  worthy  and  deserving  man.  We  know 
little  of  the  particular  families  represented  in  this  massacre. 
The  McCulloughs  still  remain  among  our  most  worthy  citi 
zens.  The  Harts  and  Hales,  the  Dunstans  and  Taylors, 


22  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

who  patronized  this  school  and  who  furnished  a  victim  each, 
have  removed  or  become  extinct  so  far  as  we  know.  We 
know  of  others,  however,  who  attended  this  pioneer  school, 
who  were  Providentially  absent  on  that  fatal  day,  and  by 
their  high  character  we  may  judge  in  a  measure  the  teacher 
and  scholars  in  general.  Here  came  Eleanor  Cochrane, 
who  became  the  wife  of  Captain  Joseph  Junkin,  a  hero  of 
the  Revolutionary  War,  whose  right  arm  was  shattered  by 
a  musket  ball  at  the  battle  of  Brandywine.  She  bore  him 
14  children,  10  sons  and  4  daughters.  Two  of  the  sons, 
George  and  D.  X.  Junkin,  became  ministers  of  the  Gospel, 
and  two  of  the  daughters  married  ministers.  In  all  about 
thirty  of  the  sons,  sons-in-law  and  grandchildren  are  in 
the  ministry,  and  a  still  larger  number  are  ruling  elders. 
Three  of  the  sons  were  officers  in  the  war  of  1812-14.  One 
of  the  granddaughters  is  the  wife  of  Col.  Preston,  at  Lex 
ington,  Va.,  and  a  gifted  poetess.  Another  granddaughter 
was  the  wife  of  the  renowned  chieftain  of  the  Southern 
Confederacy,  Stonewall  Jackson.  A  granddaughter  is  the 
wife  of  the  reverend  gentleman  (Rev.  Woods,)  who  will 
speak  to  you  from  this  stand  to-day  and  we  are  glad  to  have 
her  with  us  on  the  platform  enjoying  these  memorial  services 
in  honor  of  the  martyred  companions  of  her  ancestors. 
What  possibilities  are  enshrined  in  the  life  of  one  little  girl ! 
Here  also  came  Mary  Ramsey,  the  grandmother  of  our  ven 
erable  and  beloved  friend,  Rev.  John  R.  Agnew,  also  present 
with  us,  and  the  grandmother  also  of  his  excellent  wife  and 
other  notable  members  of  the  Agnew  family  and  its  kindred 
branches.  Two  of  Mary  Ramsey's  nieces,  the  Misses  Irwin, 
married  sons  of  President  Wm.  H.  Harrison.  Here  also 
came  the  Poes,  renowned  in  civil  as  well  as  military  affairs. 
You  have  all  heard  of  the  Poe  boy  who  played  truant  on  that 
particular  day  and  watched  mowers  in  a  meadow  and  caught  a 
thrashing  from  his  strict  old  father  for  telling  a  lie  in  the 
evening,  claiming  that  he  was  at  school  not  having  heard  of 
the  massacre.  Bad  boys  no  doubt  have  often  thought  of 
this  as  a  justification  for  playing  truant.  The  moral  of  the 
fable  being  that  the  boy  who  plays  truant  saves  his  scalp.  It 
reminds  one  of  the  dialogue  between  a  father  and  a  son  who 
was  hard  to  get  out  ot  bed  in  the  morning :  "  Tom,  get  up  ; 


Presentation  Speech  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort.        •      23 

the  early  bird  gets  the  worm."  "  Served  him  right.  If  he 
had  not  been  up  so  early  he  would  not  have  been  caught. ' ' 
Now,  my  friends,  I  have  a  new  revelation  to  make,  which 
mars  the  proportions  of  the  old  story  somewhat.  Last 
Saturday  I  received  a  letter  from  Mrs.  Fannie  B.  Campbell, 
well-known  to  many  present,  under  date  of  July  29,  at 
Clifton  Springs,  N.  Y.  Mrs.  Campbell  writes  :  '"  Dear  Mr. 
Cort :  Yours  received  to-day.  The  only  tradition  I  have 
from  the  Poe  family  of  the  massacre  of  Enoch  Brown  and 
children,  is  that  grandfather  James  Poe  was  a  scholar  attend 
ing  the  school  at  the  time,  but  was  detained  that  day  by 
his  mother  objecting  to  his  going  on  account  of  the  cold. 
He  was  a  very  small  boy,  and  had  to  be  sent  on  horseback  in 
charge  of  a  servant.  On  that  day  the  horse  was  at  the  door 
waiting  for  him  when  his  mother  interfered.  So  his  life  was 
spared  and  like  the  small  boy  in  the  Sunday  school  book,  he 
lived  to  grow  up  and  go  to  the  Legislature  twenty  years." 
That  is  the  latest  tradition  of  the  Poe  story,  and  it  would 
be  a  very  acceptable  substitute  for  the  truant  story  if  they 
had  only  left  out  that  cold  wave  right  on  the  26th  day  of 
July,  1764.  Benj.  M.  Nead,  Esq.,  tells  us  in  Dr.  Egle's 
"  Historical  Notes,"  that  at  the  time  James  Poe  was  a  lad 
1 6  years  old,  and  went  with  the  party  of  settlers  under 
Lieut.  Potter  in  pursuit  of  the  Indians  who  had  massacred 
the  schoolmaster  and  scholars  at  Guitner's  school  house. 
This  spoils  the  truant  boy  story  again.  These  conflicting 
traditions  show  how  even  good,  reliable  people  get  things 
mixed.  They  remind  us  of  the  man  who  said  he  once  saw 
wheat  standing  so  thick  that  wild  turkeys  could  run  over  the 
tops  of  the  heads  without  sinking  to  the  ground.  When 
asked  about  the  size  of  the  turkeys  he  said  they  were  whop 
pers.  One  day  he  shot  one  and  it  was  so  heavy  that  he 
threw  it  over  his  shoulder  and  it  was  so  large  that  the  head 
dragged  in  the  snow  behind  him.  When  some  one  remarked 
that  that  must  have  been  a  queer  country  where  they  had 
snow  in  harvest  time,  he  replied,  "  I  believe  I  did  get  my 
story  a  little  mixed."  So  is  it  with  many  of  these  floating 
traditions.  They  are  a  good  deal  mixed.  But  be  that  as 
it  may,  the  Poes  and  Potters  did  really  stand  in  close  rela 
tionship  to  this  school.  The  Lieut.  Potter  who  led  in  pur- 


2  4  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

suit  of  the  bloodthirsty  Indians  afterwards  became  a  Gen 
eral  in  the  Revolutionary  army  and  James  Poe  was  Captain 
under  him  and  was  married  to  his  daughter.     *  James  Poe 
was  for  many  years  an  honored  Representative  and  Senator 
in  the  State  Legislature.     His  son  Thomas  was  Adjutant  and 
a  very  gallant  soldier  in  the  war  of  1812-14,  and  fell  mor 
tally  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Chippewa.     This  gives  us  an 
idea  of  the  class  of  people  who  patronized  the  school  of 
Enoch  Brown  on  these  grounds  121  years  ago.     They  be 
longed  to  the  best  class  of  pioneer  settlers,  people  who  came 
to  America  for  conscience  sake,  that  they  and  their  children 
might  have  freedom  to  worship  God.     An  eminent  historian 
(Dr.  Wm.  H.  Egle)  from  the  capital  of  our  own  Keystone 
State  is  here  to-day  to  tell  us  about  Pontiac  "the  lord  of 
the  savage  wilderness,"  who  marshalled  the  savage  hordes 
as  no  Indian  chief  ever  marshalled  them  before  or  since,  in 
that  great  war  of  which  this  massacre  of  the -master  and 
scholars  was  one  of  the  characteristic  incidents.     He  will 
tell  us  also  about  the  superb  man  who  hailed  from  the  Alpine 
mountains  of  Republican  Switzerland,  the  heroic  Bouquet, 
who  with  his  Scotch  Highlanders,  his  German-Swiss  Royal 
Americans  and  Provincial  Rangers,  signally  defeated  the 
confederates  of  Pontiac  at  Bushy  Run  the  year  before  this 
massacre  occurred,  and  vainly  begged  the  Quaker  provincial' 
authorities  to  furnish  needed  reinforements  of  a  few  hun 
dred  men,  that  he  might  penetrate  the  forest  fastness  and 
conquer  peace  on  the  banks  of  the  Muskingum ;  how  after 
a  year  of  cruel  delay  and  fourteen  days  after  this  massacre 
he  at  length  was  able  to  set  out  from  Carlisle  on  that  memor 
able  campaign  of  1764,  which  brought  peace,  and  tranquility 
to  the  borders  and  restored  several  hundred  white  captives 
to    the    blessings    of   Christian    homes    and    civilization. 
Strange,  passing  strange  it  is,  that  the  plowshare  should  so 
long  have  been  allowed  to  pass  over  the  site  of  the  school 
house  and  the  harvests  fertilized  by  the  blood  of  master  and 
scholars  should  so  long  have  been  reaped  on  this  sacred  spot. 
Strange  that  the  common  grave  of  master  and  ten  scholars 


*Both  of  these  officers  lie  buried  at  the  Brown's  Mill  graveyard,  a  few 
miles  east  of  the  Enoch  Brown  Park. 


Presentation  Speech  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort.  25 

that  this  the  most  sacred  historic  spot  of  our  noble  old  county, 
should  remain  so  long  without  monumental  column  or  memo 
rial  tablet,  to  be  profanely  trodden  under  foot  of  man  and 
beast.  Thank  God  that  reproach  no  longer  rests  upon  the 
people  of  Franklin  county  and  Antrim  township.  In  this 
hour  of  rejoicing,  when  the  capstone  is  to  be  brought  forth, 
as  it  were,  with  shoutings,  let  us  not  forget  the  veterans  who 
forty-two  years  ago  exhumed  the  remains  of  Enoch  Brown 
and  scholars,  who  identified  the  grave  and  verified  the  tradi 
tion  of  their  common  sepulture.  Without  their  pioneer 
work  the  waves  of  oblivion  would  doubtless  long  since  have 
obliterated  all  traces  of  that  hallowed  spot,  fuller  of  pathetic 
interest  than  any  other  in  all  the  broad  domain  of  the  Cum 
berland  Valley.  We  are  glad  to  welcome  these  veterans 
to-day.  They  bind  us  with  golden  chains  to  the  hoary  past. 
We  are  glad  to  have  one  of  them,  Geo.  W.  Ziegler,  Esq., 
preside  over  these  memorial  services,  who  has  been  a  great 
help  and  inspiration  in  this  movement.  Also  to  have  two 
others,  Dr.  J.  K.  Davison  and  Gen.  Detrich,  as  vice  presi 
dents,  all  enjoying  a  good  old  age.  In  the  language,  slightly 
modified,  of  the  immortal  Webster  to  the  veterans  of  Bunker 
Hill,  sixty  years  ago,  allow  me  to  say  "  Venerable  men  ! 
you  have  come  down  to  us  from  a  former  generation. 
Heaven  has  bounteously  lengthened  out  your  lives  that  you 
might  behold  this  joyous  day.  You  are  now  where  you 
stood  forty-two  years  ago  this  very  hour  with  your  brothers 
and  neighbors  in  philanthropic  efforts.  Behold  how  altered. 
The  same  heavens  are  indeed  over  your  heads,  the  same 
fountain  flows  at  your  feet.  But  all  else  how  changed  ! 
Alas !  you  are  not  all  here — Koser,  Michaels,  Rankin,  Sites, 
Grubb,  Rowe,  Mitchell,  Osbaugh,  Short,  Shirey,  Atherton, 
our  eyes  seek  in  vain  for  you  amidst  this  broken  band.  You 
are  gathered  to  you  fathers  but  live  in  our  grateful  remem 
brances.  *  *  All  is  peace  and  God  has  granted  you  this 
sight  of  your  country's  happiness  ere  you  slumber  in  the 
grave  forever.  He  has  allowed  you  to  partake  of  the  reward 
of  your  patriotic  toils ;  and  he  has  allowed  us,  your  sons  and 
countrymen,  to  meet  you  here  and  in  the  name  of  the  pres 
ent  generation,  in  the  name  of  your  country,  in  the  name  of 
liberty  and  civilization,  to  thank  you.  *  *  May  the 
B 


26  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

Father  of  all  mercies  smile  upon  your  declining  years  and 
bless  them." 

We  are  glad  to  hail  to-day  as  our  gifted  Poet  and  a  true 
son  of  Antrim,  one  who  years  ago  labored  to  bring  about 
this  very  memorial  work  which  has  at  last  been  accomplished 
under  the  auspices  of  the  county  at  large.  All  honor  to 
the  pioneer  settlers  and  all  honor  to  the  pioneer  workers  in 
the  movement  to  honor  the  memory  of  Enoch  Brown  and 
his  slaughtered  scholars. 

On  the  22d  day  of  April,  1884,  a  convention  of  represen 
tative  delegates  from  all  parts  of  Franklin  county,  met  in  the 
Court  House  at  Chambersburg,  to  devise  measures  to  pro 
mote  the  proper  celebration  of  the  one  hundredth  anniver 
sary  of  the  organization  of  the  county,  on  the  coming  9th  of 
September.  In  the  progress  of  their  deliberations,  it  was 
resolved  at  the  instance  of  Col.  Geo.  B.  Wiestling,  that  a 
permanent  memorial  of  the  Centennial  should  be  erected  in 
the  form  of  a  monument,  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  School 
master  Brown,  and  the  ten  scholars  ruthlessly  massacred  by 
the  Indians  on  this  spot,  120  years  previous.  An  appeal 
was  made  by  the  convention  to  the  patriotic  and  Christian 
liberality  of  all  the  churches  and  schools,  both  secular  and 
religious,  week  day  and  Sunday  schools  throughout  the 
county,inaid  of  this  enterprise,  also  to  public  spirited  citizens 
in  their  individual  capacity.  The  Centennial  Executive 
Committee  at  Chambersburg  was  directed  by  the  Conven 
tion  to  secure  a  generous  rebate  in  aid  of  this  monument 
fund,  from  all  the  railroads,  on  all  excursion  tickets  issued 
on  account  of  the  Centennial  Celebration.  This  was  the 
unanimous  action  of  the  Convention,  and  the  sum  of  at 
least  $2,000  was  pledged  to  the  Monument  Committee, 
which  I  have  the  honor  to  represent,  wherewith  to  buy  the 
land,  erect  the  monument  and  make  all  other  needed  im 
provements.  The  Monument  Committee  have  honestly  and 
earnestly  striven  to  carry  out  in  good  faith  the  wishes  of  the 
County  Centennial  Convention  as  best  they  could  with  the 
means  placed  at  their  disposal.  They  had  a  right  to  expect 
the  generous  assistance  and  hearty  co-operation  of  every 
preacher,  teacher,  scholar  and  public  spirited  citizen  of  the 
county.  The  faith  of  the  entire  county  was  pledged  to 


Presentation  Speech  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Corf.  27 

make  the  monumental  project  a  grand  success.  But,  alas  ! 
your  committee  was  doomed  to  bitter  disappointment.  A 
generous  rebate  amounting  to  $758  was  contributed  by  the 
railroads,  as  the  Convention  had  requested,  but  $334  of 
that  rebate  never  came  into  the  hands  of  our  Monument 
Committee.  The  bad  example  of  this  breach  of  faith  in  of 
ficial  circles  was  contagious  and  had  a  demoralizing  effect. 
The  majority  of  churches  and  schools  of  all  kinds  have 
utterly  failed  to  do  their  duty  in  the  premises.  In  all,  up  to 
date,  your  Committee  has  received  less  than  $1,400,  instead 
of  at  least  $2,000,  solemnly  pledged  by  the  sovereign  con 
vention,  April  22,  1884.  Of  this  amount,  $91.77  has  been 
contributed  by  the  churches;  about  $260  by  the  week  day 
schools,  and  the  same  amount  ($260)  by  the  Sunday  schools 
of  the  county.  Had  it  not  been  for  the  liberal  subscriptions 
of  individuals,  headed  by  Geo.  W.  Ziegler,  Esq.,  amounting 
in  all  to  $335,  your  committee  would  have  been  seriously 
hindered  in  the  prosecution  of  their  work.  Although  the 
public  schools  of  Green  castle  with  their  six  teachers  and 
hundreds  of  scholars,  only  gave  $5.75,  yet  Antrim  township 
and  Greencastle  raised  the  handsome  sum  of  $332.  Well  done 
for  Mother  Antrim  !  She  has  raised  nearly  one-fourth  of 
the  entire  cost. 

We  point  to  this  noble  and  enduring  granite  monument 
erected  on  the  very  spot  where  Enoch  Brown  and  his  ten 
scholars  shed  their  precious  blood,  121  years  ago  ;  we  point 
to  the  smaller,  but  equally  enduring  and  appropriate  monu 
ment,  which,  beautiful  in  its  simplicity,  a  few  rods  from  here, 
maiks  the  spot  where  repose  in  a  common  grave  the  mortal 
remains  of  the  massacred  master  and  scholars;  we  point  like 
wise  to  this  picturesque  park  of  field  and  forest,  containing  a 
fraction  less  than  twenty  acres,  all  paid  for  and  held  in  fee 
simple  by  your  committee  in  trust  for  the  people  of  the 
county,  this  tract  which  encloses  the  historic  spring  at  the 
bottom  of  the  hill,  where  little  Archie  McCullough  washed 
the  streaming  blood  from  his  face  and  scalpless  head ;  we 
point  to  these  memorials  and  possessions  as  the  best  answer 
to  the  question  as  to  how  we  have  discharged  our  duties  as 
custodians  of  the  Enoch  Brown  Monument  Fund.  In  the 
face  of  all  manner  of  obstacles ;  in  spite  of  all  manner  of 


28  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

misrepresentation  and  abuse,  we  have  persistently  labored  to 
carry  out  in  good  faith  the  patriotic  and  benevolent  inten 
tions  of  the  Centennial  Convention.  As  the  walls  of  Jerusa 
lem  were  built  in  the  days  of  Nehemiah,  with  sword  in  one 
hand  and  trowel  in  the  other,  so  this  monument  project  has 
been  carried  forward.  The  memory  of  Enoch  Brown,  the 
noble-hearted,  self-sacrificing  Christian  schoolmaster,  has 
been  vindicated  against  unjust  aspersions,  and  after  the  lapse 
of  121  years,  a  granite  monument,  as  enduring  as  the  grand 
old  mountains  that  loom  up  in  majesty  on  the  sides  of 
the  North,  now  covers  the  spot  where  he  and  his  youthful 
scholars  fell  as  pioneer  martyrs  in  the  cause  of  education  and 
Christian  civilization. 

The  question  has  been  asked  time  and  again,  ''What 
good  will  the  monument  do?  Why  go  to  all  this  trouble 
and  expense  about  people  killed  121  years  ago?"  We  can 
not  expect  to  satisfy  some  people  with  any  argument  that 
we  may  offer.  Like  the  terrapins  or  land  turtles  that  lately 
crawled  around  the  grave  of  Enoch  Brown  and  scholars, 
they  have  no  reverential  historic  spirit  and  mope  about  most 
sacred  scenes  concerned  entirely  with  the  question,  what 
shall  we  eat  or  what  shall  we  drink  ?  But  for  thinking  men 
and  the  rising  generations  the  monuments  will  teach  an  im 
portant  lesson  and  have  an  enobling  educational  influence. 
It  will  open  up  to  many  a  most  important  chapter  of  history 
and  fill  their  hearts  with  gratitude  to  the  brave  men  and 
women  who  bore  the  brunts  in  the  fierce  struggle  between 
civilization  and  barbarism.  In  the  language  of  Horatio 
Seymour,  in  his  letter  to  the  chairman  of  your  committee, 
these  monuments  ' '  will  tell  us  of  the  past  and  instruct  with 
regard  to  the  duties  of  life -and  the  virtues  of  patriotism. 
We  feel  as  we  look  upon  them  that  the  dead  speak  to  us. 
They  will  do  much  to  instruct  and  improve  our  citizens." 
It  will  show  that  this  generation  had  some  higher  thoughts 
and  aspirations  than  the  mere  scramble  after  filthy  lucre,  the 
degrading  worship  of  Mammon.  As  Webster  argued  at 
Bunker  Hill,  it  will  evoke  and  appeal  not  only  to  lofty 
thoughts,  but  to  that  other  important  part  of  our  being 
which  has  so  much  to  do  with  the  interests  of  religion  and 
patriotism,  "  to  sentiment  and  imagination."  And  where 


Presentation  Speech  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort.  29 

in  all  the  realms  of  romance  and  fancy  do  we  find  a  more 
pathetic  story  than  the  massacre  and  common  burial  of 
Enoch  Brown  and  scholars?  The  simple  recital  of  this 
terrible  tragedy  stirs  emotions  at  times  too  deep  for  tears. 
And,  my  friends,  rest  assured  that  when  all  the  beauty  and- 
chivalry  of  Franklin  county,  here  assembled  to-day,  shall 
sleep  beneath  the  green  clods  of  the  valley,  this  place  will  be 
a  pilgrim  shrine,  increasing  in  interest  as  age  after  age  rolls 
by.  These  are 

"  Shrines  to  code  nor  creed  confined, 
The  Delphian  vales,  the  Palestines, 
The  Meccas  of  the  mind." 

I  pity  the  person  who  has  so  little  patriotic  and  religious 
sentiment  as  to  ask,  as  some  are  doing:  "What  good  will 
the  monument  do  ?  Might  not  this  money  have  been  ap 
plied  to  more  useful  purposes  ?  Why  not  give  it  to  the  poor 
or  the  Children's  Aid  Society  of  Chambersburg  ?"  This  is 
but  the  doleful  echo  of  that  harsh  old  mercenary  and  selfish 
spirit  which  found  its  proper  exponent  in  Judas  Iscariot, 
who  was  filled  with  indignation  because  the  grateful  Mary 
anointed  the  blessed  Master  with  three  hundred  penny 
worth  of  precious  ointment.  "Might  not  this  have  been 
sold  and  given  to  the  poor,"  exclaimed  the  arch  traitor  and 
thief.  Over  against  this  sanctimonious  and  Pharisaic  spirit 
we  place  the  gracious  words  of  the  blessed  Master:  "Let 
her  alone.  Why  trouble  ye  her  ?  She  hath  done  what  she 
could.  She  hath  wrought  a  good  work  on  me.  Against 
the  day  of  my  burying  she  hath  kept  this.  For  ye  have  the 
poor  with  you  always,  and  whensoever  ye  will  ye  may  do 
them  good,  but  me  ye  have  not  always.  Verily  I  say  unto 
you,  wheresoever  this  gospel  shall  be  preached  throughout 
the  whole  world,  this  also  that  she  hath  done  shall  be  spoken 
of  for  a  memorial  of  her. ' '  Like  the  odor  of  a  sweet  smell 
the  fragrance  of  that  self-sacrificing  deed  of  love  comes  float 
ing  down  the  ages  full  of  instruction  and  heavenly  benediction. 
Away  with  that  low,  groveling,  utilitarian  spirit  which  dares 
to  rob  the  world  of  its  beauty,  its  sunshine  and  song,  which 
measures  by  dollars  and  cents  the  immeasurable  debt  of 
gratitude  due  our  heroic  pioneer  ancestors ! 

Thank  God,  the  debt  so  long  unpaid,  and  the  work  so 


3°  Enoch  Brown  Memorial 

long  delayed,  has  not  been  entirely  forgotten.  All  honor  to 
the  Centennial  County  Convention,  of  April  22,  '84,  and  to 
all  the  good  people  who  have  helped  with  their  dimes  and 
dollars  to  build  the  monument.  We  wish  the  monument 
was  worthier  the  wealthy  county  on  whose  bosom  it  stands. 
But  such  as  it  is,  we  take  pleasure  in  handing  it  over  to  the 
teachers,  scholars  and  citizens  of  Franklin  county.  Here  is 
embodied  the  spirit  of  generous-hearted  patriotism.  Here  are 
concentrated  the  offsprings  of  the  poor  and  the  rich,  the  dime 
of  the  bare-footed  school  boy  and  school  girl,  and  the  liberal 
benefactions  of  the  wealthy.  Here,  too,  the  rich  and  poor 
will  meet  together  for  ages,  and  dwell  upon  the  toils  and 
trials  of  pioneer  settlers,  as  illustrated  in  the  massacre  and 
burial  of  master  and  scholars  in  a  common  grave. 

And  now,  in  behalf  of  the  Enoch  Brown  Monument  Com 
mittee,  appointed  April  22,  1884,  by  the  Franklin  County 
Centennial  Convention,  I  hand  over  these  monuments,  these 
hallowed  grounds,  all  these  rare  historic  treasures,  to  the 
teachers,  scholars  and  people  of  Franklin  county,  to  be  cher 
ished  throughout  all  coming  generations.  Without  debt  or 
incumbrance,  we  give  them.  Here  in  my  hand  I  hold  the 
deed  for  these  lands  in  fee  simple  given  in  trust  for  the  use 
of  the  schools  and  the  people.  Take  them,  and  may  they 
be  an  inspiration  and  a  benediction  through  all  coming  time, 
helping  posterity  to  "  remember  the  days  of  old  and  consider 
the  years  of  many  generations."  God  bless  the  teachers, 
scholars  and  people  of  Franklin  county. 


ADDRESS  OF  PETER  A.    WITMER,  ESQ. 

OF   HAGERSTOWN,    MD., 

And  Superintendent  of  Ptiblic  Schools  in  Washington  County,  Md. 

Upon  the  invitation  of  the  committee  having  charge  of 
these  memorial  ceremonies,  I  am  here,  as  a  representative  of 
your  sister  State  of  Maryland,  to  join  in  the  tribute  which 
we  are  met  to  pay  to  the  manly  sacrifices,  and  heroic  endur 
ance  of  the  pioneers  who  here  conquered  the  untamed  wild- 
ness  of  nature,  that  we,  their  children  and  successors,  might 


Address  of  Peter  A.  Witmer,  Esq.  31 

enjoy,  in  peace  and  prosperity,  the  fertile  soil,  the  health- 
giving  climate,  the  beautiful  scenery,  and  the  happy  homes 
which  have  made  the  Cumberland  Valley  the  synonym  of 
the  "Paradise  of  America." 

We  are  met,  as  I  understand  it,  to  recall  the  days  when 
this  beautiful  valley  was  covered  with  primeval  forests,  and 
a  robust,  but  some  crude,  civilization  was  pressing  forward 
to  conquer  the  wildness  of  nature  and  the  still  more  stub 
born  wildness  of  the  savage  inhabitants  who  roamed  at  will 
over  these  hills  and  through  these  valleys.  We  stand,  to-day, 
on  what,  one  hundred  and  twenty  years  ago,  was  the  utmost 
verge  of  American  civilization.  Beyond,  toward  the  setting 
sun,  was  a  howling  wilderness;  yonder,  toward  the  rising 
sun,  thirteen  feeble  colonies,  apparently  depending  for  exis 
tence  upon  the  mother  country  across  the  seas,  inhabited  by 
less  than  3,000,000  people,  constituted  the  Anglo-Saxon 
contingent  which  was  to  win  to  civilization  and  to  freedom 
the  grandest  empire  the  world  has  ever  seen.  To-day  that 
conquest  has  been  made.  Look  around  you  and  behold  it. 
An  almost  limitless  expanse  of  territory,  reaching  from 
ocean  to  ocean  and  from  the  lakes  to  the  gulf;  embracing 
every  variety  of  surface,  soil  and  climate,  studded  with 
cities  and  villas,  with  commercial  marts  and  thriving  inland 
towns,  through  which  courses,  in  ceaseless  pulsations,  the 
full  tide  of  an  ever  restless  commerce  ;  traversed  by  125,000 
miles  of  railways,  which  carry  your  products  on  the  wings 
of  the  winds,  chequered  by  500,000  miles  of  electric  wires, 
which  transmit  intelligence  with  the  velocity  of  thought, 
watered  by  a  thousand  rivers,  which  make  your  valleys 
bloom  and  bourgeon  like  an  Eden ;  filled  with  an  active, 
busy,  bustling  population,  the  whole  ruled  by  what  we  be 
lieve  to  be  the  best  government  ever  organized  by  man. 
See,  all  over  your  land,  the  studios  of  art,  where  the  skill 
of  the  painter  makes,  instinct  with  beauty,  the  living  canvas, 
and  the  sculptor's  genius  moulds  the  breathing  marble  into 
forms  of  life,  and  soul  and  passion  ;  your  courts,  where 
Justice  sits  enthroned,  crowned  with  a  people's  majesty, 
your  halls  of  Legislature,  where  eloquence  "rules  her 
wilderness  of  free  minds,"  your  schools,  and  colleges,  and 
universities,  where  the  youth  of  the  land  are  trained  to  meet 


32  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

like  men  the  responsibilities  of  life,  your  eleemosynary 
institutions,  where  charity  comes  like  a  benediction  to  so 
many  weary  hearts,  your  Sunday-schools,  the  great  auxiliaries 
of  the  church  in  the  work  of  human  redemption ;  and, 
finally,  your  churches,  the  beautiful  architectural  creations 
of  Christian  ingenuity,  and  opulent  devotion,  whose  spires 
are  pointing  the  hopes  of  immortal  flocks  to  the  great 
Unseen  Shepherd,  while  their  choirs  and  organs  pour  forth, 
over  hill  and  valley,  a  full  tide  of  choral  harmony,  which, 
swelling  in  one  grand  diapason  to  the  heavens,  dies  away  at 
last  in  soft  melodious  cadence,  at  the  foot  of  the  throne  of 
Him  whose  praise  it  celebrates. 

This  and  more  than  this  is  your  country.  Such  is  the 
structure  which  has  been  reared  upon  foundations  laid 
strong,  and  deep,  and  broad,  by  the  men  whose  virtues  and 
heroism  we  are  here  to-day  to  recount  and  commemorate. 

In  this  connection  I  have  been  asked  to  refer  to  the  part 
which  Maryland  took  in  the  stirring  events  which  have  been 
so  eloquently  portrayed  by  the  gentlemen  who  have  already 
addressed  you,  and  whilst  I  shall  not  enter  upon  historical 
details,  I  may  say,  generally,  that  Maryland  in  the  colonial 
days  stood  fast  by  the  fortunes  of  her  sister  colonies.  Her 
fame  is  full  of  honor,  in  peace  and  in  war.  Sprung  directly 
from  the  loins  of  the  mother  country,  her  sons  inherited  the 
spirit  of  freedom  which  wrung  from  King  John  the  Magna 
Charta,  and,  subsequently,  from  England's  royal  line,  still 
greater  concessions.  Imbued  with  that  spirit,  the  founders 
of  Maryland,  when  they  landed  on  St.  Mary's  shore,  planted 
there  the  emblem  of  Christ's  suffering  and  man's  salvation, 
and  forever  dedicated  her  soil  to  civil  and  religious  liberty. 
She  contributed  freely  of  her  blood  and  treasure  to  defend 
herself  and  her  sister  colonies  from  the  rude  assaults  of  the 
savage,  and  the  more  insidious  but  more  dangerous  advances 
of  English  tyranny,  and  if  she  failed  to  send  a  proper  con 
tingent  to  the  Pontiac  war  it  was  because  she  was  even  then 
resisting  the  first  attempts  of  England  to  tax  the  resources 
of  the  colonies  to  fill  her  depleted  coffers.  She  became,  as 
you  all  know,  with  your  own  great  State,  a  child  of  the 
Revolution,  and  received  upon  her  head  its  baptism  of  fire 
and  blood. 


Address  of  Peter  A.  Witmer,  Esq.  33 

The  Maryland  Line  met  the  scarlet  uniform  and  the  glit 
tering  steel  of  England  from  the  first  dark  hours  of  Bunker 
Hill  to  the  final  and  triumphant  glory  at  Yorktown,  and  she 
points  with  pride  to  her  brilliant  record  through  all  that 
long  and  bloody  career. 

It  is  enough  to  know,  my  friends,  that  through  the  suffer 
ings,  the  sacrifices  and  the  many  achievements  of  our 
fathers,  to  whose  memory  we  have  this  day  met  to  do  honor, 
we  are  permitted  to  enjoy  the  priceless  blessings  of  American 
liberty,  and  I  shrink  from  claiming  for  the  State  which  I 
have  the  honor  to  represent,  and  which  I  love  so  well,  credit 
or  fame,  in  any  degree  above  that  which  belongs  to  each  of 
the  whole  glorious  thirteen. 

But  this  occasion  suggests  another  train  of  thought.  We 
are  here  to  dedicate  a  monument  to  the  humble  man,  Enoch 
Brown,  the  teacher,  who  with  his  pupils,  and  on  this  very 
spot,  fell  a  victim  to  the  savage  ferocity  of  the  Indian  and 
to  duty.  The  world  is  full  of  monuments,  but  their  inscrip 
tions  usually  blazon  the  deeds  of  warriors,  statesmen,  poets. 
Rarely  does  the  world  rear  the  monumental  pile  to  the 
humble  school  teacher.  Fidelity,  honor,  faith,  truth  may 
all  be  his,  and  a  moral  heroism  which,  in  the  path  of  duty, 
scorns  to  turn  aside  from  death ;  but  these  evoke  no  admira 
tion.  The  glamour  of  war,  the  triumphs  of  eloquence,  the 
rapt  genius  of  poetry  and  art — these  only  are  deemed 
worthy  the  homage  of  men.  But  here,  one  hundred  and 
twenty-one  years  ago,  a  nobler  man  than  warrior,  politician, 
or  poet,  fell  a  martyr  to  duty  and  to  civilization ;  therefore, 
it  is  fit  that  we  raise  this  monument.  It  is  right  that  the 
moral  heroism,  the  undaunted  courage,  the  sublime  and 
splendid  disregard  of  self  and  life  which  Enoch  Brown  ex 
hibited  should  be  perpetuated  in  stone,  which,  I  trust,  will 
be  as  enduring  as  the  eternal  hills  thiat  now  look  down  upon 
it.  True,  he  who  lived  so  well,  and  died  so  nobly,  and 
sleeps  so  calmly  here,  may  not  know  what  we  now  do. 

No  storied  urn,  or  animated  bust, 
Back  to  its  mansion  calls  the  fleeting  breath ; 
Nor  Honor's  voice  provokes  the  silent  dust, 
Nor  Flattery  soothes  the  dull,  cold  ear  of  death ; 

but  I  believe  that  at  the  last  Grand  Assize,  when  the  Judge 


34  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

of  all  the  earth  shall  pronounce  humanity's  final  doom,  it 
shall  be  said  of  Enoch  Brown,  as  Christ  said  of  Mary,  he 
hath  done  what  he  could. 

With  the  spirit  of  our  Great  Exemplar,  he  begged  his 
brutal  murderers  to  spare  his  pupils  and  take  his  life  as  a 
vicarious  offering  for  them,  And  here  is  one  great  lesson 
that  teachers  may  well  learn — the  lesson  of  love  for  those 
placed  under  their  care.  Love  your  pupils  and  they  will 
reciprocate  the  feeling  with  all  the  fervor  that  glows  in 
young  hearts.  Let  them  feel  that  you  are  their  friend,  not 
their  master,  and  the  spirit  of  insubordination  will  give  way 
to  confidence  and  trust. 

This  brings  me,  my  friends,  to  a  brief  presentation  of 
another  subject  which  the  mandate  of  your  committee  im 
poses — the  educational  idea  suggested  by  these  ceremonies. 

Time  will  not  permit  me  to  enter  into  any  general  history 
of  education,  nor  indeed,  of  this  country.  A  rapid  review 
of  educational  movements  in  your  own  great  commonwealth 
is  all  that  can  be  attempted. 

It  is  well  known  that  education  in  our  early  colonial  time, 
and  for  many  years  after,  was  under  the  supervision  and 
control  of  the  various  religious  organizations  of  the  country, 
and  it  is  altogether  probable  that  the  school  conducted  here 
by  Enoch  Brown  was,  in  some  sort,  a  parochial  school. 

It  is  true  that  almost  every  colony  had  on  its  statute 
books  provisions  for  the  establishment  of  schools  for  the 
general  education  of  the  people,  in  other  words,  public  schools; 
still  these  laws  were,  for  different  reasons,  generally  ineffec 
tive  and  inoperative. 

As  early  as  1787,  the  General  Government,  in  the  famous 
ordinance  for  the  government  of  the  North-West  Territory, 
set  apart  the  sixteenth  section  of  land  .in  every  township  for 
the  maintenance  of  public  schools,  basing  their  action  upon 
the  memorable  declaration,  that  "Religion,  morality  and 
knowledge,  being  necessary  to  good  government  and  the 
happiness  of  mankind,  schools  and  the  means  of  educa 
tion  shall  be  forever  encouraged."  Under  this,  and  subse 
quent  similar  grants,  an  aggregate  of  not  less  than  140,000,- 
ooo  acres  of  land  have  been  set  apart  by  the  Government 
for  educational  purposes.  Thus,  early  in  the  history  of  our 


Address  of  Peter  A.  Witmer,  Esq,  35 

country,  the  General  Government  placed  itself  upon  record 
as  committed  to  the  principles  upon  which  our  free  or  com 
mon  schools  of  to-day  are  founded.  Coming  to  the  history 
of  public  instruction  in  your  own  great  State,  we  find  that 
so  early  as  1682,  William  Penn  inserted  in  the  form  of 
government  for  his  new  province  the  provision,  that  "  The 
Governor  and  the  Provincial  Council  should  erect  and 
order  all  public  schools,"  but  the  authority  so  vested  was 
not  exercised  until  many  years  after. 

Your  constitutions  of  1776  and  1790  both  contained  pro 
visions  for  the  establishment  of  schools  throughout  the 
State,  in  which  the  poor  were  to  be  taught  gratis,  but  the 
benevolent  intentions  of  those  who  enacted  these  provisions 
were  thwarted  from  the  fact  that  they  imposed  the  badge  of 
poverty  upon  a  certain  element  in  the  community,  who 
resented  with  spirit  the  reproach  which  they  believed  such 
legislation  was  intended  to  fix  upon  them.  The  Act  of 
your  Assembly,  passed  in  1809,  contained  the  same  objec 
tionable  features  and  it  was  not  until  1818  that  legislation 
was  secured,  through  the  efforts  of  a  number  of  the  most 
prominent  citizens  of  your  State,  which  was  supposed  to 
abolish  all  class  distinctions.  This  legislation  was,  however, 
local  in  its  character,  and  applied  only  to  the  city  of  Phila 
delphia,  and,  even  there,  failed  to  remove  the  impression 
that  it  fixed  the  stigma  of  pauperism  upon  the  poorer 
classes,  as  all  previous  laws  were  supposed  to  have  done. 
The  experiments  which  had  been  tried,  and  the  efforts  which 
had  been  made  to  establish  a  common  school  system,  culmi 
nated  in  the  passage  of  an  Act  in  1834,  amended  and  improved 
in  1836,  which  is  really  the  first  common  school  law  of  this 
commonwealth.  It  established  schools  for  the  instruction 
of  youth  without  regard  to  social  or  pecuniary  condition. 
It  established  them  upon  the  broad  principles  that  public 
education  is  a  public  necessity,  and  must  be*  maintained  at 
public  expense — that  access  to  your  schools  must  be  free  to 
all,  just  as  access  is  free  to  any  other  public  institution 
established  for  public  comfort,  convenience  and  use.  There 
has  been  legislation  affecting  your  public  schools  since  1835, 
but  this  legislation  incorporated  only  such  improvements  as 
experience  and  an  advancing  civilization  suggested,  and 


36  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

now  your  school  system  stands  boldly  out  as  one  of  the  most 
important  factors  of  those  splendid  commercial,  social  and 
educational  results  which  Pennsylvania  to-day  presents  to 
the  world.  A  State  which  appropriates  annually  ten  mil 
lions  in  money  for  the  support  of  2,300  teachers,  and  the 
education  of  1,000,000  of  her  children,  may  well  be  proud 
of  her  educational  record. 

And  now,  my  friends,  is  it  necessary  to  inquire  what  this 
school  system  is  worth,  or  to  ask  whether  the  results  justify 
the  expenditures  ?  As  one  who  has  been  identified  with  the 
work  of  public  instruction,  in  my  own  State,  tor  the  last 
eighteen  years,  I  say,  with  entire  confidence  in  the  truth  of 
my  statement,  that  your  public  school  system  is  worth  all 
that  you  pay  for  it. 

We  assume  as  postulates  the  trite  propositions  first,  that 
our  form  of  government  is  founded  in  and  rests  upon  the 
virtue  and  intelligence  of  the  people ;  secondly,  that  the 
public  or  common  school  is  the  best  vehicle  for  the  dissemi 
nation  of  this  public  virtue  and  popular  intelligence.  I 
shall  not  stop  to  discuss  these  propositions,  since,  whilst 
they  do  not  probably  challenge  universal  assent,  we  appre 
hend  no  gentleman  would  risk  his  reputation  for  knowledge 
of  the  essential  characteristics  of  our  national  life  by  disput 
ing  the  first,  and  no  ambitious  politician,  aspiring  to  the 
spoils  of  office,  would  venture  to  do  violence  to  the  settled 
convictions  of  his  constituents  by  publicly  demurring  to  the 
second.  The  school  house  is  everywhere,  all  over  this  land, 
regarded  as  an  exponent  of  our  civilization,  I  may  say,  in 
deed,  as  one  of  its  pioneers,  for  whenever  on  broad  prairie, 
or  in  fertile  Western  valley,  or  on  auriferous  mountain  side, 
the  sturdy  emigrant  presses  his  way  to  subjugate  the  forest, 
turn  the  virgin  soil,  or  open  the  mine,  there,  too,  we  find 
the  school  house,  at  once  the  emblem  of  our  civilization  and 
the  perpetual  promise  of  intellectual  progress  to  our  country. 
I  know  that  there  are  men  in  every  State,  and  in  every  com 
munity,  men  who,  while  professing  to  criticise  only  defects 
in  the  system,  strike  at  its  very  life.  These  gentlemen  say 
that  your  public  school  system  is  simply  a  great  charity  for 
the  benefit  of  the  poor,  and  should  therefore  be  limited  to 
the  most  elementary  instruction,  while  the  money  intended 


Address  of  Peter  A.  Witmer,  Esq.  37 

for  its  support  should  be  doled  out  with  something  of  the 
liberality  which  a  miser  exhibits  in  dispensing  alms.  Your 
schools,  my  friends,  are  no  more  a  charity  than  your  courts 
or  your  roads  maintained  at  public  expense  for  the  benefit 
and  convenience  of  all.  Again  these  critics  say  the  train 
ing  received  at  public  schools  unfit  some  people  for  their 
proper  sphere  in  life,  in  other  words,  it  makes  the  poor 
young  man  dissatisfied  with  his  lot.  In  answer  to  this,  I 
thank  God  that  it  does.  Who  shall  fix  any  boy's  future 
position  in  this  life,  in  this  age,  and  especially  in  this  free 
America,  where  we  recognize  no  royalty  of  blood  but  that 
which  shows  itself  in  an  honest,  earnest,  manly  life;  no 
aristocracy  but  the  aristocracy  of  the  intellect ;  no  nobility 
but  that  which  derives  its  letters-patent  from  the  King  of 
Kings.  I  thank  God  for  the  aspirations  which  glow  in  the 
young  hearts  of  the  poor  boys  all  over  this  land  toward  a 
better,  a  nobler  and  a  higher  life,  and  I  pity  the  folly  and 
the  imbecility  of  the  man  who  would  seek  to  repress  these 
aspirations  or  fix  in  a  mould  the  future  destiny  of  the  youth 
of  this  country.  As  well  attempt  to  bridle  the  winds  or 
chain  the  cyclone,  or  to  crush  out  the  hope  that  lives  in 
every  Christian  heart,  of  a  happy  life  beyond  the  dark- 
flowing  river.  I  appeal  to  every  father  and  mother  in  this 
presence  not  to  repress  or  hamper  the  development  of  mind 
in  their  children.  We  know  not  what  possibilities  of  action 
and  achievement  are  wrapped  up  in  their  young  souls,  and 
we  should  prove  recreant  to  every  parental  duty  and  relation 
should  we  attempt  to  fix  limits  to  the  development  of  these 
possibilities. 

That  we  are  a  much  better  educated  people  than  we  were 
a  half  century  ago  will  not  be  disputed,  and  this  is  due,  in 
our  opinion,  in  a  great  degree,  to  the  prevailing  belief 
that  education  enables  a  man  to  lift  himself  in  the  social 
scale  and  generally  to  improve  his  condition  in  life.  The 
public  school  is  the  most  potential  agency  in  this  general 
diffusion  of  intelligence,  and  it,  therefore,  becomes  a  people, 
who  would  occupy  a  front  rank  among  the  States  of  the 
Union,  to  foster  their  public  school  system. 

It  may  have  defects,  it  has  defects,  but  its  .work  is  none 
the  less  important,  and  its  triumphs  have  been  none  the  less 


38  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

decisive,  and  my  admonition  to  you,  my  friends,  citizens  of 
this  great  commonwealth,  is  to  protect  it,  cherish  it,  and 
with  a  spirit  rising  into  chivalry,  and  a  love  deepening  into 
reverence,  defend  it  through  sunshine  and  storm. 

To  the  teachers  of  Franklin  county,  who  have  contributed 
of  their  means  and  their  labors  to  raise  this  monument,  and 
who  are  here  to  commemorate  the  work  and  the  service  of 
one  of  their  honorable  profession,  I  may  be  permitted  a 
word  by  way  of  suggestion  and  encouragement.  I  would 
have  them  remember  that  this  is  an  age  of  remarkable 
mental  activity.  In  every  department  of  thought  we  note 
the  earnest  inquiries  and  anxious  investigations  of  the  fore 
most  minds  of  the  age.  It  would  be  strange  if  in  investiga 
tions  so  far  reaching,  and  all  embracing  the  educational 
field,  should  be  neglected.  It  has  not  been  neglected,  and 
in  no  department  of  inquiry  shall  we  find  greater  activity 
than  in  that  which  concerns  so  vitally  the  welfare  of  the 
youth  of  this  country.  It  is,  therefore,  your  duty  as  intelli 
gent  teachers  to  keep  fully  abreast  of  the  advanced  thought 
of  the  day  upon  all  questions  relating  to  the  proper  educa 
tion  of  children.  You  must  not  forget  that  you  are  the 
vanguard  of  that  grand  procession  of  the  nations  which  is 
pressing  along  the  world's  highways  to  the  world's  ideal 
standard  of  perfection.  It  is  your  mission  to  teach  the 
youth  of  the  country  that  there  are  nobler  things  in  life  than 
military  glory,  or  hoarded  wealth,  than  the  arts  of  the  poli 
tician,  or  the  tricks  of  modern  statesmanship — that  a  pro 
gressive  civilization  is  leading  us  onward  and  upward  to 
higher  and  grander  purposes  of  existence,  to  be  wrought  out 
not  on  the  battle  field,  nor  in  heated  political  contests,  nor 
even  in  the  busy  marts  of  trade,  but  in  the  quiet,  peaceful 
homes,  all  over  this  broad  land,  where  every  unbought  grace 
of  life  shall  find  its  full  development,  and  every  manly  in 
stinct  some  object  worthy  of  its  loftiest  aim. 

Your  work  embraces  all  humanity,  and  in  its  elevation  of 
that  humanity  to  a  higher  plane,  in  inculcating  just  concep 
tion  of  moral,  social  and  political  duty,  and  in  illustrating 
a  broader  brotherhood,  a  more  generous  civilization,  and  a 
more  spiritual  Christianity,  there  are  fields  of  bloodless  tri 
umph  grander  far  than  ever  hero  conquered,  and  there  are 


Address  of  Rev.  F.  M.  Woods.  39 

guerdons  to  be  won,  such  as  we  award  to-day  to  Enoch 
Brown,  richer  far  than  the  laurel  crown  of  olden  Greece. 
May  you,  as  teachers,  by  the  honest,  intelligent  and  consci 
entious  discharge  of  every  duty  deserve  to  win  that  grander 
triumph  and  to  wear  that  richer  guerdon ;  and  may  we  all, 
my  friends,  as  parents  and  guardians,  be  faithful  to  every 
obligation  which  our  relations  to  the  children  impose,  and 
so  rest  in  the  hope  that  they  will  revel,  for  ages  and  ages  to 
come,  in  the  full  fruition  of  the  splendid  realities  which  we 
so  fondly  anticipate  for  them  and  for  our  country. 


ADDRESS  OF  REV.  F.  M.   WOODS, 

OF   MARTINSBURG,   W.    VA. 
THE  SCOTCH-IRISH  PIONEERS  OF  OUR  COUNTRY. 

It  is  difficult  for  us  to  realize  that  only  one  short  century 
and  a  quarter  have  passed  since  the  hands  of  ruthless  savages 
were  steeped  in  the  blood  of  helpless  victims,  upon  the  very 
spot  where  here  to-day  we  stand.  When  you  tell  me  that 
once  this  fair  field  was  stained  with  the  carnage  of  murdered 
school  children ;  that  this  lovely  valley  once  rang  and  re 
echoed  with  the  wild  shout  of  the  redman,  I  feel  disposed 
to  ask,  in  view  of  what  now  meets  the  eye,  how  many  hun 
dreds  of  years  must  have  elapsed  since  these  things  were 
seen  and  heard  ? 

God's  purposes  of  grace  and  of  providence  unfold  very 
fast.  The  Indian  was  an  unprofitable  tenant  of  this  great 
land,  and  it  was  needful  for  him  to  give  way  to  another  and 
better.  Selfish  greed  drew  multitudes,  who  thought  to 
pluck-  the  Indian's  title  from  his  hand  by  violence  and  fraud. 
The  Spaniard  must  stand  condemned  as  the  bloody  and  un 
just  aggressor,  in  that  day  when  justice  shall  poise  her  in 
fallible  scales,  to  determine  the  relative  guilt  of  the  Chris 
tian  and  the  pagan.  The  Castilians  and  the  many  adven 
turers  who  followed  in  their  wake,  proved  themselves  as  little 
worthy  to  hold  the  continent  as  their  predecessors  had 
been.  These  were  not  the  men  whom  God  had  in  prepara- 


40  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

tion  for  the  inheritance  of  this  vast  estate.  They  were  but  as 
the  dust,  and  the  chaff  and  the  dried  leaves,  which  the  com 
ing  storm  gathers  up  upon  the  weapons  of  its  vanguard  and 
tosses  in  wild  sport  before  it.  The  rain  which  enriches  the 
earth  and  makes  it  fruitful,  and  supplies  its  fountains,  comes 
in  the  storm,  carrying  the  lightning  for  its  torch,  and  the 
thunder  for  the  diapason  of  its  martial  music.  Another  race 
of  people,  trained  in  a  different  school;  animated  by  differ 
ent  ambitions  ;  impelled  by  different  motives,  were  destined 
to  cross  over  into  this  fair  land  and  claim  it  in  the  name  of 
the  great  King,  and  to  establish  His  throne  as  the  basis  and 
security  of  their  own  rights  and  the  glory  of  their  wide 
dominion.  The  stones  of  this  great  temple  of  freedom  were 
being  hewn  in  the  vast  quarries  of  Europe.  Rabid  fana 
ticism  was  made  to  be  the  pedagogue  to  train  and  discipline 
a  body  of  men  and  women  for  the  task  of  rescuing  this  coun 
try  from  the  grasp  of  its  heathen  occupants,  and  of  redeem 
ing  it  to  liberty. 

The  history  of  this  valley  and  of  the  entire  country,  is 
very  largely  influenced  by  the  character  of  the  Scotch-Irish 
Presbyterianism  of  those  early  days.  The  Scotchman  per 
secuted  in  his  own  country,  migrated  to  the  west  of  the 
channel  dividing  him  from  Ireland,  and  there  sought  liberty 
of  worship.  Mingling  his  blood  with  that  of  his  new  neigh 
bors,  there  resulted  a  compound  of  force  and  tenacity,  which 
has  made  the  Scotch-Irishman  almost  a  distinct  race  of  be 
ing.  Finding  no  rest  for  the  sole  of  his  foot  in  this  home 
of  his  adoption,  he  again  took  his  life  in  hand  and  gathered 
up  his  meagre  substance,  launched  forth  upon  the  ocean  to 
find  his  abode  where  religious  liberty  could  be  enjoyed. 
This  brought  him  to  America,  where  he  could  worship  God 
according  to  the  dictates  of  a  conscience  enlightened  and 
instructed  by  the  word  of  God.  These  are  the  men  whom 
we  are  proud  to  call  our  forefathers ;  and  theirs  was  a  faith 
to  which  their  descendants  for  a  thousand  generations  may 
well  be  glad  to  do  reverence.  May  we  and  our  children, 
and  theirs  in  turn,  have  the  wisdom  and  the  grace,  and  the 
courage  to  emulate  it ! 

It  is  proper  for  us,  to-day  and  here  in  the  presence  of  this 
beautiful  monument,  to  recall  some  of  the  more  salient 


Address  of  Rev.  F.  M,  Woods  41 

points  in  the  character  of  those  old  worthies,  to  whose  noble 
principles  and  true  bravery  we  owe  so  much.  For  with  their 
sword  and  their  bow  they  achieved  for  us  the  glorious 
record  of  independence. 

i.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  they  were  not  worthless  adven 
turers  or  mere  explorers,  or  the  apostles  of  a  godless  civiliza 
tion.  They  were  not  the  seekers  of  worldly  treasure  sim 
ply.  It  was  not  mercenary  greed  which  influenced  their  zeal. 
They  were  in  search  of  a  religious  home,  and  of  liberty  of 
conscience.  It  was  the  honor  of  God  and  the  blessings  of 
the  gospel  of  peace  which  they  were  resolved  to  secure. 
These  privileges  were  denied  them  in  their  fatherland. 
They  could  easily  have  purchased  a  peace  and  remained  in 
the  countries  from  which  they  came,  had  they  been  willing 
to  abjure  their  principles  and  their  faith,  and  to  sub 
mit  with  plastic  grace  to  the  imperious  will  of  a  religious 
despotism.  The  three  Hebrews  of  Martyr  Spirit,  could 
have  obtained  a  like  disgraceful  immunity,  could  they  have 
smothered  the  protests  of  their  faithful  consciences  and 
bowed  in  tame  submission  to  the  Chaldean  monarch's  tyran 
nical  will,  and  worshipped  the  great  image  which  he  set  up  in 
the  plain  of  Dura.  But  fired  by  the  mighty  impulse  of  in 
domitable  principles,  they  chose  the  flames  rather  than 
cowardly  obedience.  Of  like  character  was  the  spirit  of 
these  dauntless  men,  who  with  wives  and  mothers,  and 
daughters,  forsook  all  and  followed  Christ  into  these  wild 
wastes.  They  brought  the  precious  Bible  with  them,  and 
they  loved  its  truths,  and  fed  upon  them  as  upon  manna. 
The  word  of  God  was  the  Man  of  their  counsel.  They 
sought  unto  it  in  all  their  troubles  and  shaped  their  lives  by 
it.  Their  children  were  taught  "to  fear  God  and  to  keep 
His  commandments,"  understanding  that  herein  is  "the 
whole  of  man."  Their  religion  was  to  them  a  constant 
living  reality.  They  did  not  keep  it  as  a  fashionable  pre 
tense,  a  flimsy  robe  of  bright  fastastic  texture,  which  never 
saw  the  light,  except  on  public  and  stated  occasions.  It 
was  their  "vade  mecum."  In  the  field,  or  in  the  forest ; 
at  home  or  on  the  march,  or  in  the  face  of  the  foe,  their  God 
was  their  first  consideration.  Right  was  the  law  of  life  and 
the  principle  of  action  to  them. 


42  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

It  will  be  readily  conceded  that  men  of  this  character 
could  not  be  easily  diverted  from  their  purpose.  Neither 
fear  nor  favor  could  disarm  them.  It  is  Christian  principle 
which  makes  the  best  citizen,  the  best  friend,  the  best 
neighbor,  the  best  ruler.  Christian  principle  makes  the 
best  pioneers.  When  men  go  out  to  do  better  for  their 
rights  with  the  Bible  in  their  hands,  and  the  fear  of  God  in 
their  hearts,  they  are  a  dangerous  foe  to  meet.  It  is  ex 
tremely  difficult  to  persuade  them  of  defeat.  They  strike 
with  an  arm  of  iron,  and  the  fire  of  their  wrath  is  unquench 
able  till  justice  is  satisfied  and  truth  has  been  vindicated. 
The  men  who  sought  these  shores  for  gold  and  silver,  or  in 
the  spirit  of  discovery,  were  not  the  men  who  gave  nerve 
and  stability  to  the  institutions  whose  foundations  were  laid 
amid  the  troubled  waves  and  the  rushing  waters  of  those 
early  days.  The  spirit  of  John  Knox  and  of  Patrick  Ham 
ilton,  and  of  Geo.  Wishart,  is  alone  able  to  meet  and  over 
come  the  obstacles  which  the  men  of  that  day  had  to  en 
counter. 

2.  The  sufferings  and  trials  to  which  these  early  settlers 
were  subjected  in  the  Old  World,  were  a  further  step  in  the 
preparations  through  which  Divine  Providence  was  fitting 
them  for  their  high  and  honorable  destiny.  Inured  to  hardship 
and  to  honest  toil,  the  valorous  sons  and  daughters  of  Eng 
land,  Scotland,  France,  Holland,  Switzerland,  Germany 
and  Ireland,  fearlessly  came  to  these  shores  to  conquer  the 
unsubdued  forests  and  win  a  righteous  peace,  and  enjoy  a 
godly  independence.  Holding  to  the  essential  principles  of 
our  common  Presbyterianism,  and  deeply  imbibing  the 
rugged  truths  of  a  sturdy  Calvinism,  they  were  well  calcu 
lated  to  "endure  hardness  as  good  soldiers  of  Jesus  Christ," 
and  to  bring  into  subjection  the  rude  natives  and  their  howl 
ing  desert  home.  They  were  accustomed  to  be  driven  from 
their  homes  and  from  one  country  to  another.  They  were 
hunted  like  wild  beasts.  They  had  seen  their  comrades 
butchered  in  cold  blood.  Wives  and  husbands  were  torn 
cruelly  from  each  other,  and  their  children  were  slaughtered 
heartlessly  before  their  eyes.  They  were  exposed  to  hunger 
and  thirst,  and  nakedness,  they  learned  by  the  bitterness  of 
experience,  the  full  value  of  every  privation.  Their  Chris- 


Address  of  Rev.  F.  M.  Woods.  43 

tian  (!)  persecuters  on  that  side  of  the  ocean  were  more 
merciless  and  savage  than  the  bloody  Indian  with  his  scalp- 
ing-knife  and  tomahawk  on  this.  Raised  in  comfort,  many 
of  them  in  luxury,  they  gave  up  home  and  became  wan 
derers  and  strangers,  dwelling  in  dens  and  caves.  But  these 
things  only  served  to  give  an  iron  tone  to  the  nerves  of  their 
spiritual  being.  Hardship  had  no  terrors  for  men  .of  this 
stamp.  They  were  trained  by  dark  adversity  for  the  gigantic 
struggles  of  the  arena  on  this  western  continent.  Their  arms 
were  made  strong  to  fell  the  great  trees,  and  to  subdue  the 
ground,  and  to  drive  back  the  cruel  foes  who  met  them  in 
these  forests.  The  task  was  far  removed  from  the  condi 
tions  of  the  child's  play.  Theirs  was  the  death-grasp  with 
an  enemy  who  was  in  furious  earnest.  He  who  would  meet 
these  Greeks,  must  himself  be  a  Greek  of  the  Greeks.  "Be 
hold  they  that  wear  soft  clothing  are  in  Kings'  houses" — 
not  on  the  borders,  fighting  the  Indians,  and  daring  their 
lives  for  truth  and  freedom  to  worship  God. 

3.  It  was  furthermore  of  the  first  importance  that  these 
pilgrims  and  exiles,  from  beyond  the  seas,  brought  with 
them  a  very  true  conception  of  the  nature  and  worth  of 
right  education.  Their  scientific  curriculum  may  not  have 
been  so  extensive  and  pretentious  as  that  in  which  we  glory 
to-day,  " Darwinism,"  "survival  of  the  fittest,"  "evolu 
tion,"  "molecules,"  and  "protoplasm"  and  "the  physical 
basis  of  life,"  had  not  then  loomed  up  into  such  clearly 
defined  proportions  as  they  have  since  done.  And  the  ven 
erable  anthropoid  monkey  had  not  yet  been  introduced  into 
good  society  as  the  noble  progenitor  of  a  degenerated  off 
spring.  But  notwithstanding  these  melancholy  defects  in  their 
early  education,  our  fathers  knew  something  of  their  Bibles, 
and  they  valued.it  sufficiently  to  teach  it  to  their  children 
as  an  essential  element  in  a  thorough  course  of  mental  train 
ing.  Their  sons  and  daughters  were  taught  the  importance 
of  worshiping  God  and  of  "keeping  His  commandments." 
The  silly  affectation  by  which  the  parents  of  this  modern 
day  seek  to  screen  themselves  from  the  keen  thrusts  of  a 
guilty,  reproaching  conscience  for  neglecting  the  religious 
education  of  their  children,  saying  that  the  child  must  be 
left  to  exercise  its  own  judgment  and  choice,  unbiased  by 


44  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

parental  influence,  is  a  cunning  trick  of  the  old  adversary, 
the  wily  serpent,  who  loves  nothing  so  well  as  to  fold  his 
slimy  coils  upon  the  family  hearthstone,  and  to  pollute  with 
his  presence  the  family  altar.  By  this  device  he  reaps  yearly 
a  bountiful  harvest  of  priggish  free-thinkers,  and  no-thinkers, 
and  upstart  fledglings,  who  think  nothing  so  smart  as  a 
foppish  pretension  to  a  driveling  skepticism  which  can  giggle 
and  nothing  more,  when  the  solemn  realities  of  God,  of 
death  and  of  eternity  are  mentioned ;  and  he  reaps  it  from 
the  harvest-field  of  the  church.  Far  be  the  day  removed 
from  us  and  from  our  land  when  the  Bible  shall  be  excluded 
from  our  schools.  Cursed  be  the  genius  of  an  education 
which  leaves  the  heart  ungarnished  and  the  moral  nature, 
the  "inward  part,"  the  "hidden  part,"  to  become  a  garden 
of  weeds.  It  becomes  a  Christian  people  to  pay  a  worthy 
tribute  to  the  old  parochial  school  system,  wherein  the  Word 
of  God  was  a  recognized  text-book,  and  the  rule  and 
standard  of  conduct.  The  early  settlers  of  this  country 
were  very  anxious  to  bring  the  blessings  of  their  school 
writhin  easy  reach  of  their  children.  In  every  little  com 
munity  the  school-house  and  the  fort  were  established  near 
together,  and  were  the  two  points  of  chief  concern  next  to 
the  church  itself. 

A  mournful  interest  gathers  around  the  memory  of  that 
good  man,  Enoch  Brown,  whose  sad  death  the  men  of  this 
generation  has  wisely  and  justly  determined  to  enshrine  in 
the  hearts  of  their  children  forever.  "  Honor  to  whom  honor 
is  due. ' '  Washington  is  held  in  the  affections  of  a  grateful 
nation.  Our  great  heroes  of  war,  our  statesmen,  our  scholars 
and  scientists  are  horored  by  the  nation,  by  the  nations. 
Shall  we  allow  this  noble  man,  who  fell  bravely  at  the  humble 
post  of  his  duty,  to  sink  under  the  waves  of  oblivion  !  Let 
his  name  be  made  known,  and  his  worth  be  written  upon 
the  shaft  of  the  imperishable  granite  !  And  let  the  princi 
ples  which  he  inculcated  be  magnified  in  the  sight  of  our 
children,  that  they  may  learn  to  value  truth  and  to  exalt  it 
in  their  lives. 

Of  the  few  scholars  who  providentially  survived  the  ter 
rible  massacre  of  the  school  of  Enoch  Brown,  on  the  26th 
of  July,  1 764,  two  especially  were  appointed  to  attain  to  the 


Address  of  Rev.  F.  M.   Woods.  45 

parentage  of  a  great  number  of  sons  and  daughters,  who 
shall  rise  up  "to  call  them  blessed." 

One  of  the  little  girls  became  in  the  course  of  years  the 
mother  of  the  large  and  distinguished  family  of  the  Cham 
bers'  ,  *  of  the  adjacent  city  which  bears  their  name.  Another 
of  those  little  girls  was  Eleanor  Chochrane,  aged  seven  or 
eight  years,  who  was  kept  at  home  from  the  school  on  that 
fatal  day  by  her  parents.  On  the  24th  of  May,  1779,  she 
was  united  in  marriage  to  Captain  Joseph  Junkin,  a  brave 
and  distinguished  soldier  and  officer  of  the  Revolutionary 
war.  In  virtue  of  this  union  she  became  the  mother  of 
fourteen  children,  ten  sons  and  four  daughters.  These  in 
turn  became  the  parents  of  numerous  offspring,  which  shows 
no  alarming  signs  of  becoming  extinct  at  the  present  time. 

Their  children  of  the  second  and  third  generations  exhibit 
much  of  the  same  true  Calvinistic  courage  and  strength  of 
character  which  marked  the  older  type. 

We  find  in  this  family  comforting  evidence  that  our  God 
is  a  covenant  keeping  God.  Of  the  large  family  born  to  the 
pious  Joseph  Junkin  and  Eleanor  Cochrane,  two  of  the  sons, 
George  and  David,  became  distinguished  ministers  of  the 
Gospel,  distinguished  for  learning  and  talent;  but  also  for 
their  holy  zeal  and  consecration  to  the  Master's  work.  Two 
of  the  daughters  married  ministers.  Of  the  descendants  in 
the  next  generation  many  became  office-holders  in  the 
church.  In  all  twenty  or  more  of  the  children  and  grand 
children  of  Joseph  and  Eleanor  Junkin  have  become  min 
isters  of  the  Gospel ;  and  probably  thirty  have  been  chosen 
to  the  office  of  Ruling  Elder.  And  there  are  very  few  if 
any  of  the  children  who  are  not  Christians.  God  signalizes 
Himself  in  remembering  His  mercy. 

A  son  of  David  X.  Junkin,  George,  who  lives  in  Virginia, 
is  married  to  a  great  great  granddaughter  of  Gen.  Andrew 
Lewis,  whom  I  suppose  to  be  the  officer  who  commanded 
the  Virginia  troops  which  joined  Col.  Henry  Bouquet,  when 
he  matched  into  Ohio  to  punish  the  Indians  for  this  atro 
cious  massacre. 

Thus  in  the  fifth  generation  on  the  one  side,  and  in  the 
third  on  the  other,  the  blood  of  the  Virginia  Lewises  and 

*Seepage7i. 


46  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

of  the  Pennsylvania  Cochranes  unites  in  a  family  of  eleven 
children,  ten  of  whom  are  now  living. 

Of  the  family  of  Dr.  George  Junkin,  two  sons  are  able 
ministers  of  the  New  Testament.  One  is  a  distinguished 
and  successful  lawyer  in  Philadelphia.  One  of  his  daughters, 
Eleanor,  was  the  first  wife  of  the  great  Confederate  General, 
T.  J.  Jackson,  better  known  by  his  sobriquet  of  "  Stonewall  " 
Jackson.  Another  of  his  daughters,  Mrs.  Margaret  J.  Pres 
ton,  wife  of  Col.  J.  S.  L.  Preston,  of  Lexington,  Va.,  is 
widely  known  by  her  sweet  and  thrilling  touch  of  the  poet's 
lyre,  which  has  awakened  an  echo  of  rapture  in  so  many 
hearts,  bringing  light  to  those  that  walk  in  darkness  and 
gladness  to  those  bowed  down  with  grief  and  sorrow. 

But  among  so  many  why  select  only  a  few,  when  all  are 
worthy?  Let  us  all  together  give  thanks  to  God  for  "  His 
wonderful  works  to  the  children  of  men."  After  one  hun 
dred  and  twenty-one  years,  as  our  tardy  memorial  to  the 
merits  of  well-nigh  forgotten  worth,  we  reverently  unveil 
and  dedicate  this  beautiful  shaft,  which  shall  ever  serve  to 
quicken  our  thoughts  of  the  stirring  times  witnessed  upon 
this  classic  spot. 


POEM  OF  JOHN  M.  COOPER. 

ENOCH  BROWN. 

Looking  down  the  long  vista  that  brings  to  our  view 
The  face  of  this  vale  when  her  homesteads  were  new, 
We  see  through  the  haze  of  the  far-reaching  years 
A  scene  so  pathetic  it  moves  us  to  tears. 
On  the  slope  of  a  hill,  near  the  edge  of  a  wood, 
With  settlements  scattered  around  it,  there  stood 
A  little  log  school  house,  with  plain  battened  door, 
And  roof  of  lap  shingles,  and  rough  oaken  floor. 
'Twas  the  height  of  the  summer  and  Sol's  golden  tide 
Flowed  in  through  a  long  row  of  glass  in  the  side, 
While  the  air,  as  if  weary  from  journeying  far, 
Seemed  scarcely  to  stir  through  the  door  wide  ajar. 
Within  sat  the  master,  with  hair  white  as  snow, 
And  eleven  small  children  all  ranged  in  a  row, 
And  their  lessons  they  droned  as  their  primers  they  thumbed, 
Till  the  little  log  house  like  a  big  bee-hive  hummed. 

Both  master  and  children  were  happy  that  morn, 

And  had  danger  been  hinted,  would  laughed  it  to  scorn ; 


Poem  of  John  M.  Cooper.  47 

For  the  farmers  were  down  in  the  mead  making  hay, 
And  the  lambs  skipped  each  other  like  children  at  play ; 
And  the  kine,  of  their  burden  relieved  by  the  maid, 
Chewed  their  cud  with  content  in  the  orchard's  green  shade ; 
And  the  partridge  piped  clear  in  the  stubble  of  grain, 
And  the  robin  was  blithe  down  the  red  cherry  lane ; 
And  the  low  voice  of  doves  came  with  soft,  soothing  sound, 
From  the  forest  that  bounded  the  school-house  around ; 
And  the  watch-dog  lay  dreaming,  nor  broke  on  his  ear 
E'en  a  faint  sound  of  warning  that  danger  was  near. 
The  fair  face  of  nature  was  bright  with  a  smile, 
Yet  devils,  red  devils,  stole  here  all  the  while. 

The  master  had  risen  with  bible  in  hand, 

God's  message  to  read  to  his  tender  young  band, 

When,  sudden  as  wolves  on  the  fold  fast  asleep, 

Three  savages  came  through  the  door  with  a  leap — 

Three  red  painted  demons,  with  eyes  wild  aglare, 

Like  tigers  whose  nostrils  scent  blood  in  the  air — 

Three  devils  incarnate,  with  purpose  as  fell 

As  if  formed  in  the  black  rankling  bosom  of  hell. 

The  lion  whose  jungle  bold  hunters  invade 

Can  defend  it  with  weapons  that  nature  has  made, 

But  alas  !  the  good  master  who  fell  here  that  day 

Had  no  weapon  defensive — he  only  could  pray — 

And  prayers  to  the  bloodhound  let  loose  on  the  trail, 

Though  offered  by  angels,  will  nothing  avail. 

With  a  stroke  of  the  hatchet  his  gray  head  they  clove, 

And  deep  in  his  bosom  the  dagger  they  drove ; 

And  unmoved  by  their  terror,  the  children  they  smote, 

Till  life  gave  its  last  gasping  throb  in  the  throat. 

Then  red-handed  devils  shot  down  yonder  dell, 

Like  hot  hissing  flames  through  the  wide  fliies  of  hell. 

When  the  afternoon  sun  shone  that  sad,  fateful  day, 
Some  one  had  occasion  to  wander  this  way, 
And  struck  by  the  silence,  looked  in  at  the  door, 
And  his  heart  froze  with  horror,  for  there  on  the  floor 
Lay  master  and  children,  all  covered  with  gore, 
As  if  through  the  roof  there  had  fallen  a  rain 
Of  mingled  and  horrible  flesh,  blood  and  brain. 
And  there  Archie  McCullough,  with  face  all  red 
With  the  blood  of  his  own  poor  bleeding  head — 
He  alone  living — his  playmates  all  dead — 
Was  crawling  around  and  calling  the  slain, 
And  patting  their  faces — alas !  how  vain — 
In  his  childlike  effort  to  wake  them  again. 


48  Enoch  Brown  Memorial 

The  alarm  being  sounded,  a  youth  on  a  steed 

Went  spreading  the  news  with  the  uttermost  speed 

No  bit  in  the  mouth  nor  a  saddle  on  back, 
No  curb  but  the  halter  quick  loosed  from  the  rack. 
The  mettlesome  steed  seemed  to  understand 
The  terrible  errand  they  had  in  hand, 
And  the  swelling  veins  in  his  silken  side, 
And  the  luminous  glow  of  his  nostrils  wide, 
And  the  nervous  spring  of  his  arm  and  thigh, 
And  the  curve  of  his  neck  and  the  flash  of  his  eye, 
As  he  haughtily  tossed  his  foretop  high, 
Seemed  plainly  to  say  he  would  do  it  or  die. 

Then  he  swallowed  the  hill  at  a  single  bound, 
And  startled  the  settlements  far  around 
With  the  rapid,  resounding  and  furious  pound 
Of  his  shodden  hoof  on  the  hard  dry  ground, 
As  up  winding  road  and  through  narrow  lane, 
And  out  on  the  winding  road  again, 
And  into  the  woods,  where  he  shook  the  oak 
And  frightened  the  deer  with  his  thunder  stroke, 
And  over  the  clearing  and  down  the  ravine, 
Wherever  the  smoke  of  a  cabin  was  seen, 
(Leaping  the  fences  and  leaping  the  bars 
As  a  comet  would  leap  over  moon  and  stars,) 
He  carried  his  rider,  who,  gasping  for  breath, 
Kept  shouting  his  terrible  message  of  death — 
Of  master  and  children  stark  dead  and  still, 
In  the  little  log  school  house  on  Guitner's  hill. 
The  cheek  of  the  mother  grew  pallid  with  fear, 
And  swooning  she  murmured  "  red  devils  are  here" 

Then  the  rake  was  let  drop  on  the  freshly  cut  hay, 
And  the  scythe  left  -to  rust  in  the  swath  where  it  lay, 
And  the  rifle  was  snatched  from  its  place  on  the  wall, 
And  the  shot-pouch  was  filled  up  with  powder  and  ball, 
And  the  settlers  went  forth  in  hot  search  for  the  foe 
Who  had  brought  on  their  households  this  burden  of  woe. 
But  pursuit  was  in  vain,  and  in  sadness  they  turned 
To  their  desolate  homes,  where  dim  vigil  lamps  burned, 
And  the  mother  sat  mourning  the  child  of  her  womb, 
As  it  slept  the  deep  sleep  that  leads  down  to  the  tomb. 

Though  long  seem  the  hours  whose  seconds  are  grief, 
The  space  between  death  and  interment  is  brief, 
And  not  long  did  the  stricken  mourn  over  their  dead, 
Ere  the  loved  ones  were  laid  in  their  last  earthly  bed  : 
First  the  master,  with  honor  well  due  to  his  years  ; 
Then  the  children  around  him,  and  over  all  tears ; 


Address  of  Dr.  William  H.  Egle.  49 

And  the  hearts  of  a  multitude  throbbed  in  their  breast 
As  the  turf  on  their  cold,  silent  bosoms  was  pressed. 
In  sorrow,  with  weeping,  they  laid  them  away, 
And  the  bones  of  the  martyrs  are  there  to  this  day ; 
And  so  long  as  a  star  shall  look  down  from  the  sky, 
May  this  stone  stand  to  point  out  the  place  where  they  lie. 

Together  they  suffered,  together  they  died, 

And  together  they  buried  them  side  by  side ; 

And  together  they  rose  on  angels'  wings 

Where  the  music  of  harps  with  golden  strings 

Greets  the  sinless  souls  that  cross  over  the  river 

To  dwell  in  the  Land  of  the  Blessed  forever. 

And  the  face  of  the  Lord  shone  bright,  and  he  smiled 

As  he  said  in  low,  loving  accents  mild, 

"  Suffer  the  children  to  come  unto  me, 

For  of  such  must  the  kingdom  of  heaven  be." 

And  he  ordered  the  angels  to  fashion  a  crown, 

Lined  with  velvet  soft  and  with  eider-down, 

To  bedeck  the  bruised  head  of  old  ENOCH  BROWN. 

Red  devils  can  never  break  in  and  slay 

Where  that  good  old  master  is  resting  to-day. 


ADDRESS  OF  DR.    WM.  H.  EGLE,* 

OF    HARRISBURG,    PA. 

"MEN  OF  ANTRIM:  Let  us  go  backward  one  hundred 
and   twenty-two    years,  to  Anno  Domini,  One   Thousand 
Seven  Hundred  and  Sixty  Three.     The  lilies  of  France  had 
already  given  place  to  the  cross  of  England,  and  thus  ended 
forever,  the  fond  dream  of  the  former—  the  establishment  of 
a  French  empire  in  America.     Founded  in  religious  enthu 
siasm,  culminating  in  persecutions  shocking  to  civilization 
they  attempted  to  cement  and  continue  their  power  by  en- 


? 


Enoch  Brown  Dedication. 
C 


50  Enoch  Brown  Memorial. 

listing  the  brutality  of  the  Aborigine,  working  cruelty  and 
bloodshed,  but  as  ever  the  case,  resulting  in  the  downfall  of 
those  inaugurating  such  horrors.  The  last  of  the  French 
soldiers  had  returned  to  their  homes,  yet  the  resentments  and 
bitter  hatred  they  had  ruthlessly  kindled  in  the  minds  and 
hearts  of  the  savages  remained.  The  Indian  of  to-day  is 
only  a  prototype  of  those  of  a  century  ago.  They  are  just 
as  perfidious  and  treacherous  now  as  they  were  then — and 
it  is  only  possible  that  by  education  and  the  power  and 
grace  of  Christianity,  that  they  may  become  loyal  inhabi 
tants  of  a  great  country.  We  are  no  admirers  of  the  Indian 
character,  and  in  all  our  researches  into  the  history  of 
America,  find  the  same  traits  and  the  same  brutal  instincts, 
which  to-day  fire  the  savage  breast  of  the  perfidious 
Apache. ' '  The  speaker  continued  on  a  further  description 
of  their  character. 

Then  taking  up  the  theme  of  his  address,  "Pontiac  and 
Bouquet,"  he  outlined  the  history  of  Col.  Bouquet  in  his 
warfare  against  the  savages,  who  so  ruthlessly  desolated  the 
homes  of  the  frontiersmen  of  that  early  period,  and  recounted 
the  engagements  had  with  them.  After  a  vivid  descrip 
tion  of  the  condition  of  the  country  and  people  in 
1 763-64,  and  the  atrocities  of  the  Indians,  the  orator  said : 
"We  now  come  to  a  dark  transaction  in  the  bloody  annals 
of  Border  life,  which  we  have  especially  assembled  on  this 
day  and  hour  to  recall.  Located  near  this  spot,  in  the  sum 
mer  of  July,  1764,  was  a  small  log  building,  in  which  a 
pious  school-master,  Enoch  Brown,  taught  a  group  of  happy 
little  children.  It  was  in  harvest-time,  on  the  26th  of  July. 
While  those  in  their  teens  were  assisting  in  gathering  the 
crops,  the  smaller  ones  only  engaged  in  study.  The  lessons 
of  the  early  forenoon  had  nearly  all  been  recited,  and  the 
scholars  and  their  faithful  teacher  and  friend  were  anticipat 
ing  a  recess  from  study.  None  can  imagine  the  consterna 
tion  and  horror  pictured  on  the  faces  of  the  late  joyful  group 
when  rushing  through  the  opened  door  came  a  band  of 
brutal  Indians.  How  and  whence  they  came,  unperceived 
by  the  settlers,  and  by  chance,  upon  this  gronp  of  children 
no  one  relates.  It  was  a  moment  of  awful  suspense,  as  the 
'  Ugh '  of  the  savages  awoke  the  quiet  of  that  summer's  day. 


Address  of  Dr.  William  H.  Egle.  51 

Immediately  the  brave-hearted  school-master,  fully  realizing 
the  situation  and  the  peril  of  the  hour,  bade  the  monsters 
take  his  life,  but  spare  the  innocent  children,  who  were 
crouching  in  fear  before  the  angry  and  infuriated,  red  demons 
of  the  forest.  There  was  no  pity  or  mercy  in  that  ruthless 
horde.  At  once  the  work  of  butchering  began,  and  in  less 
time  than  it  can  be  related,  the  bloody  deed  was  consum 
mated.  Hurriedly  securing  the  scalps  of  teacher  and  schol 
ars,  as  trophies  of  a  victory,  the  inhuman  monsters  with 
hellish  satisfaction,  retraced  their  steps  and  were  lost  in  the 
wilderness  beyond." 

"Why  tarry  the  children?  was  the  inquiry  of  the  anxious 
frontier  mother,  as  she  looked  out  from  her  rude  home  to 
wards  the  path  to  the  school-house.  Presently,  anxiety  gave 
way  to  alarm,  and  the  male  members  of  the  family  were  sent 
out  to  learn  the  cause  of  their  absence.  How  sad  the  dis 
covery!  It  was  indeed  'Holy  Innocents'  Day'  in  this  new 
land  of  ours,  and  one  which  you,  my  friends,  have  seen 
fit  to  remember.  And  yet,  I  think  I  hear  some  say,  what  of 
this  dark  and  bloody  deed  so  disgraceful  to  humanity,  so 
horrifying  to  all  the  finer  feelings  of  our  nature, — why  com 
memorate,  why  not  allow  oblivion  to  cast  an  eternal  shadow 
over  the  transaction  ?  My  friends,  if  it  was  only  the  atro 
cious  butchery  of  that  day,  we  might  well  cover  over  and 
hide  it  from  earthly  annals  forever.  But  in  that  sanguinary 
hour  there  were  the  grand  and  ennobling  characteristics  of 
Christian  manhood  and  glory  shining  forth;  which  have 
come  down  to  us  through  all  the  cathedral  aisles  of  time, 
and  prompted  us  to  erect  in  this  place  this  memorial.  The 
deed  perpetrated  one  hundred  and  twenty-one  years  ago,  is 
a  land-mark  in  the  history  of  this  locality,  and  this  stone 
will  be  a  constant  reminder  of  the  sufferings  endured  by 
your  ancestors,  who  indeed  made  the  wilderness  to  blos 
som  as  the  rose,  and  founded  through  many  trials  and 
great  sufferings,  homes  you  now  enjoy  in  peace  and  plenty. 
That  heroic  teacher,  with  the  Bible  in  his  hand .  imploring 
his  brutal  murderers  to  take  his  life  and  spare  the  innocent 
ones  around  him,  eminently  deserves  the  voiced  recognition 
here  given.  The  band  of  children,  slaughtered  through 
savage  hate,  most  of  whose  names  are  unknown  to  us,  have 


52  Enoch  Brown  Memo?ial. 

a  sacred  memory  which  you  do  well  to  record.  Their  lives 
were  sacrificed  not  without  some  grand  purpose.  It  touched, 
at  least,  the  hearts  of  the  Quaker  Assembly,  who  at  once 
determined  to  place  the  country  in  defence.  It  nerved  the 
souls  of  the  settlers  to  defend  their  homes  and  wipe  the 
heathen  from  the  land.  And,  citizens  of  Antrim  and  this 
highly  favored  locality,  you  have  done  a  good  thing  in  the 
erection  of  this  memorial. 

Dr.  Egle  took  up  the  campaign  of  Bouquet  after  the  mas 
sacre  here  and  alluded  with  words  of  praise  to  the  Findlays 
and  Dixons,  the  Maclays  and^McDo  wells,  the  Armstrongs 
and  Chambers' s,  the  Jacks  and  Johnstons  and  Potters  who 
accompanied  him.  Referring  to  a  later  period  he  said : 
"Among  the  hundreds  of  Scotch-Irish  who  served  in  the 
war  of  the  Revolution  from  the  Antrim,  Letterkenny  and 
Lurgan  of  old  not  one  turned  Tory.  Born  among  priva 
tion  and  tyranny,  in  the  sternness  of  integrity  and  heartfelt 
piety,  with  the  Bible  in  one  hand  and  the  trusty  rifle  in  the 
other,  let  us  give  the  meed  of  praise  to  the  early  settlers  of 
this  locality,  whose  crowning  excellence  was  their  devotion 
to  religion  and  their  unflinching  duty  to  God  and  man." 

After  tracing  Bouquet's  course  in  the  west  with  his  army, 
partly  made  up  of  the  men  just  described,  narrating  the 
recapitulation  of  the  Indians  and  the  ultimate  success  of  the 
brave  commander,  Dr.  Egle  concluded:  "  Thus  ended  the 
power  of  the  Western  Indians,  and  the  war  inaugurated  by 
Pontiac  and  Kyasutha  closed.  The  peace  which  ensued 
lasted  for  a  period  of  ten  years,  and  confidence  and  security 
were  given  to  the  pioneers  of  the  west.  The  frontiers  were 
removed  from  this  locality  west  of  the  Alleghenies,  and 
never  more  did  the  foot  of  the  hostile  savage  tread  this 
beautiful  valley.  It  was  during  this  period  of  quietude  that 
emigration  to  the  valley  of  the  Ohio's  headwaters  was  per 
manently  commenced — when  the  foundations  were  laid  of 
great  and  powerful  States  now  holding  a  controlling  influ 
ence  in  the  American  nation.  To  Col.  Henry  Bouquet,  the 
gallent  Swiss  officer,  more  than  to  any  other  who  served  in 
the  French  and  Indian  war,  are  we  indebted  for  much  of 
the  prosperity  which  followed.  He  was  incomparably  a 
strong  man — firm  and  decided  as  an  officer  and  intrepid 


Address  of  Dr.  Wm.  H.  Egle  53 

as  a  soldier.  His  remains  rest  in  an  unknown  grave  on  the 
Florida  coast,  but  his  name  and  fame  are  inseparably  con 
nected  with  the  history  of  our  State.  He  did  signal  service 
in  his  day  and  generation, -and  the  influence  of  his  heroic 
deeds  has  thrilled  unumbered  hearts  through  the  years  which 
have  intervened." 

"Pontiac  and  Bouquet !  The  first  the  personification  of 
a  savage  Napoleon,  brutal,  inhuman  and  treacherous — mur 
der  and  lust  glaring  his  eye-balls— pollution  and  baseness  in 
all  his  acts.  The  latter — a  man  standing  out  grand  and 
glorious,  fulfilling  life's  noble  destiny,  magnanimous  as  he 
was  brave,  a  soldier  by  education,  but  an  upright  citizen 
and  Christian  gentleman.  The  former  not  the  ideal  repre 
sentative  of  his  race,  but  the  true,  with  all  the  evil  of 
human  nature;  the  latter  with  the  God-like  attributes  of 
mankind." 

"Men  of  Antrim,  I  am  done.  With  the  work  you  have 
this  day  completed  do  not  imagine  that  your  duties  of  life 
are  finished.  In  commemorating  the  virtues  of  the  school 
master  of  the  long  ago  you  should  not  forget  the  glorious 
principles  which  underlie  all  noble  actions.  Instil  into  the 
minds  of  your  children  a  reverence  for  the  good,  by  precept 
as  well  as  by  example.  If  the  pious  teacher  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty-one  years  ago  deserves  this  commemorative 
stone,  let  the  remembrance  of  the  events  of  that  era  fre 
quently  cause  you  to  reflect  upon  the  blessings  you  enjoy 
and  thank  God  that  you  live  in  prosperous  peace. ' ' 


APPENDIX. 


THE  CHRISTIAN  NAME  OF  SCHOOLMASTER  BROWN. 

Considerable  ado  was  made  last  summer  by  one  of  the 
Chambersburg  papers  over  a  supposed  mistake  in  the  name 
of  the  martyred  schoolmaster.  It  was  alleged,  on  the  pre 
tended  authority  of  Dr.  Egle,  that  his  name  was  Hugh  in 
stead  of  Enoch.  In  a  conversation  with  the  writer  on  the 
evening  of  Dedication  Day,  in  presence  af  Poet  Cooper, 
Dr.  Egle  emphatically  remarked  that  he  never  had  author 
ized  such  statements.  Said  he,  "  I  never  said  that  the  school 
master's  name  was  Hugh  or  that  it  was  not  Enoch.  In  my 
speech  to-day  I  repeatedly  called  him  Enoch.  We  must 
take  tradition  where  we  have  no  history  that  positively  con 
tradicts  it.  I  spent  several  days  in  Carlisle  recently  exam 
ining  the  old  lists  of  Cumberland  county  taxables,  &c.,  but 
found  no  mention  of  either' Enoch  or  Hugh  Brown  among 
them."  General  David  Detrich  and  his  aged  sister,  Mrs. 
Diehl,  also  Mrs.  Scott,  besides  other  old  citizens,  affirm  that 
Betty  Hopkins  always  called  the  schoolmaster  Enoch  ;  Mrs. 
Scott  heard  her  call  him  Enoch  nearly  eighty  years  ago. 
Capt.  C.  F.  Bonner  is  a  great  grandson  of  the  massacred 
teacher,  and  says  all  the  family  traditions  gave  him  the  name 
" Enoch."  Ancient  papers  which  would  doubtless  have 
made  this  matter  perfectly  clear  were  thoughtlessly  de 
stroyed  many  years  ago. 

Andrew  N.  Rankin,  Esq.,  of  Jamaica,  N.  Y.,  states  that 
his  grandmother's  maiden  name  was  Brown  and  that  her 
father  was  a  cousin  of  the  murdered  schoolmaster.  She  had 
often  told  him  the  story  of  the  massacre  and  had  not  only 
called  the  master  Enoch,  but  had  given  the  reason  why  he  was 
originally  named  Enoch.  He  was  born  in  Ireland,  where 
thirteen  is  considered  unlucky.  Being  the  thirteenth  child 
in  his  father's  family  his  parents  sought  to  ward  off  bad  luck 
by  naming  the  child  Enoch,  after  the  first  man  "  who  was 
translated  without  tasting  death."  See  Gen.  5,  24.  'Squire 


56  Enoch  Brown  Memorial — Appendix. 

Rankin  (the  father  of  A.  N.)  was  a  leading  spirit  in  the 
work  of  exhuming  the  remains  of  the  teacher  and  scholars, 
August  4,  1843.  He  also  furnished,  along  with  George  W. 
Ziegler,  Esq.,  the  detailed  account  of  the  same,  which  was 
afterwards  published  by  I.  D.  Rupp  in  the  county  history 
and  inserted  from  time  to  time  in  the  county  papers.  The 
Irish  device  to  ward  off  bad  luck  from  Enoch  Brown  seems 
not  to  have  been  very  successful,  and  yet,  humanely  speaking, 
we  can  say,  in  the  light  of  present  surroundings,  that  there 
was  good  luck  in  the  bad  luck.  Providence  overruled  the 
massacre,  we  believe,  to  secure  from  the  Provincial  govern 
ment  for  Bouquet  the  reinforcements  for  which  he  vainly 
pleaded  the  year  before.  And  but  for  this  massacre  and  the 
self-sacrificing  spirit  shown  in  that  fiery  ordeal,  history  would 
know  nothing  of  Enoch  Brown,  the  martyred  schoolmaster, 
and  no  monument  would  perpetuate  his  memory. 


ENOCH  BROWN  POETR  Y. 

The  following  is  the  full  text  of  the  poem,  the  last  two 
verses  of  which  form  the  inscription  on  the  south  side  of 
the  monument : 

A  POEM — IN  MEMORIAM.* 
With  anguish  sore  and  bitter  woe, 

The  hearts  of  Konoshickf  are  wrung 
Alas  !  the  cruel  Indian  foe 

Has  slain  the  tender  and  the  young. 

As  Rachel  wept  in  Judah's  land 

O'er  infants  slain  by  tyrant  king, 
So  Antrim  wails  her  martyr  band, 

Her  homes  with  lamentations  ring. 

As  heroes  fall,  at  duty's  post, 

So  fell  the  master  and  his  school, 
A  sacrifice,  a  holocaust, 

To  border  life  and  Quaker  rule. 

The  place  is  holy  where  they  died, 

In  Christian  faith  and  childhood  pure, 

And  where  they  laid  them  side  by  side, 
In  common  grave  and  sepulture. 

*By  a  friend  of  the  monument,  February  10,  1885. 
fOne  of  the  old  ways  of  spelling  Conococheague. 


The  Quaker  Poet.  5  7 

And  ye,  who  now  in  safety  dwell, 

In  Cumberland's  enchanting  vale, 
Revere  the  spot  and  mark  it  well, 

Where  long  was  heard  the  mother's  wail. 

For  not  in  vain  the  martyrs  die, 

Their  death  brings  life  to  pioneers, 
Who  gain  the  burden  of  their  cry, 

Relief  denied  in  former  years. 

Bouquet  has  sought  the  tiger's  lair 

With  trusty  lion-hearted  men ; 
Kind  Heaven  grants  the  settlers'  prayer, 

The  Dove  of  Peace  returns  again — 

The  tomahawk  and  scalping  knife, 

Long  red  with  Anglo  Saxon  gore, 
The  symbols  dire  of  savage  strife, 

Are  seen  on  Antrim's  hills  no  more. 

The  ground  is  holy  where  they  fell 

And  where  their  mingled  ashes  lie, 
Ye  Christian  people  mark  it  well 

With  granite  column  strong  and  high. 

And  cherish  well,  forevermore, 

The  stoned  wealth  of  early  years, 
The  sacred  legacies  of  yore, 

The  toils  and  trials  of  pioneers. 


THE  QUAKER  POET. 

While  Prof.  J.  Fraise  Richard  was  gathering  data  for  the 
history  of  Franklin  county,  he  wrote  a  letter  to  John  G. 
Whittier,  the  New  England  poet,  requesting  him  to  write  a 
poem  on  the  massacre  of  Enoch  Brown  and  the  school  chil 
dren.  The  following  letter  was  received  by  Mr.  Richard 
in  reply,  viz: 

OAK  KNOLL,  DANVERS,  Mass.,  V 
3d  month  19,  1886.      j 

DEAR  FRIEND  :  I  am  glad  to  know  that  the  people  of  Franklin 
county  have  erected  a  monument  to  the  memory  of  the  noble,  Christian 

C* 


58  Enoch  Brown  Memorial — Appendix. 

schoolmaster  and  his  slain  children,  and  that  the  history  of  the  county 
is  to  be  written  by  thyself.  In  my  state  of  health  I  do  not  feel  equal  to 
the  exciting  effort  of  writing  a  poem  on  so  sad  a  theme.  But  I  thank 
thee  for  thy  letter  and  enclosed  circulars,  and  am  truly  thy  friend, 

JOHN  G.  WHITTIER. 


HON.  HORATIO  SEYMOUR  ON  THE  MONUMENT. 

In  December,  1881,  the  Greencastle  Press  published  a 
letter  from  Hon.  Horatio  Seymour  to  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort, 
stating  that  "it  is  time  that  our  people  are  made  acquainted 
with  our  obligations  to  the  German  and  Holland  lineages," 
and  thanking  him  for  an  article  on  Baron  Steuben,  which 
Rev.  Cort  had  furnished  the  Reformed  Church  Messenger 
about  the  time  of  the  Yorktown  Centennial  Celebration. 
Mr.  Seymour  had  been  chiefly  instrumental  in  having  an 
invitation  sent  to  the  Steubens  of  Germany,  by  the  Ameri 
can  Government,  who  he  thought  deserved  it  as  well  as  the 
Lafayettes  of  France,  to  participate  in  that  centennial  cele 
bration.  Baron  Steuben  was  the  efficient  drill-master  and 
Inspector  General  of  the  Revolutionary  Army  at  Valley 
Forge  and  vastly  improved  its  discipline  and  effectiveness. 
He  managed  the  siege  and  commanded  a  division  in  the 
trenches  which  was  about  to  storm  the  camp  of  Cornwallis 
at  the  very  hour  that  the  flag  of  surrender  was  hung  out. 
After  the  war  he  was  for  some  years  an  elder  in  the  Reformed 
church  in  Nassau  street,  New  York  city,  in  which  church  a 
memorial  tablet  was  placed  by  his  aide,  General  North,  after 
the  Baron's  death.  Mr.  Seymonr  recently  celebrated  his 
75th  birthday  and  at  the  same  time  his  Golden  Wedding. 
In  connection  with  this  event  Rev.  Cort  sent  him  copies  of 
several  poems  written  a  few  months  ago  in  honor  of  similar 
events  celebrated  by  his  uncles,  Simon  Cort  at  Denver,  Col., 
and  Daniel  Cort  at  Zwingli,  Iowa,  and  their  wives.  He 
enclosed  at  the  same  time  one  of  the  Enoch  Brown  circulars. 
Mr.  Seymour  promptly  acknowledged  the  receipt  of  these 
documents  in  an  autograph  letter  to  Rev.  Cort,  which  we 
believe  will  be  of  special  interest  now  that  the  distinguished 


Report  of  Treasurer.  59 

Statesman   has  passed  away   along  with  his  beloved  wife, 
under  very  pathetic  circumstances. 

UTICA,  N.  Y.,  July  9,  1885. 

MY  DEAR  SIR. — I  am  under  obligations  to  you  for  sending  me 
copies  of  your  verses  written  on  the  Fiftieth  anniversaries  of  the  marriages 
of  your  kinsfolk,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Simon  Cort,  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Daniel 
Cort.  They  are  very  happily  conceived  and  expressed.  I  am  also  in 
terested  in  the  circular  with  regard  to  the  Enoch  Brown  Monument.  I 
have  given  some  time  and  attention  to  the  erection  of  monuments  in 
commemoration  of  events.  Such  monuments  have  done  much  to  teach 
about  the  past  and  to  instruct  with  regard  to  duties  of  life  and  the  vir 
tues  of  patriotism,  &c.  We  feel  as  we  look  upon  them  that  the  dead 
speak  to  us.  A  number  of  such  monuments  were  put  up  in  this  section 
about  the  time  of  our  national  centennial  year.  They  have  done  much 
to  instruct  and  improve  our  citizens.  I  trust  the  effort  to  put  up  the 
Enoch  Brown  Monument  was  successful.  Again  thanking  you  for  send 
ing  me  the  verses  and  the  circular  about  the  monument,  I  am 
Respectfully  yours, 

HORATIO  SEYMOUR. 

To  the  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort. 


REPORT  OF  THE  TREASURER  OF  THE  ENOCH  BROWN 
MONUMENT  FUND,  JANUAR  Y  4,  1886. 

To  amount  received  : 

H.  M.  Gilmore,  Chambersburg, $  I  oo 

German  Street  Grammar  School,  Chambersburg, I   80 

Public  Schools  of  Chambersburg, 69  30 

Chambersburg  Academy, 6  oo 

Collection  Presbyterian  Churches,  Chambersburg, 36  95 

Zion's  Reformed  Church  and  Sunday  School,  Chambersburg,..  15  oo 

Methodist  Sunday  School,  Chambersburg, 6  oo 

First  Lutheran  Sunday  School,  Chambersburg,  15   17 

King  Street  U.  B.  Church,  Chambersburg, 5   n 

Public  Schools  and  Sunday  Schools,  Quincy  Twp.,  per  Col. 

Wiestling, 88  67 

Individual  contribution,  Col.  Wiestling, 20  oo 

Individual   contributions  from   citizens    of  Greencastle   and 

vicinity, 140  25 

Presbyterian  Church  and  Sunday  School,  Greencastle, 25  oo 

Reformed  Church  and  Sunday  School,  Greencastle, 28  14 

Methodist  Sunday  School,  Greencastle, 2  oo 

Public  and  Select  Schools,  Greencastle, 10   10 


Carried  forward, — $47°  49 


60  Enoch  Brown  Memorial — Appendix. 

Amount  brought  forward, $  470  49 

Brown's  Mills  Public  Schools, 13  75 

Antrim  Grove  "  "  q  2o 

Clay  Hill  «  «  200 

New  Haven  "  "  2  25 

Pleasant  Retreat  "  "  4  ^o 

Cedar  Grove  "  "  12  50 

Highland  "  «  Io  oo 

Bushtown  "  "  3  75 

Middleburg  "  "  !  oO 

Shady  Grove  Sunday  School, g  50 

Paradise  "  "  4  85 

Reformed  Church,  Middleburg, I  73 

Jacob  Hershey  and  others 3  45 

Mrs.  Martha  J.  Nevin,  Stephen  Keifer,  Dr.  Wm.  H.  Egle, 

Dr.  L.  B.  Rowland  and  others,  per  Rev.  C.  Cort, 35  84 

Citizens  of  Mercersburg, 28  50 

Lutheran  Sunday  School,  Mercersburg, 2  40 

Reformed  "  "  "  5  40 

Mercersburg  College, 4  35 

Reformed  Sunday  School,  Fort  Loudon, 2  58 

Public  Schools  of  Fort  Loudon, 3  46 

Welsh  Run  Presbyterian  Sunday  School, 5  03 

Union  Sunday  School,  Lenhersville, 6  oo 

Individual  contributions  from  citizens  of  Waynesboro  and 

Washington  townships, 39  oo 

Washington  township  Public  Schools, 33  12 

Waynesboro  Public  Schools, „ 7  80 

Methodist  Church,  Waynesboro, 3  01 

U.  B.  Mission  Church,  "  2  45 

Harry  C.  Strickler,  I  oo 

Cave  Dale  Public  School,  Peters  township, 3  15 

St.  Stephen's  Sunday  School,  Upton, 15  65 

Union  Church  Services,  Upton, I  85 

C.  M.  Deatrich  and  others,  St.  Thomas, 14  10 

Methodist  Sunday  School, 3  25 

Amberson's  Valley  Sunday  School, 13  50 

Carrick  U.  B.  Sunday  School, 80 

Spring  Run  U.  B.  Sunday  School, 5  45 

Spring  Run  Public  School, 5  40 

Dry  Run  "  "  3  40 

Concord  and  Wolff's  Sunday  School, 2  15 

Basket  collection  per  Rev.  George,  Strasburg, 2  20 

Union  Sunday  School,  Strasburg, 6  60 

Union  "  "  Greenwood, 2  50 

Centre  "  "  Path  Valley, 398 

Lutheran  Sunday  School,  Orrstown, I  12 

Carried  forward, $  814  31 


Report  of  Treasurer.  6 1 

Amount  brought  forward, $  814  31 

Church  of  God,  Orrstown, I  33 

Public  School,  Orrstown, I  55 

Blue  Spring  Sunday  School, 3  50 

U.  B.  Sunday  School,  Guilford  township, 5  30 

Marion  Public  School, 18  60 

Cedar  Grove  Public  School, 10  35 

Falling  Spring  Public  School, 2  30 

B.  F.  Crawford  and  others, , 3  oo 

Sylvan  Sunday  School, n  73 

Carrick  M.  E.  Sunday  School, I  80 

New  Franklin  and  Bethel  Sunday  School, lo  oo 

Fayetteville  Lutheran  Sunday  School, 7  82 

Greenvillage  Lutheran  Sunday  School,  Smoketown  U.  S.  S., 
Clark's  School,  Salem    School,  Garfield,   Row   District 

and  Scotland  U.  B.  S.  S,, 15  95 

John  A.  Zullinger  and  others,  Southampton  township, 10  32 

Williamson  Union  Sunday  School, 5  05 

Norman             "         "             "       Lehmaster's  station, 5  90 

R.  R.  Rebate  from  Centennial  Executive  Committee, 423  91 

Total, $i,352  72 


By  amount  paid  :  CONTRA. 

Captain  J.  Demi,  for  land, $    484  69 

W.  N.  Meredith,  for  Monument, 491   50 

U.  G.  Hawbecker,  for  stone  and  cement, 27  50 

.Brewer  &  Winger,  for  stone, 3  60 

S   Z.  Hawbecker,  for  stone  cutters,  &c., 29  96 

Henry  Lohr,  for  dressing  stone, 5  25 

S.  P.  Stouffer,  for  dressing  stone, 5  25 

C.  C.  Pentz,  for  mason  work, 10  oo 

D.  A.  Pentz,  for  mason  work, 7  50 

Charles  Martin,  for  stone  cutting, 12  oo 

S.  S.  Easton,  for  labor  at  monument, 6  oo 

WTesley  Lizer,  for  hauling  stone, 2  oo 

Greencastle  Press,  for  printing  circulars,  badges,  &c., 18  25 

M.  A.  Foltz,  for  printing  circulars,  &c., 15  oo 

G.  W,  &  D.  Zeigler,  for  satin  ribbon, 3  45 

U.  N.  Speilman,  for  U.  S.  Flags, I  45 

B.  F.  Winger,  expenses  of  trip  to  Mercersburg  and  for  mail 
ing  dedication  circulars, 3  33 

Daniel  Foreman,  carriage  for  speakers, 2  oo 

D.  B.  Keefer,  for  iron  fences, 142  24 

W.  B.  Lear  &  Son,  for  placing  iron  fences, 12  24 

Carried  forward, $  1,283   19 


62  Enoch  Brown  Memorial — Appendix. 

Amount  brought  forward, $  1*283   r9 

Clippinger  &  Spielman,  for  terra-cotta  pipe, I  80 

J.  S.  Snively,  for  lumber  used  in  dedication  platform, 2  85 

Luther  Palmer,  for  hauling  lumber, 2  oo 

Rev.  C.  Cort,  for  printing,  postage,  trip  to  Mt.  Alto  and  Get 
tysburg  to  examine  granite,  cement  for  terra-cotta  piping, 

telegraphing,  ice  on  Dedication  Day,  in  all, 9  77 

Postage  paid  by  Treasurer, 60 

$1,300  20 


Balance  in  hands  of  Treasurer, $      52  52 


Respectfully  submitted, 

A.  H.  STRICKLER, 

Waynesboro,  Pa. 

NOTE  BY  EDITOR. — In  addition  to  the  two  hundred  and  eighty  odd 
dollars  credited  in  the  above  list  to  citizens  of  Greencastle  and  Antrim 
township,  they  gave  in  labor  and  hauling  upwards  of  fifty  dollars,  right 
in  the  midst  of  harvest,  making  in  all  nearly  one-fourth  of  the  entire 
cost,  and  making  fully  one-third  of  the  cost  without  counting  the  sur 
plus  land.  Well  done  for  Mother  Antrim  !  Leaving  out  the  railroad 
rebate  only  about  $600  remains,  or  less  considerably  than  half  the  cost, 
as  the  contribution  of  Franklin  county  outside  of  Antrim  township. 


INCORPORA  TION. 

The  following  articles  of  Incorporation  were  duly  ap 
proved  by  the  Court  of  Franklin  county,  Pa.,  Dec.  7,  1885, 
and  the  Enoch  Brown  Park  and  Monument  Association  was 
created  a  body  politic,  or  corporate  in  law  in  accordance 
therewith,  by  decree  of  the  Honorable  Court,  on  petition  of 
Cyrus  Cort,  Robt.  J.  Boyd,  A.  H.  Strickler,  W.  D.  Dixon 
and  B.  F.  Winger.  The  same  are  recorded  in  the  Prothon- 
otary's  office  and  also  in  Charter  Book,  Vol.  i,  page  244, 
&c.,  in  Recorder's  office  of  said  county. 

ARTICLES  OF  INCORPORATION. 

FIRST  :  The  name  of  this  incorporation  shall  be  known  as  the  "  Enoch 
Brown  Park  and  Monument  Association." 

SECOND  :  The  object  of  this  association  shall  be  to  honor  and  perpet- 


Incorporation .  6  3 

uate  the  memory  of  Schoolmaster  Enoch  Brown  and  eleven  scholars 
massacred  by  Indians,  July  26,  1764,  by  securing  in  fee  simple  from  Capt. 
Jacob  Diehl,and  holding  in  perpetuity  for  cemetery,  social,  religious  and 
patriotic  uses  for  the  schools  and  citizens  of  said  county,  the  grounds  in 
Antrim  township,  a  few  miles  north  of  Greencastle,  containing  the  site 
of  the  school-house  where  the  massacre  occurred,  also  the  site  of  the  com 
mon  grave  in  which  the  master  and  ten  scholars  lie  buried,  and  the  ad 
jacent  spring  a  few  rods  southwest  of  said  grave,  and  the  avenue  leading 
to  the  public  road,  north  of  the  Park,  together  with  the  monuments, 
iron  fences  and  other  improvements  erected  on  said  grounds,  under  the 
auspices  of  this  Association. 

THIRD  :  The  Enoch  Brown  Park,  aforesaid,  of  Greencastle,  Pa., 
shall  be  the  regular  place  of  business  af  this  Association,  and  July  26,  at 
10  A.  M.  the  time  of  the  annual  meeting,  which  shall  always  be  held  at 
the  Park,  unless  otherwise  ordered  by  a  majority  of  the  Association  in 
writing. 

FOURTH  :  This  Association  shall  exist  in  perpetuity,  and  its  members 
shall  have  no  power  to  sell,  mortgage  or  encumber  the  grounds  which 
contain  the  site  of  the  school-house  and  grave,  now  marked  by  granite 
monuments,  or  the  adjacent  spring. 

FIFTH  :  The  officers  of  this  Association  shall  be  a  president,  secre 
tary  and  treasurer,  with  duties  and  powers  usually  appertaining  to  said 
offices. 

SIXTH  :  The  names  and  residences  of  its  members  are  as  follows : 
Cyrus  Cort,  (President),  Greencastle;  Robt.  J.  Boyd,  (Secretary), 
Upton;  A.  H.  Strickler,  (Treasurer),  Waynesboro;  W.  D.  Dixon,  St. 
Thomas  and  D.  Watson  Rowe,  Chambersburg,  all  of  said  county. 

SEVENTH  :  Any  vacancy  occurring  in  this  Association,  or  among  its 
officers  by  death,  removal  or  resignation,  shall  be  filled  by  election  at  the 
next  annual  meeting,  or  at  a  special  meetmg  called  for  that  purpose,  and 
none  but  citizens  of  Franklin  county  shall  be  eligible  for  such  positions. 

EIGHTH  :  Three  members  shall  constitute  a  quorum,  either  in  person 
or  by  written  proxy. 

NINTH  :  Special  meetings  may  be  called  at  any  time  by  the  president, 
one  week's  notice  being  given  the  members,  to  transact  such  business  as 
may  be  specified  in  the  call,  and  no  other,  unless  all  the  members  are 
present,  or  represented  by  proxies  with  authority  in  writing. 

TENTH  :  The  funds  in  possession  of  this  Association,  and  all 
securities  representing  funds,  whether  received  by  gift,  legacy,  or 
from  the  sale  of  the  fifteen  acres,  more  or  less,  of  the  surplus  land 
bought  of  Captain  Jacob  Diehl,  shall  be  conveyed  to  A.  H.  Strick 
ler,  Robt.  J.  Boyd  and  B.  F.  Winger,  as  trustees,  and  their  suc 
cessors  in  office  to  be  appointed  by  the  Honorable  Court  of  Franklin 
county,  and  shall  be  invested  in  securities,  approved  by  the  Court,  the 
annual  interest  or  proceeds  to  be  paid  over  promptly  to  the  treasurer  of 
this  Association,  to  be  devoted  to  keeping  the  grounds,  fences,  monu- 


64  Enoch  Brown  Memorial — Appendix. 

ments,  spring,  etc.,  in  good  repair  in  accordance  with  the  action  of  the 
Franklin  County  Centennial  Convention  of  April  22,  1884,  after  all 
the  necessary  expenses  for  grounds,  monuments,  etc.,  have  been  paid. 

ELEVENTH  :  Any  vacancy  occurring  in  said  Board  of  Trustees,  shall  be 
filled  by  the  Court  of  Franklin  county,  on  notice  to  that  effect  being 
given  by  said  trustees,  or  by  the  secretary  of  this  Association. 

TWELFTH  :  No  members  of  this  Association,  or  its  Board  of  Trustees, 
shall  be  allowed  to  make  any  charges  for  their  time  or  services,  while 
attending  meetings  of  the  Association  or  Board,  or  for  the  performance 
of  any  official  duty  in  furtherance  of  the  sacred  trust  committed  to  their 
care  by  the  people  of  Franklin  county. 

THIRTEENTH  :  This  Association  shall  have  power  to  make,  adopt, 
alter  or  amend  such  rules  and  by-laws  as  may  be  necessary,  provided 
they  do  not  conflict  with  the  foregoing  articles,  the  Constitution  of 
Pennsylvania,  or  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 


THE  ARCHIE  McCULLOUGH  SPRING. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  and  important  features  of  the 
Enoch  Brown  Park,  is  the  Archie  McCullough  Spring.  At 
this  spring,  Schoolmaster  Brown  and  scholars  were  wont  to 
slake  their  thirst  on  the  hot  summer  days.  Here  little 
Archie  McCullough  was  found  by  Mr.  Linn,  according  to 
tradition,  soon  after  the  massacre,  trying  to  wash  the  clotted 
blood  from  his  face  and  scalpless  head.  The  water  is  clear 
as  crystal,  and  for  a  slate  hill  spring,  is  remarkably  cool. 

Overrun  by  cattle,  and  never  cleaned  out  for  many  years, 
this  spring  was  simply  a  miasmatic  mudhole  or  quagmire 
when  the  Enoch  Brown  Committee  bought  the  Park.  Miss 
Susan  Koser  insisted  that  it  was  an  excellent  spring,  whose 
waters  were  highly  prized  by  her  father,  Captain  Christian 
Koser,  on  account  of  medicinal  qualities.  For  many  years 
he  kept  a  constant  supply  of  it  in  his  cellar  and  had  great 
faith  in  its  curative  properties. 

This  testimony  alone  with  the  older  traditions,  induced 
the  committee  to  put  down  terra-cotta  piping,  so  as  to  drain 
the  spring  properly.  They  also  walled  it  up  in  a  substantial 
manner.  The  results  were  equal  to  the  most  sanguine  ex 
pectations.  The  different  parties  who  drank  the  water  most 
freely,  while  fixing  up  the  park  and  monument,  were  con- 


Mother  Terrapin.  65 

vinced  that  it  had  valuable  medicinal  properties  similar  to 
those  of  the  Bedford  mineral  springs,  so  famous  for  relieving 
or  curing  kidney  and  liver  ailments.  Adding  a  little  salt 
makes  it  taste  very  much  like  the  famous  Vichy  water. 

Large  quantities  can  be  drank  without  any  inconvenience, 
except  that  any  malarial  tendency  in  the  system  is  driven  to 
the  surface  in  the  form  of  hives,  etc.,  causing  temporary 
annoyance,  but  conducing  to  greater  permanent  healthfull 
ness.  Restored  to  its  pristine  beauty  and  utility,  the  spring 
is  a  treasure,  not  only  on  account  of  the  pathetic  interest 
that  attaches  to  it  because  of  ancient  association,  but  be 
cause  it  promises  to  be  a  practical  blessing  to  thousands  of 
visitors  for  all  time  to  come. 


MOTHER  TERRAPIN. 

A  great  many  land  turtles  of  different  sizes  were  found 
among  the  rubbish  immediately  adjoining  the  grave  of 
Enoch  Brown  and  scholars.  A  young  doctor  present  con 
cluded  to  score  one  for  Hugh,  and  marked  on  the  shell  of 
one  of  the  most  venerable  of  these  creatures,  the  initials  and 
date,  "H.  B.,  1764."  This  was  intended  to  give  aid  and  com 
fort  to  the  advocates  of  Hugh  Brown,  whose  ghost  is  sup 
posed  to  lurk  about  the  park,  glaring  fiercely  betimes  at  the 
word  Enoch,  carved  in  big  letters  on  both  monuments.  In 
this  way  the  toilers,  who  worked  for  nothing  and  boarded 
themselves,  while  clearing  the  grounds  of  brush  and  briars, 
beguiled  the  hours  occasionally  when  the  thermometer  was 
98  in  the  shade.  The  turtle  clan  or  totem  is  an  important 
one  among  every  large  tribe  of  Indians,  along  with  the  wolf 
and  bear,  etc.'  And  among  white  people  many  may  be  fitly 
represented  by  grandmother  terrapin,  moving  sluggishly  over 
and  around  the  most  sacred  associations,  living,  as  it  were, 
in  the  past,  but  without  a  particle  of  reverence  or  enthusiasm 
for  what  is  noble  and  enduring  in  the  past.  The  remarks 
and  actions  of  not  a  few  persons  in  our  county,  in  reference 
to  the  monumental  project  during  the  past  year,  indicate 
that  they  belong  to  the  tortoise  totem.  It  is  to  be  hoped 


66  Enoch  Brown  Memorial — Appendix. 

that  a  more  intelligent,  progressive  spirit  will  actuate  them 
in  time  to  come,  or  that  their  childeren  may  at  least  catch 
nobler  historic  aspirations. 

We  believe  that  the  Enoch  Brown  Park  and  monuments 
will  help  greatly  to  bring  about  this  desirable  result. 


THE  COUNTY  SUPERINTENDENTS  ABSENCE. 

Everybody  was  delighted  with  the  noble  and  eloquent 
speech  of  Peter  A.  Witmer,  Esq. ,  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction  in  Washington  county,  Md.  He  did  full  justice 
to  the  important  educational  features  involved  in  the  dedi 
cation  ceremonies  and  brought  out  in  grand  array  from  his 
treasures  things  new  and  old.  The  question  naturally  arose, 
where  was  Franklin  county's  own  Superintendent  on  that 
memorable  occasion?  Did  he  try  to  rally  the  educational 
forces  of  the  county  to  unite  with  all  true-hearted,  public- 
spirited  citizens  in  their  magnificent  effort  to  honor  the 
memory  of  the  noble  master  and  scholars  who  fell  as  pioneer 
martyrs  in  the  cause  of  Christian  education,  and  who  con 
secrated  Antrim's  hills  with  their  precious  blood  121  years 
ago  ?  Not  a  bit  of  it.  Mr.  Dysert  is  not  that  kind  of  a 
man.  He  was  only  conspicuous  by  his  absence,  trying  to 
prevent  others  from  attending  by  getting  up  a  little  side 
show  at  St.  Thomas,  where  the  papers  stated  he  intended 
having  a  public  examination  of  teachers  on  August  4,  1885. 

He  seemed  to  be  in  full  accord  with  several  Chambers- 
burg  papers,  which  did  all  they  could  to  confuse  the  public 
with  regard  to  the  time  and  place  of  the  dedication  cere 
monies,  and  made  a  frantic  effort  to  get  up  a  reunion  of 
colored  veterans  in  Chambersburg  on  that  particular  day  to 
keep  the  people  from  attending  at  the  park.  They  suc 
ceeded  as  far  as  Chambersburg  was  concerned.  Not  over 
three  dozen  of  her  citizens  were  present  at  the  dedication 
ceremonies,  although  Mother  Antrim  led  the  van  at  the 
Centennial  parades,  September  8  and  9,  1884,  when  over 
two  thousand  of  her  citizens  flocked  to  the  county  seat, 
most  of  them  paying  regular  railroad  fare  in  full  expecta- 


The  County  Superintendent 's  Absence.  67 

tion  that  all  the  rebate  would  go  to  the  Enoch  Brown  monu 
ment  fund,  as  the  convention  of  April  22,  1884,  had  decided. 
Superintendent  Dysert's  indifference  or  hostility  to  the 
Enoch  Brown  memorial  was  shown  on  other  occasions.  He 
refused  to  issue  a  card  to  the  teachers  and  schools  of  the 
county,  urging  them  to  co-operate  with  the  Enoch  Brown 
Committee  in  raising  funds  for  the  monument,  according 
to  the  earnest  request  of  the  Sovereign  Centennial  Conven 
tion  of  April  22,  1884.  He  refused  to  let  the  Enoch  Brown 
Committee,  consisting  of  Colonels  Wiestling  and  Dixon, 
and  Capt.  Boyd  and  Rev.  Cort,  to  lay  the  memorial  project 
before  the  County  Teachers'  Institute,  when  the  two  latter 
appeared  for  that  purpose  in  person  ;  also  representing  Col. 
Wiestling  by  proxy,  November  19,  1884.  He  said  to  the 
writer  of  this  note  that  Enoch  Brown  did  not  represent 
anything,  not  even  courage,  and  that  the  bulk  of  the  funds 
contributed  toward  the  erection  of  the  monument  had  bet 
ter  be  given  to  the  Children's  Aid  Society  in  Chambersburg. 
Thus,  with  surprising  mental  and  moral  obliquity,  he  set  up 
his  contracted  notions  as  superior  to  the  Franklin  County 
Centennial  Convention,  and  in  opposition  to  the  judgment 
of  the  best  historians,  scholars,  theologians,  statesmen  and 
poets  in  the  land.  The  poor  privilege  of  presenting  the 
cause  in  a  five  minutes'  speech  before  the  Institute  was  de 
nied  the  representatives  of  the  Enoch  Brown  Committee  by 
Superintendent  Dysert.  He  finally  consented  to  let  the 
memorial  of  the  Enoch  Brown  Committee  go  before  the 
Committee  of  the  Institute  on  Resolutions,  which  he  sought 
to  construct  so  as  to  smother  the  memorial.  But  in  this  he 
was  outgeneraled.  The  committee  reported  favorable  action 
in  the  shape  of  two  resolutions  prepared  in  advance  by  a 
friend  of  the  cause.  All  the  teachers  in  the  county  were 
urged  to  contribute  and  get  their  scholars  to  give  at  least 
one  dime  on  or  before  New  Year.  The  resolutions  went 
through  without  opposition,  but  it  was  given  out  immedi 
ately  by  those  nearest  the  Superintendent's  throne  that  they 
were  expected  to  remain  a  dead  letter.  No  effort  was  made 
to  give  them  vitality  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Dysert  and  his 
special  friends,  although  adopted  by  the  Institute. 

All  this  helps  us  to  understand  why  Superintendent  Dysert 


68  Enoch  Brown  Memorial— Appendix. 

was  absent  and  why  the  Enoch  Brown  Committee  had  to 
look  to  another  county  and  another  State  to  find  a  Superin 
tendent  in  sympathy  with  the  sacred  duty  imposed  upon 
them  by  the  Franklin  County  Centennial  Convention,  a  man 
whose  interest  and  enthusiasm  in  the  cause  of  education 
reaches  beyond  the  mere  question  of  loaves  and  fishes. 

We  felt  that  a  candid  presentation  of  these  facts  belonged 
to  the  history  of  the  monument,  and  was  due  the  friends  of 
the  movement  to  honor  the  memory  of  the  massacred  master 
and  scholars.  Along  with  many  other  things,  too  numerous 
to  mention,  they  help  to  show  the  ignoble  opposition  the 
committee  had  to  face  and  overcome  in  the  prosecution  of 
their  work.  Thanks  to  a  kind  Providence  their  efforts  have 
been  crowned  with  gratifying  success  and  the  Enoch  Brown 
park  and  monuments  are  fixed  and  enduring  facts. 


A   WORD  OF  EXPLANATION. 

It  was  stated  in  the  newspapers  last  autumn,  that  arrange 
ments  had  been  made  by  representatives  of  the  Enoch  Brown 
Memorial  Committee  and  the  Executive  Committee  at  Cham- 
bersburg,  to  publish  jointly  a  full  history  of  the  Centennial 
of  Franklin  county.  In  addition  to  the  contents  of  the 
present  volume,  the  proposed  history  was  to  have  given  a 
full  account  of  the  Centennial  Convention  of  April  22,  1884, 
the  parades,  speeches,  poem,  &c.,  of  September  8  and  9, 
1884,  &c.  A  joint  contract  on  very  favorable  terms  had 
been  entered  into  for  such  publication,  revised  copies  of  the 
centennial  speeches  and  poem  had  been  secured,  and  the 
title  page  had  already  been  issued,  when  it  was  learned  that 
the  majority  of  the  Executive  Committee  and  of  its  sub-com 
mittee  on  publication,  had  repudiated  the  action  of  its  re 
presentative,  O.  C.  Bowers,  Esq.,  in  making  said  contract 
with  the  Enoch  Brown  Committee  and  with  the  publishers. 

B.  F.  Gillmoreand  Jas.  A.  McKnight,  Esq.,  seem  to  be 
mainly  responsible  for  this  renewed  breach  of  faith  on  the 
part  of  the  Executive  Committee  or  it  representatives. 
Their  conduct  is  all  the  more  remarkable  when  we  bear  in 


A  Word  of  Explanation.  69 

mind,  that  out  of  the  three  hundred  and  thirty-four  dollars 
($334)  °f  railroad  rebate,  unjustly  withheld  from  the  Enoch 
Brown  fund  by  said  Executive  Committee,  one  hundred  and 
thirty  or  thirty-five  dollars  ($130  or  $135)  had  been  set  aside 
for  the  avowed  purpose  of  publishing  the  centennial  history, 
the  profits  or  proceeds  of  which  the  Executive  Committee 
had  publicly  pledged  to  the  Enoch  Brown  monument  fund. 
That  money  is  still  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  John  McDowell, 
Treasurer  of  the  Executive  Committee,  and  no  honest  effort 
has  yet  been  made  to  redeem  the  pledge  by  publishing  the 
whole  or  even  a  part  of  the  centennial  history.  They  ob 
jected  to  giving  the  contract  to  a  publishing  house  in  Lan 
caster,  Pa.,  which  agreed  to  print  1,200  copies  of  the  entire 
history  for  less  than  half  the  amount  asked  for  the  same  job 
by  the  two  best  printing  establishments  in  Chambersburg. 
The  proprietors  of  the  Greencastle  Press  had  offered  to  do 
the  work  and  guarantee  a  good  job,  for  ten  dollars  more 
than  the  Lancaster  bid.  To  obviate  the  objection  against 
letting  the  job  go  outside  of  the  county,  the  Enoch  Brown 
representative  then  proposed  to  compromise  by  accepting 
the  offer  of  the  Greencastle  firm,  and  give  it  to  the  lowest 
bidder  in  the  county,  but  this  proposal  was  also  rejected. 

This  action  of  the  Executive  Committee  needs  no  com 
ment.  We  simply  state  the  facts  in  this  brief,  explanatory 
way,  that  the  people  of  Franklin  county  may  know  the  rea 
son  why  the  centennial  history  appears  in  fragmentary  form, 
and  why  a  large  part  of  it  did  not  appear  a  year  sooner,  ac 
cording  to  promise.  After  waiting  in  vain  for  over  six 
months,  in  deference  to  the  wishes  of  Mr.  Bowers,  to  give 
the  Executive  Committee  full  opportunity  to  make  good  its 
obligations,  redeem  its  pledges,  and  meet  the  expectations 
of  all  honorable,  public-spirited  citizens,  the  Enoch  Brown 
Committee  has  gone  forward,  as  best  it  could,  with  the  pres 
ent  volume  agreeably  to  the  request  of  the  vast  assemblage 
present  at  the  dedicatory  services,  August  4,  1885.  As  a 
salve  to  their  conscience,  and  to  propitiate  public  favor, 
some  of  the  Executive  Committee  now  propose  to  hand 
over  the  $130  or  $135,  to  the  Children's  Aid  Society  in 
Chambersburg.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  they  will  not  con 
taminate  and  degrade  a  noble  charity  by  helping  it  with 


yo  Enoch  Brown  Memorial- — Appendix. 

tainted  funds.  The  people  of  Chambersburg  furnished  that 
committee  with  ample  funds  to  pay  all  legitimate  expenses, 
without  touching  a  cent  of  the  railroad  rebate,  set  apart  by 
the  Centennial  Convention  for  the  Enoch  Brown  monument 
fund.  They  ought  to  demand  an  itemized  report  to  see 
what  has  been  done  with  all  the  money  so  freely  contributed. 
The  item  of  $45  for  erecting  a  stand,  worse  than  useless, 
on  the  public  square,  and  of  over  eight  hundred  dollars 
charged  by  the  Executive  Committee  for  their  sorry  display 
of  fire-works,  requires  explanation.  We  have  seen  far  bet 
ter  pyrotechnic  displays  repeatedly  for  less  than  one-fourth 
that  cost. 

A  distinguished  historian  has  said  that  the  Enoch  Brown 
Memorial  was  by  far  the  most  important  and  interesting 
feature  of  the  entire  centennial  of  Franklin  county,  and  yet 
it  encountered  open  or  covert  opposition  continually  from 
those  who  should  have  been  most  anxious  to  promote  its 
success,  which  has  been  at  length  achieved  in  spite  of  their 
hostility  and  injustice.  It  is  unpleasant  to  make  these  stric 
tures,  but  the  truth  of  history  demanded  that  the  responsi 
bility  should  be  placed  where  it  belongs. 


ACTION  OF  ENOCH  BROWN  MEMORIAL   COMMITTEE. 

In  this  connection  we  deem  it  right  and  proper  to  define 
the  position  of  the  Enoch  Brown  Memorial  Committee  by 
presenting  its  official  action  adopted  Nov.  n,  1884,  at  the 
Enoch  Brown  Park.  This  action  explains  itself  and  is  as 
follows : 

WHEREAS,  The  Executive  Committee  of  the  Franklin  County  Cen 
tennial  Convention  has  disregarded  the  action  of  said  Convention 
adopted  April  22,  1884,  and  has  withheld  $334  of  the  railroad  rebate 
which  they  were  directed  to  secure  for  the  benefit  of  the  Enoch  Brown 
Monument  Fund,  and 

WHEREAS,  Said  Executive  Committee  has  set  at  defiance  our  protest 
of  Sept.  9,  1884,  and  has  returned  an  insulting  and  ungentlemanly 
answer  to  the  very  mild  and  respectful  declarations  of  our  committee, 
after  holding  a  joint  conference  with  said  Executive  Committee  Sept. 
30,  1 884,  and 


Providential  Escapes  from  the  Massacre.  71 

WHEREAS,  The  Executive  Committee  have  persistently  striven  to 
create  the  impression  through  the  Chambersburg  papers  and  otherwise 
that  our  Enoch  Brown  Monument  Committee  was  satisfied  with  their 
conduct  in  the  premises,  and  had  consented  to  allow  over  three  hundred 
dollars  of  the  railroad  rebate  to  be  appropriated  by  said  Executive 
Committee  to  defray  expenses  of  the  committee  in  other  directions, 
therefore  be  it 

Resolved,  That  the  Enoch  Brown  Committee  has  never  consented  to 
allow  a  cent  of  the  railroad  rebate  or  any  other  part  of  the  Centennial 
fund  entrusted  to  its  caie  to  be  devoted  to  any  other  purpose,  than  the 
legitimate  expenses  of  the  Monument  project. 

Resolved,  That  we  reiterate  our  previous  declarations  of  Sept.  30, 
that  our  understanding  of  this  action  of  April  22,  1884,  was  and  is  that 
all  the  rebate  received  from  the  railroads,  which  amounts  to  about  $758, 
should  be  paid  into  the  Enoch  Brown  Fund,  and  we  regret  that  the 
Executive  Committee  have  disregarded  alike  our  protest  and  the  instruc 
tions  to  the  Centennial  Convention. 


PROVIDENTIAL  ESCAPES  FROM  THE  MASSACRE. 

In  the  addresses  of  Rev.  Cort  and  Rev.  Woods  reference 
is  made  to  the  Providential  escape  of  Eleanor  Cochrane, 
who  afterwards  married  Capt.  Joseph  Junkin  and  became 
the  mother  of  a  large  and  distinguished  family.  In  the 
"  Life  of  Dr.  George  Junkin,"  written  by  Dr.  D.  X.  Jun 
kin,  pages  1 6  and  17,  the  story  of  her  Providential  escape 
from  massacre  is  told.  The  older  members  of  the  family, 
assisted  by  some  neighbors,  were  engaged  in  a  "  flax  pulling," 
and  Eleanor,  along  with  another  young  girl  who,  it  seems  was 
boarding  or  staying  at  Cochrane' s  while  attending  the  school 
of  Enoch  Brown,  remained  at  home  July  26,  1764,  to  take 
care  of  the  smaller  children.  Dr.  George  Junkin  once  spoke 
of  this  narrow  escape  of  his  mother  and  another  little  girl 
to  Hon.  George  Chambers,  the  eminent  jurist  and  polished 
gentleman,  formerly  of  Chambersburg,  Pa.,  where  he  died 
in  1866,  March  25.  Judge  Chambers  replied  to  Dr.  Jun 
kin,  "the  other  little  girl,  thus  Providentially  preserved, 
was  my  mother."  Her  maiden  name  was  Sally  Brown. 
She  died  July  27,  1837,  aged  78  years.  Thus  we  have  the 
mothers  of  three  large  and  distinguished  families,  the  Jun- 


72  Enoch  Brown  Memorial— Appendix. 

kins,  Agnews  and  Chambers,  all  Providentially  preserved 
from  the  scalping  knife  of  the  brutal  savages  who  vented 
their  fiendish  fury  on  the  innocent  heads  of  their  school 
mates  on  that  dreadful  day  of  massacre. 

In  addition,  Eleanor  Pawling  was  a  member  of  the  school 
and  was  Providentially  detained  at  home  on  the  day  of  mas 
sacre.  She  became  the  wife  of  Dr.  Robert  Johnston,  the 
distinguished  surgeon  of  the  Revolutionary  Army,  the  friend 
and  host  of  Washington,  who  sent  him  on  an  important 
mission  to  China  in  the  early  days  of  the  Republic.  Post 
master  Brather  has  the  gold-rimmed  tortoise  snuff  box  pre 
sented  to  Dr.  Johnston  by  high  Chinese  officials  in  recogni 
tion  of  his  great  medical  skill. 

Mrs.  Catharine  Scott,  who  is  now  in  her  84th  year,  says 
her  uncle  or  grand  uncle,  Samuel  Fisher,  was  one  of  a 
number  of  boys  belonging  to  the  Enoch  Brown  school  who 
played  truant  on  that  26th  of  July,  1764.  This  confirms 
the  old  traditions  to  the  effect  that  the  school  was  unusually 
small  on  the  day  of  the  massacre,  and  that  owing  to  premo 
nitions,  Providential  detentions  and  wilful  truancy,  a  large 
proportion  of  the  scholars  of  Enoch  Brown  escaped  the  fate 
of  the  master  and  their  eleven  companions  who  were  ruth 
lessly  slaughtered. 


ALL  the   pastors   of  the  different  churches  in  Franklin 
county  were  requested  to  preach  Centennial  Discourses 
September  7,  1884,  and  also  deposit  copies  of  the  same  in 
the  archives  of  the  Historical  Society. 

The  Society  publicly  requested  pastors  to  furnish  copies 
of  their  sermons,  as  provided  by  the  action  of  the  Centen 
nial  Convention. 

The  Joint  Committee  on  Publication,  also  informed  all 
pastors  and  congregations  that  these  sermons  would  be  incor 
porated  in  the  memorial  volume,  on  very  liberal  terms,  and 
all  were  invited  to  confer  and  co-operate  with  the  committee 
to  secure  their  publication. 

And  yet,  only  three  centennial  sermons  have  been  fur 
nished  for  the  Historical  Society  Archives  and  for  publica 
tion.     Some  failed  to  preach  any  centennial  sermons  at  all 
and  others  disregarded  repeated  requests  looking  to  their 
permanent  preservation  and  publication. 

This  is  to  be  regretted.  A  full  collection  of  such  discourses 
would  have  been  invaluable  for  the  future  historian  In 
stead  of  favoritism  towards  the  few  pastors  represented  in  this 
volume,  the  charge  of  persistent  indifference  and  neglect 
must  rest  against  all  congregations  or  pastors  not  represented 
m  this  memorial  department. 

Although  this  feature  more  properly  belongs  to  the  Cen 
tennial  history,  proposed  to  be  published  by  the  Executive 
Committee,  and  although  said  committee  has  ample  public 
funds  in  hand  to  meet  all  the  expenses,  yet,  from  what  we 
have  shown  in  our  "Word  of  Explanation,"  it  is  not  in  the 
least  probable  that  said  committee  would  concern  itself 
about  the  publication  of  memorial  sermons.  Hence  we  have 
added  them  to  our  Enoch  Brown  Memorial,  agreeably  to 


74  Centennial  Memorial  Sermons, 

the  wishes  of  some  of  our  best  citizens.  Their  general  con 
tents  will  be  found  to  harmonize  well  with  the  object  and 
spirit  of  dedication  ceremonies,  for  which  they  furnish  con 
genial  company.  They,  as  well  as  the  Enoch  Brown  Park 
and  Monuments,  will  help  us  to  "remember  the  days  of 
old,"  and  do  just  homage  to  the  heroic  pioneers  who  laid 
the  foundations  of  church  and  State. 


SERMON  OF  REV.   CYRUS  CORT. 

PREACHED   IN  THE  REFORMED  CHURCHES  OF  GREENCASTLE   AND 
MlDDLEBURG,  FRANKLIN  COUNTY,  PA.,  SEPT.  7,  1884. 

LEVITICUS  25,  x :  "  And  ye  shall  hallow  the  fiftieth  year  and  proclaim  liberty 
throughout  all  the  land  unto  all  the  inhabitants  thereof.  It  shall  be  a  Jubilee 
unto  you ;  and  ye  shall  return  every  man  unto  his  possession  and  ye  shall 
return  every  man  unto  his  family." 

INTRODUCTORY    REMARKS. 

My  Christian  Friends : — We  have  met  to  engage  in  the 
public  worship  of  Almighty  God,  which  is  always  our  highest 
duty  and  privilege  as  patriots  and  Christians.  At  the  same 
time  we  have  been  requested,  as  a  congregation  and  as  a 
community,  to  commemorate  in  these  services  the  one  hun 
dredth  anniversary  of  the  organization  of  Franklin  county. 
This  is  a  proper  request  and  a  grateful  duty  to  which  we  can 
respond  with  alacrity.  The  request  involves  a  just  recogni 
tion  of  the  religious  element  which  is  the  basis  of  all  true 
prosperity  and  safety  for  communites  and  individuals. 

We  have  abundance  of  Scriptual  warrant  for  such  services 
as  these.  Not  only  are  we  earnestly  admonished  by  the 
great  leader  and  law -giver  of  ancient  Israel  to  "remember 
the  days  of  old  and  consider  the  years  of  many  genera 
tions;"  not  only  does  the  sweet  Psalmist  exhort  us  to  "walk 
about  Zion  and  go  round  about  her ;  tell  the  towers  thereof, 
mark  well  her  bulwarks  and  consider  her  palaces,  that  we  may 
tell  it  to  the  generation  following, ' '  but  special  times  and 
seasons  were  hallowed  by  divine  appointment  under  the  Old 
Testament  dispensation  to  commemorate  the  goodness  and 


Sermon  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Corf.  75 

protecting  care  of  the  great  Jehovah,  the  Covenant  keeping 
God  of  Abraham,  Isaac  and  Jacob.  Festivals  of  a  religious, 
social  and  patriotic  character  frequently  brought  the  people 
of  Israel  to  Jerusalem  to  commemorate  important  events  in 
their  past  history,  to  secure  rights  of  person  and  property 
in  the  present  and  fill  them  with  hope  and  courage  to  meet 
future  obligations  and  responsibilities.  What  was  the  great 
central,  controlling  Passover  festival  but  a  vivid  commemo 
ration  of  their  deliverance  from  the  sword  of  the  destroying 
angel  and  the  thraldom  of  Egyptian  bondage?  At  the 
same  time  it  was  so  ordered  as  to  have  a  prophetic  reference 
to  the  future  deliverance  of  all  mankind  from  the  sword  of 
divine  justice,  from  a  worse  than  Egyptian  bondage  to  sin 
and  Satan  and  assure  them  of  a  happy  admission  to  a  better 
country  than  even  that  goodly  land  of  Canaan  in  the  time 
of  its  greatest  glory. 

So  the  Feast  of  Tabernacles  and  of  Pentecost  were  im 
portant  annual  festivals,  continually  reminding  them  of  the 
wanderings  and  privations  of  their  fathers  in  the  wilderness, 
the  giving  of  the  Ten  Commandments,  the  ingathering  of 
the  first  fruits  of  the  harvest  and  their  consequent  duty  to 
give  tithes  to  maintain  the  public  worship  of  Almighty  God, 
whose  protecting  care  they  had  experienced  in  so  marvellous 
a  degree. 

The  climax  or  culmination  of  all  these  patriotic  and  reli 
gious  memorial  services  was  reached  in  the  year  of  Jubilee. 
Our  text  refers  to  that  great  epoch  and  benign  institution 
in  the  history  of  God's  gracious  dealings  with  His  covenant 
people — "And  ye  shall  hallow  the  fiftieth  year,  &c." 

THE  SABBATIC  IDEA  PREDOMINATES. 

The  number  seven  was  the  governing  factor  in  Jewish 
festivals.  They  were  to  "remember  the  Sabbath  day  to 
keep  it  holy,"  *  *  "the  Lord  blessed  the  Seventh  day  and 
hallowed  it."  Not  only  was  there  a  Sabbath  of  days  but  a 
Sabbath  of  weeks,  a  Sabbath  or  Sabbatic  year,  and  a  grand 
Sabbatical  cycle  of  years,  rounded  off  with  the  Jubilee  year. 

Thus,  from  Passover  to  Pentecost  was  seven  weeks,  or 
seven  times  seven  days  preceding  the  Pentecostal  Feast, 
which  commemorated  the  giving  of  the  law  on  Mt.  Sinai 


7  6  Centennial  Memorial  Sermons. 

and  provided  for  the  offering  of  the  first  fruits  of  the  harvest, 
a  grand  harvest  home  festival.  Then  every  seventh  year 
was  a  Sabbatic  or  sacred  year,  during  which  the  land  rested 
and  the  spontaneous  fruits  of  the  soil  were  common  and 
free  to  all  classes  of  society.  And  finally,  after  seven  times 
seven  years,  the  fiftieth  year  was  hallowed  as  the  great 
Jubilee  season  of  God's  covenant  people. 

It  was  ushered  in  at  the  close  of  the  great  Day  of  Atone 
ment,  after  the  whole  nation  had  humbled  itself  before  the 
Lord  in  fasting  and  prayer.  On  that  day  alone  in  all  the 
year  the  High  Priest,  after  repeated  typical  sacrifices  for  his 
own  sins  and  those  of  the  people,  entered  the  Holy  of 
Holies,  typifying  the  entrance  of  Christ  Jesus  into  heaven, 
where  He  ever  lives,  to  intercede  for  us. 

THE  YEAR  OF  JUBILEE A  JOYOUS    AND    BENIGN    INSTITUTION. 

When  these  peculiarly  solemn  services  were  over  and  this 
most  sacred  day  of  all  the  year  was  ended  the  year  of  Jubilee 
began.  With  a  mighty  blast  of  trumpets  sounding  forth 
from  Jerusalem,  and  from  all  the  cities,  villages,  mountains 
and  valleys  of  Judea,  the  opening  of  the  Jubilee  year  was 
proclaimed.  It  was  indeed  a  gladsome  time,  not  only  on 
account  of  the  joyous  festivities  peculiar  to  the  season.  It 
brought  in  great  permanent  blessings,  especially  for  the  poor 
and  unfortunate  classes  of  the  community.  The  text  tells 
the  grand  story  in  language  that  well  befits  the  trump  of 
Jubilee,  "Proclaim  liberty,  &c."  A  universal  balance  sheet 
was  struck.  All  debtor  and  creditor  accounts  were  squared. 
All  mortgages  were  cancelled.  All  bond  servants,  or  slaves 
of  Hebrew  origin,  were  set  free.  Families  impoverished 
during  the  previous  fifty  years  were  restored  to  the  home 
and  possessions  of  their  ancestors. 

The  land  of  Canaan,  as  you  are  aware,  was  divided 
between  the  tribes  and  families  of  Israel  by  lot,  at  the 
time  that  Joshua  took  possession  of  it  in  the  name  of 
the  Lord  of  hosts.  Each  family  had  its  distinct  and  just 
proportion  of  the  public  domain.  If  lost  by  misfortune  or 
mismanagement  during  the  previous  fifty  years,  this  origina 
inheritance  or  patrimony  was  sure  to  come  back  to  the  de 
scendants  of  the  original  owners  whenever  the  year  of  Jubilee 
came  round. 


Sermon  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort.  7  7 

It  was  a  wise  and  merciful  provision,  guarding  the  people 
against  landed  monopolies  and  moneyed  aristocracies,  which 
are  a  curse  to  any  country  and  which  sooner  or  later  by  their 
unjust  extortions  bring  anarchy  and  pave  the  way  for  mili 
tary  despotism.  The  year  of  Jubilee  sounded  the  death  knell 
of  oppression  and  monopoly.  Liberty  and  equality  then 
rejoiced  over  tyranny  and  injustice.  The  lowly  were  exalted 
and  the  purse-proud  found  their  common  level.  That  Jubilee 
year  was  indeed  a  season  of  genuine  rejoicing  for  all  pious 
and  patriotic  Jews. 

All  generous-hearted  people  could  rejoice  not  only  in 
being  permitted  to  meet  in  family  reunion  and  communion 
in  the  home  of  their  ancestors.  They  could  also  share  in 
the  general  joy  of  all  generous  hearts  over  the  return  and 
happy  reunion  of  families  long  separated  by  poverty  and 
misfortune.  When  one  member  of  the  body  suffers  all  the 
others  sympathize  more  or  less  in  that  suffering.  So  it  is 
with  the  body  politic  and  the  Mystical  Body  or  Church  of 
our  Lord  Jesus  Christ.  When  one  class  of  society  is  wronged 
or  oppressed  there  is  a  corresponding  weakness  in  the  whole 
system  of  government  that  permits  it.  Now  it  was  the  de 
sign,  the  merit  and  peculiar  glory  of  Jubilee  year  that  it 
provided  a  safeguard  and  remedy  for  the  ills  of  society.  It 
acted  as  a  grand  alterative,  a  balance-wheel,  a  clearance  day, 
a  judicious  bankrupt  act,  based  upon  principles  of  inherent 
justice  and  rectitude. 

THE  JUBILEE  FEATURE  STILL  NEEDED  IN  OUR  OWN  LAND. 

Some  such  institution,  or  an  arrangement  of  the  frame 
work  of  government  securing  similar  results,  would  be 
a  blessing  in  our  own  land  and  an  effectual  safeguard 
against  dangers  that  now  loom  up  portentously.  No  thought 
ful  man  can  look  at  the  present  condition  of  affairs  in  our 
beloved  country  without  serious  concern  for  the  future  peace 
and  safety  of  the  Republic. 

With  grasping  corporate  monopolies  and  selfish,  ava 
ricious  millionaires  controlling  mining,  manufacturing  and 
commercial  interests  and  even  invading  the  public  domain 
in  violation  of  all  law  and  justice,  there  is  great  danger  of 
subversion  to  our  most  cherished  institutions.  They  seek 


7  8  Centennial  Memorial  Sermon . 

not  only  to  absorb  or  control  all  the  wealth  of  the  country. 
They  have  frequently  corrupted  the  ballot-box  with  their 
ill-gotten  gains,  defiled  the  halls  of  State  and  National  legis 
lation  and  dragged  the  judicial  ermine  in  the  mire.  A  day 
of  reckoning  and  wrath  must  come  sooner  or  later  to  all 
such  bare-faced  workers  of  iniquity.  As  Christian  patriots 
we  should  seek  to  apply  the  proper  constitutional  remedies 
before  the  very  foundations  of  our  government  are  destroyed. 
No  such  unjust  and  demoralizing  condition  of  affairs  could 
exist  under  the  Jewish  commonwealth  when  administered 
according  to  the  principles  laid  down  by  the  Supreme  Law 
giver  of  heaven  and  earth.  The  right  of  eminent  domain 
stood  in  the  Almighty  Maker  of  heaven  and  earth,  and  was 
not  vested  in  any  man  or  set  of  men.  In  the  23rd  verse  of 
this  chapter  He  solemnly  sets  forth  this  fundamental  princi 
ple  :  "  The  land  shall  not  be  sold  forever;  for  the  land  is 
Mine." 

The  civil  and  ecclesiastical  ordinances  of  Judaism  set  at 
defiance  all  the  crafty  schemes  of  land  grabbers  and  monopo 
lists.  As  in  other  respects  the  Mosaic  code  forms  the  funda 
mental  basis  of  legislation  among  all  civilized  nations,  so 
in  this  matter  of  land  distribution  and  ownership  we  would 
do  well  to  enshrine  in  some  way  the  essential  features  of  the 
Jubilee  year  provisions.  The  homestead  laws  in  some  of 
the  Western  States  look  somewhat  in  this  direction,  but 
they  have  often  been  made  a  cloak  for  downright  dishonesty 
and  have  worked  to  the  detriment  of  the  debtor  as  well  as 
creditor  class,  by  creating  usurious  rates  of  interest  owing 
to  increased  risks  of  investment. 

Long  before  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  adopted 
by  delegates  of  the  American  colonies,  renouncing  allegiance 
to  King  George  the  Third  and  the  British  Parliament,  be 
cause  of  usurpations  and  tyrannical  violations  of  the  princi 
ples  of  the  Magna  Charta  and  Bill  of  Rights,  so  dear  to 
every  Anglo-Saxon  heart ;  long  before  the  Colonies  declared 
themselves  free  and  independent  States,  the  old  bell  in  the 
State  House  in  Philadelphia  bore  the  prophetic  as  well  as 
Scriptural  legend  of  the  Jubilee  year,  which  forms  so  signifi 
cant  a  part  of  our  text:  " Proclaim  liberty  throughout  all 
the  land  unto  all  the  inhabitants  thereof. ' '  Personal  free- 


Sermon  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Corf.  79 

dom,  as  well  as  national  independence,  has  long  since  be 
come  a  fact  instead  of  a  name.  Not  a  slave  can  be  found 
in  all  this  broad  land  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific. 

But  with  all  our  boasted  freedom  we  are  largely  becoming 
hewers  of  wood  and  drawers  of  water  for  unprincipled 
monopolies  and  law-defying  corporations.  Eternal  vigilance 
is  the  price  of  liberty.  And  here  is  a  question  that  comes 
right  home  to  our  hearthstones  and  concerns  the  happiness 
of  the  people  and  the  safety  of  the  Republic.  The  land  of 
a  country  ought  to  be  in  the  hands  of  those  who  occupy 
and  till  the  soil  or  personally  superintend  its  cultivation,  and 
not  in  the  hands  of  foreign  capitalists  or  grinding  railroad 
corporations,  as  is  now,  alas !  so  largely  the  case  in  the  far 
West.  Then  there  would  be  little  occasion  or  justification 
for  labor  strikes  and  communistic  deliverances  of  a  revolu 
tionary  character,  which  frequently  threaten  the  peace  and 
safety  of  the  country. 

Such  a  disposition  of  the  land  of  the  nation  would  inaugu 
rate  a  genuine  political  and  social  jubilee  for  millions  of  our 
most  useful  citizens.  The  same  remark  applies  to  Great 
Britain  and  other  nations  also.  The  spirit  and  main  features 
of  such  a  sovereign  remedy  for  gravest  dangers  that  threaten 
our  nation,  are  found  in  the  provisions  regulating  the  cele 
bration  of  the  year  of  jubilee  in  the  days  of  old. 

OUR   OWN    FRANKLIN    COUNTY    CENTENNIAL. 

My  Christian  friends :  I  have  called  special  attention  to 
these  matters  in  the  beginning  of  this  centennial  memorial 
discourse,  because  they  are  necessarily  involved  in  a  proper 
treatment  of  my  text,  and  because  the  subject  is  one  that 
concerns  deeply  our  welfare,  as  individuals,  as  families,  and 
as  a  nation. 

The  text,  along  with  corresponding  Mosiac  deliverances 
and  institutions  already  mentioned,  gives  ample  scriptural 
warrant  for  memorial  centennial  celebrations,  such  as  en 
gage  our  attention  to-day.  All  centennial  occasions  are 
multiples  of  the  jubilee  unit  of  fifty  years.  This  is  simply 
the  second  jubilee  year  of  our  existence  as  a  county.  Scrip 
ture  encourages  and  teaches  us  to  engage  in  more  frequent 


8o  Centennial  Memorial  Sermons. 

memorial  observances  than  centennial  periods  can  furnish. 
Important  events  in  the  political  and  religious  history  of  a 
people  should  be  commemorated  once  in  the  life  time  of 
each  generation,  or  say  once  every  fiftieth  year. 

Some,  indeed,  are  of  such  supreme  importance,  the  birth 
of  the  Saviour,  for  instance,  or  the  birthday  of  a  nation,  as 
to  demand  annual  commemorations  which  Christmas  and 
the  Fourth  of  July  celebrations  regularly  furnish. 

Others,  like  the  organization  of  counties  should  move  in 
cycles,  and  no  cycle  is  so  old,  appropriate  or  inspiring  as 
the  jubilee  cycle  of  fifty  years.  Whether  or  not  the  anni 
versary  of  the  organization  of  our  noble  county  was  cele 
brated  fifty  years  ago,  we  know  not.  But  our  duty  to  cele 
brate  on  this  second  return  of  the  jubilee  year  is  all  the 
same. 

This  is  an  age  of  centennials,  semi-centennials,  bi-cen- 
tennials,  ter-centennials,  and  even  the  4ooth  anniversary  of 
the  birth  of  Luther,  the  great  Saxon  Reformer,  and  of 
Zwingli,  the  great  Reformer  of  Republican  Switzerland, 
have  recently  been  fitly  commemorated.  Eight  years 
hence,  the  four  hundredth  (400)  anniversary  of  the  dis 
covery  of  America  will  attract  universal  attention.  This  is 
all  right  and  proper.  Anniversary  occasions  properly  ob 
served  are  good  institutions.  They  help  to  cultivate  a  rev 
erent  historical  spirit,  which  is  one  of  the  best  safeguards  of 
society.  The  words  and  deeds,  the  trials  and  triumphs,  and 
even  the  mistakes  and  failures  of  our  forefathers  are  full  of 
instruction.  The  first  commandment  with  promise  "  Honor 
thy  father  and  thy  mother ' '  is  violated  wherever  important 
events  of  the  hoary  past  are  not  commemorated.  The  pres 
ent  is  the  child  of  the  past,  for  whose  lessons  it  must  have 
due  respect,  in  order  to  become  the  honored  parent  of  the 
future.  A  nation,  a  church  or  a  civilization  is  strong  and 
enduring  only  as  it  is  rightly  grounded  in  its  past  history. 

We  can  only  briefly  dwell  upon  those  events  that  special 
ly  concern  the  immediate  beginnings  of  our  local  history 
in  both  its  civil  and  religious  aspects. 


Sermon  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort.  81 

THE    ORIGIN    OF    THE    COUNTY ITS     SCOTCH-IRISH  AND  GER 
MAN-SWISS    ELEMENTS. 

When  Antrim  township,  in  which  we  reside,  was  first  cre 
ated  in  1741,  it  formed  part  of  Lancaster  county.     When 
Cumberland  county  was  formed   in   1750,  Antrim  became 
part  of  the  same.     Franklin  county  was  created  Sept.  9, 
1784,  and  was  almost  identical  with  Antrim  township,   as 
originally  constituted,  out  of  whose  territory  all  other  town 
ships  in  the  county  were  formed  with  the  exception  of  War 
ren,   Metal,    Fannet  and  part  of  Peters  townships.      The 
Indian  title  to  these  portions  of  the  county  was  not  extin 
guished  until  1758.     Hence,  Antrim  may  rightly  be  called 
"The  mother  of  townships."     Long  before  these  dates,  en 
terprising  settlers  had  located  in  this  beautiful  and  fertile 
valley.     The  Scotch-Irish  were  first  on  the  ground.     Benja- 
man  Chambers  located  at  the  junction  of  Falling  Springs 
with  the  Conococheaque  in  1730,  by  consent  of  the  Indians 
who  were  as  yet  friendly  to  the  white  settlers.    The  orders  of 
the  Provincial  government  to  the  proprietary  agents  were  to 
send  the  Germans  into  York  county  and  the  Lehigh  region, 
and  to  send  the  Scotch-Irish  into  the  Cumberland  Valley. 
The  two  elements  had  not  harmonized  well  in  Lancaster 
county,  where  they  frequently  got   into  broils   with    each 
other  on  election  days.     While  this  order  of  settlement  was 
the  general  rule,  there  were  some  notable  exceptions.  Jacob 
Schnebele,  the  founder  of  the  Snively  (as  the  name  is  now 
written)  family,  located  in  Antrim  township  in  1734,  or  just 
150  years  ago.      He  was  of  German-Swiss  stock.      His  des 
cendants  are  numerous,  and  the  Snively  family  is  respected 
by  all.     We  are  glad  to  have  a  goodly  number  of  them  in 
our  own  Reformed  congregation,  who  are  present  with  us  to 
day.     Likewise  representatives  of  the  Crunkleton    family, 
whose  ancestor  also  came  here  as  one  of  the  four  original 
settlers  in  1 734.     No  descendants  of  the  other  two  (Rhoddy 
and  Johnston)  remain.  A  number  of  us  (your  pastor  for  one) 
have  the  mingled  blood  of  Scotch-Irish  and  German-Swiss 
ancestors  coursing  through  our  veins. 

Along  the  adjacent  Maryland  line,  which  was  then  sup 
posed  to  be  farther  north  than  at  present,  the  Seiberts,  Zel- 

D* 


8  2  Centennial  Memorial  Sermons. 

lers,  Stalls,  Cushwas,  Kershners,  Ankenys  and  other  Ger 
man-Swiss  families  located  in  those  early  provincial  days. 
In  1748,  Rev.  Michael  Schlatter,  the  pioneer  missionary  of 
the  Reformed  Church,  visited  a  very  devout  Reformed  con 
gregation  of  German-Swiss  people  on  the  Conococheague, 
near  the  present  site  of  St.  Paul's  Reformed  Church,  be 
tween  Clear  Spring  and  Hagerstown,  Md.,  about  a  dozen 
miles  from  here.  The  ancestor  of  the  noted  Schley  family, 
of  Frederick  City,  Md,,  taught  a  Reformed  Church  Paro 
chial  School  at  Monocacy,  as  Frederick  City  was  then  called 
in  those  pioneer  days.  Capt.  Jonathan  Hager,  the  founder 
of  Hagerstown,  (laid  out  in  1762,)  belonged  to  the  Reformed 
Church,  and  accidentally  lost  his  life  while  preparing  ma 
terial  for  the  first  Reformed  Church  erected  there  at  the  be- 
gining  of  the  Revolutionary  war.  In  fact,  the  printed  forms 
of  naturalization  used  at  that  time  in  the  province  of  Mary 
land,  required  the  applicant  for  citizenship  to  furnish  cer 
tificates  from  officiating  ministers,  that  they  were  commu 
nicant  members  of  the  "  Reformed  or  Protestant  Congrega 
tion,1"  as  the  certificate  of  Heinrich  Stall,  granted  and  signed 
at  Frederick  by  Reverdy  Johnson,  in  1764,  fully  proves. 
This  document  is  now  in  possession  of  our  venerable  towns 
man,  William  Fleming,  who  is  a  great  grandson  of  Heinrich 
Stall.  That  heroic  man,  Gen.  Henry  Bouquet,  one  of  the 
finest  scholars  and  the  best  military  man  of  colonial  times, 
was  a  German-Swiss  and  a  member  of  the  Reformed  Church. 
His  Long  Meadows  estate  of  4,163  acres,  was  located  only 
a  few  miles  from  here,  and  lay  on  both  sides  of  the  Pennsyl 
vania  and  Maryland  line.  His  famous  Royal  American 
Regiment  was  composed  mainly  of  German-Swiss  soldiers, 
recruited  in  the  provinces.  They  held  for  seven  years  the 
long  line  of  forts  and  block-houses,  reaching  from  Philadel 
phia  through  the  wilderness  to  Detroit,  and  bore  the  brunt 
of  battle  and  hardships  in  those  dark  and  trying  days. 

THE    REFORMED    CHURCH    IN    FRANKLIN    COUNTY. 

Rev.  Weymer,  the  faithful  pastor  of  the  Reformed  Church 
in  Hagerstown,  Md.,  from  1770  until  1790,  was  the  first  Re 
formed  minister  to  preach  the  gospel  regularly  within  the 
bounds  of  Franklin  county,  Pa.  In  1784  or  1785,  as  near 


Sermon  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort.  83 

as  we  can  learn,  he  organized  congregations  at  Greencastle, 
Grindstone  Hill  and  Chambersburg.  Hence,  we  have 
double  reasons  to  commemorate  this  year  of  our  Lord,  1884. 
It  is  the  centennial  of  the  Reformed  Church  of  our  town  and 
county,  as  well  as  the  centennial  of  the  county  itself. 
This  is  a  happy  coincidence,  a  blending  of  civil  and  ecclesi 
astical  events,  which  ought  to  make  this  centennial  season 
doubly  interesting  and  precious  to  our  household  of  faith  in 
Franklin  county. 

Along  with  the  other  heroic  pioneers,  whose  memory  we 
gratefully  cherish  to-day,  let  the  name  of  JACOB  WEYMER  be 
mentioned  with  reverential  honor.  He  was  a  man  of  genu 
ine  Apostolic  character,  a  missionary  in  the  full  sense  of 
that  term  !  Besides  preaching  to  Reformed  people  all  over 
Washington  and  Frederick  counties,  Md.,  he  made  mission 
ary  tours  through  the  valley  of  Virginia,  all  over  this  part 
of  Cumberland  Valley  and  over  the  mountains  into  the 
Juniata  region,  going  once  a  year  to  Huntingdon  county,  Pa. 
His  remains  lie  buried  in  the  rear  of  the  First  Reformed 
Church  of  Hagerstown,  but  no  one  knows  the  exact  location 
of  his  grave.  The  absence  of  a  monument  is  not  an  evi 
dence  of  ungrateful  neglect  on  the  part  of  the  Reformed 
people  of  Hagerstown,  as  Dr.  Harbaugh  intimates  in  his 
biographical  sketch.  It  was  his  desire  and  dying  request  (a 
fact  evidently  unknown  to  Dr.  Harbaugh)  that  his  grave 
should  be  unmarked.  He  said  the  good  Lord  would  know 
where  to  find  his  body  on  Resurrection  Day.  John  Calvin, 
the  great  Reformed  Theologian  and  Disciplinarian,  made  a 
similar  request,  and  great  as  he  was,  and  honored  as  he  is  by 
millions  of  Christians  in  all  lands,  of  him  it  may  be  said,  as 
it  was  said  of  old,  respecting  the  burial  of  Moses,  the  leader 
and  law-giver  of  ancient  Israel,  "the  place  of  his  sepulchre 
knoweth  no  man  unto  this  day. ' '  Nevertheless  their  works 
do  follow  them,  and  they  rest  from  their  labors. 

The  Reformed  and  Lutherans  in  Greencastle,  worshiped 
together  in  a  log  church  at  first.  The  Lutherans  built  a 
church  of  their  own,  and  in  1808  the  Reformed  laid  the 
corner-stone  of  a  brick  church,  which  they  built  on  the  old 
graveyard  lot,  under  the  ministry  of  Rev.  Rahauser. 
Several  years'  time  elapsed  before  the  church  was  finished. 


84  Centennial  Memorial  Sermons. 

The  successor  of  Father  Weymer  was  Rev.  Jonathan 
Rahauser,  who  settled  in  Hagerstown,  in  1792.  His  pas 
toral  charge  took  in  Washington  and  Frederick  counties, 
Md.,  and  Franklin  and  Adams  counties,  Pa.  At  first  he 
preached  in  Hagerstown,  Funkstown,  Boonsboro,  Troxels, 
Greencastle,  Mercersburg,  Besores,  Millerstown,  Emmitts- 
burg  and  Apple's  church.  In  1809  his  brother  Frederick 
took  charge  of  Emmittsburg  and  Apple's  congregation,  along 
with  Gettysburg,  Taneytown,  &c.  After  serving  the  Re 
formed  Church  at  Harrisburg,  as  pastor  for  three  years, 
Frederick  Rahauser,  located  at  Chambersburg,  where  he 
labored  faithfully  from  1819  until  1836.  The  Rahauser 
name  is  still  known  and  honored  amongst  us.  After  the 
death  of  Jonathan  Rahauser,  Rev.  F.  A.  Scholl,  took 
charge  of  this  particular  field  in  1818,  and  became  the  first 
resident  pastor  of  the  Greencastle  charge.  He  resigned  the 
Greencastle  congregation  Nov.  3,  1833.  He  labored 
faithfully  for  21  years,  when  he  retired  from  the  active 
duties  of  the  ministry.  His  field  embraced  all  the  Reformed 
congregations  in  Franklin  and  Fulton  counties,  excepting 
the  Chambersburg  charge.  The  corner-stone  of  the  Union 
church  at  Middleburg  was  laid  in  1834,  in  which  our 
people  there  still  worship. 

Rev.  Hamilton  Vandyke  and  Rev.  Jacob  Mayer,  pastor 
of  Mercersburg  charge,  acted  as  supply  of  the  Green 
castle  congregation  for  several  years  after  the  resignation  of 
Father  Scholl.  Rev.  W.  C.  Bennet  served  in  the  same 
capacity  for  a  short  time.  The  old  church  was  somewhat 
remodled,  and  modernized  during  the  vacancy. 

Rev  John  Rebaugh  succeeded  Father  Scholl,  and  was  the 
earnest  and  esteemed  Pastor  of  the  Greencastle  congrega 
tion  from  1837  to  1851,  when  he  resigned  this  congrega 
tion,  but  remained  pastor  at  Middleburg,  St.  Paul's  and 
Clear  Spring,  Md.,  until  1863.  He  was  a  warm-hearted 
genial  man  and  a  faithful  pastor.  The  sick  and  sorrowing 
especially  found  in  him  one  who  could  sympathize  and 
console.  His  ministry  marked  the  transition  from  the  use 
of  the  German  language  to  the  English,  which  seems  to 
have  been  passed  over  with  tact  and  good  judgment.  It  is 
a  source  of  great  regret  that  no  official  or  private  records 


Sermon  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort.  85 

have  been  left  by  any  of  these  aged  fathers  in  the  ministry 
giving  account  of  baptisms,  marriages,  confirmations,  &c., 
during  their  pastorate  here. 

Rev.  John  S.  Foulk,  the  successor  of  Father  Rebaugh, 
introduced  a  new  era  in  this  respect.  A  Constitution  and 
By-Laws  were  adopted  by  the  congregation,  and  a  congre 
gational  record  of  ministerial  acts  has  been  faithfully  kept 
since  the  settlement  of  Rev.  Foulk.  Under  his  ministry 
the  substantial  and  comfortable  church  edifice  was  erected 
in  1854,  in  which  the  Greencastle  congregation  still  wor 
ships.  The  congregation  prospered  under  the  7  years  effi 
cient  ministry  of  Rev.  Foulk.  He  was  succeeded  by  Rev. 
Thos.  G.  Apple,  D.  D.,  now  at  the  head  of  our  college  and 
theological  seminary  in  Lancaster,  Pa.  With  the  character 
and  results  of  his  able  ministry  of  nine  years  you  are 
familiar.  So,  also  with  that  of  his  successors,  Drs.  S.  N. 
Callender  and  Moses  Kieffer  and  the  lamented  pastors, 
Revs.  S.  K.  Kremer  and  John  H.  Sykes.  The  average 
duration  of  their  ministry  was  three  years  and  the  last  two 
fell  at  the  post  of  duty  in  the  full  vigor  of  manhood.  Such 
briefly  is  a  history  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  Greencastle 
and  vicinity,  during  the  past  century.  But  oh  !  what  toils 
and  troubles,  what  hopes  and  fears,  what  joys  and  sorrows 
were  crowded  into  those  hundred  years  of  congregational 
life  !  The  pioneer  fathers,  mothers  and  pastors  where  are 
they?  Gone  to  their  everlasting  rest  and  reward.  It  is  a 
solemn  thought  that  a  hundred  years  hence,  yea  perhaps  in 
half  that  time,  not  one  of  this  audience  will  remain.  May 
we  so  live  that  the  Church  of  Christ  shall  suffer  no  harm 
from  our  connection  with  it,  and  we  may  at  last  be  enabled 
to  enter  the  pearly  gates  of  the  New  Jerusalem,  to  meet  the 
loved  ones  gone  before. 

COMPARATIVE  STATISTICS  OF   RELIGIOUS  BODIES. 

At  present  Mercersburg  Classis  is  identical  with  Franklin 
county  in  extent,  with  the  addition  of  McConnelsburg 
charge  in  Fulton  county,  and  part  of  Shippensburg  charge 
in  Cumberland  county.  This  is  offset  by  part  of  the  Cave- 
town,  Md.,  charge  located  in  our  county.  The  statistics  of 
Classis  for  this  year,  shows  a  membership  of  2,606,  a  bap- 


86  Centennial  Memorial  Sermons. 

tized  but  unconfirmed  membership  of  1,567,  with  23  congre 
gations,  10  pastors,  20  Sunday  Schools,  numbering  2,023 
members.  The  Greencastle  charge  contains  two  congrega 
tions,  312  members,  217  baptized  members,  2  Sunday 
Schools  and  267  Sunday  School  Scholars  and  teachers. 

The  Lutheran  Church,  the  twin  sister  of  the  great  Re 
formation  of  the  1 6th  century,  has  prospered  side  by  side 
with  our  Reformed  communion  in  this  valley.  It  has  18 
congregations,  2,825  communicant  members,  and  Sunday 
Schools  containing  2,692  members. 

The  Presbyterian  church  represents  to  a  large  extent  the 
Scotch-Irish  element,  which  originally  had  the  vantage 
ground  in  this  county  as  we  have  seen.  It  has  at  present 
1,839  member  and  1,633  persons  connected  with  its  Sunday 
schools.  A  great  many  of  these  are  of  German  or  Swiss 
descent  as  their  names  indicate,  viz  :  Detrich,  Ziegler,  Ruth- 
rauff,  Snider,  Wilhelm,  KiefTer,  Snively,  Winger,  &c.  The 
Methodists  have  1,752  members  and  1,397  Sunday  school 
scholars,  and  the  United  Brethren,  who  began  their  career 
about  one  hundred  years  ago,  claim  2,500  members  in  this 
county.  The  Tunkers  or  German  Baptists  of  different 
classes  and  shades  of  belief  form  a  large  part  of  our  agricul 
tural  population  in  particular. 

THE    GERMAN-SWISS    ELEMENTS    IN    THE   ASCENDANT. 

Bearing  in  mind  that  the  M.  E.  and  U.  B.  people  are 
largely  composed  of  descendants  of  German-Swiss  settlers 
who  were  Reformed  or  Lutherans,  and  adding  these  to 
Reformed,  Lutheran  and  German  Baptistic  members  it  will 
be  seen  that  the  descendants  of  the  German-Swiss  settlers 
outnumber  those  of  Scotch-Irish  origin  fully  four  to  one. 
The  Germanic  element  now  largely  owns  and  cultivates  the 
fertile  farms  of  this  grand  old  county.  As  old  Mr.  Bossard 
prophetically  remarked  many  years  ago  they  will  dig  out  the 
Scotch-Irish  with  their  silver  spades.  One  hundered  years 
ago,  when  this  county  was  first  organized,  a  dozen  lawyers 
composed  the  bar  at  Chambersburg,  not  one  of  whom  had 
a  German-Swiss  origin.  Now  the  majority  seems  to  be  of 
that  stock.  We  have  Kimmel,  Stenger,  Bonebrake,  Brewer, 


Sermon  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort.  87 

Winger,   Ruthrauff,    Gehr,    Bowers,    Suesserot,    Zacharias, 
Ludwig,  Omwake,  &c.,  &c. 

We  state  these  things  simply  as  historical  facts  and  not  in 
the  way  of  invidious  comparison.  Our  people,  we  can  say 
without  boasting,  belong  to  the  most  substantial  part  of  our 
population.  With  a  fair  proportion  of  professional  men, 
they  are,  as  a  rule,  farmers,  mechanics  and  merchants,  who 
form  the  bone  and  sinew  of  every  prosperous  community. 
Few  of  them  are  now  so  ignorant  or  ignoble  as  to  be 
ashamed  of  their  German-Swiss  origin  or  the  church  of  their 
Reformation  forefathers. 

EDUCATIONAL   AND    PUBLICATION     RELATIONS — MERCERSBURG 
THEOLOGY. 

Some  of  the  most  important  educational  and  publication 
interests  of  the  Reformed  church  have  had  an  eventful  his 
tory  within  the  borders  of  Franklin  county.  For  18  years, 
from  1835  to  1853,  the  chief  college  (Marshall)  of  the 
church  was  located  at  Mercersburg,  where  some  of  the  most 
prominent  and  useful  men  of  both  church  and  state  were 
educated. 

The  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Reformed  church  re 
mained  at  Mercersburg  17  years  longer.  Mercersburg 
Christological  Theology,  with  the  corresponding  philosophi 
cal  mode  of  thought,  became  famous  all  over  the  civilized 
world. 

It  makes  the  Person  of  Christ  central  in  the  Christian 
system,  even  more  really  than  the  sun  is  central  in  the 
planetary  system  to  which  our  globe  belongs.  He  is  the 
central  sun  of  the  moral  universe.  Not  any  abstract  theory 
of  predestination,  any  form  of  church  polity,  mode  of  ad 
ministering  sacraments,  or  mode  of  eucharistic  presence, 
or  theory  of  conversion  is  the  central  controlling  principle 
of  Christianity,  but  Christ  Jesus  Himself  is  the  principle  of 
principles.  He  is  the  Alpha  and  Omega,  the  beginning  and 
the  end  of  Divine  revelation — the  centre  and  source  of 
all  true  history,  the  object  of  all  saving  faith  and  genuine 
adoration.  In  Him  the  decrees  and  promises  of  God  are 
yea  and  in  Him  Amen,  living,  historical,  everlasting  reali 
ties.  The  best  thought  of  Europe,  Great  Britain  and  the 


88  Centennial  Memorial  Sermons. 

United  States  has  come  to  a  substantial  agreement  on  this 
point,  which  is  after  all  the  citadel  of  our  holy  religion. 
The  names  of  Rauch,  Nevin,  Schaff  and  Harbaugh  are  re 
vered  among  all  liberal-minded,  large-hearted  Christian 
scholars.  The  college  and  seminary  have  long  since  been 
removed  to  Lancaster,  where  the  good  work  of  training  our 
Reformed  pastors  goes  on,  but  the  fragrance  of  their  mem 
ory  still  lingers  around  the  old  Mountain  Home.  Mercers- 
burg  College  rendered  important  service  to  the  cause  of  ed 
ucation  during  its  fitful  career  of  a  dozen  years  or  more, 
and  now  seems  to  have  a  promising  future  before  it  as  a  col 
legiate  institution,  under  the  judicious  management  of  Dr. 
Aughenbaugh. 

The  printing  establishment  of  the  church  had  a  long  and 
successful  career  at  Chambersburg,  under  the  faithful  man 
agement  of  Dr.  S.  R.  Fisher,  until  it  was  finally  destroyed 
in  1864  by  Southern  invaders. 

Illustrious  men  are  the  noblest  heritage  of  a  community  or 
nation.  The  contemplation  of  their  characters  and  achieve 
ments  is  full  of  inspiration  and  instruction.  Of  these  Frank 
lin  county  has  furnished  an  unusual  number;  more,  it  has 
been  successfully  maintained,  than  any  other  county  in  the 
Union.  But  time  and  space  will  not  allow  me  even  to 
name  the  roll  of  honor.  This  will  probably  be  done  by 
the  historian  in  his  address  next  Tuesday  afternoon. 

THE    DEBT    OF    GRATITUDE    TO    GOD    AND    THE    PIONEERS. 

It  is  a  great  privilege  to  live  in  such  a  favored  part  of  such 
a  goodly  land  in  such  a  period  of  the  world's  history. 
"  Better  fifty  years  of  Europe  than  a  cycle  of  Cathay!" 
exclaims  the  laureate  poet  of  England.  Better  a  generation 
of  vigorous  progressive  life  in  this  garden  spot  of  the  great 
Republic  than  a  thousand  years  among  the  stagnant  despot 
isms  of  the  Old  World.  But  great  privileges  being  corres 
ponding  duties  and  responsibilities,  American  Christians 
should  excel  all  others  in  the  line  of  Christian  activity  and 
especially  of  missionary  enterprise. 

They  ought  to  be  the  salt  of  the  earth  and  the  light  of 
the  world  in  a  pre-eminent  degree  by  bearing  the  gospel  to 


Sermon  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Cort.  89 

the  benighted  heathen.  Thank  God  they  are  doing  great 
things  in  the  blessed  work  of  evangelizing  the  nations.  A 
large  proportion  of  the  6,000  missionaries  at  work  in  heathen 
lands  and  the  $10,000,000  annually  expended  for  the  foreign 
mission  cause  comes  from  these  United  States. 

With  thankful  hearts  we  should  engage  in  these  memorial 
centennial  services  which  have  been  fitly  inaugurated  by 
suitable  religious  observances  in  the  churches  of  the  county. 

We  dare  never  forget  the  toils,  the  dangers  and  privations 
of  our  pioneer  ancestors.  They  turned  the  wilderness  into 
a  fruitful  field  and  made  the  desert  blossom  as  the  rose. 
Cultivating  friendly  relations  with  the  Indians  they  had 
multiplied  and  prospered  in  the  region  west  of  the  Susque- 
hanna,  so  that  already  in  1755  there  were  3,000  men  able 
to  bear  arms.  Then  came  the  blunders  and  horrors  of  the 
French  and  Indian  wars,  culminating  in  Braddock's  dis 
graceful  and  disastrous  defeat.  A  year  later,  in  the  fall  of 
1756,  scarcely  one  hundred  were  left  in  all  the  great  Cum 
berland  Valley.  18  forts  were  erected  to  protect  them 
against  Indian  forays.  On  every  side  the  pioneer  settlers 
and  their  families  were  waylaid  and  massacred,  or  borne  in 
to  barbarous  captivity  by  prowling  bands  of  savages. 
McCord's  Fort,  near  the  foot  of  Mount  Parnell,  was  cap 
tured,  and  27  men,  women  and  children  met  a  horrible 
fate.  In  my  hand  I  now  hold  the  MSS.  journal  (140  years 
old)  of  James  McCullough,  which  contains  page  after  page 
of  entries  reciting  massacre  after  massacre  of  the  pioneer 
settlers  and  their  families.  Those  were  dark  and  trying 
days  indeed,  and  had  not  their  hearts  been  stout  as  oak,  and 
their  sinews  strong  as  steel,  they  could  never  have  withstood 
the  fearful  strain  of  body  and  mind  which  the  anxious  sus 
pense  must  have  caused  even  for  those  who  escaped  the  tom 
ahawk  and  scalping-knife  of  the  merciless  savages.  All 
honor  to  the  brave  men  and  women  of  those  pioneer  days  ! 
Base  and  ignoble  are  those  who  fail  to  cherish  the  memory 
of  such  an  heroic  ancestry. 

CULTIVATE    THE    HOME    FEELING. 

This  is  a  sacred  memorial  season,  a  hallowed  jubilee  year 
full  of  inspiring  associations.  It  is  a  time  to  visit  the  old 


90  Centennial  Memorial  Sermons. 

homestead,  to  trace  up  and  record  genealogical  tables,  to 
hold  family  re-unions  and  revive  the  fond  memories  of  the 
olden  time. 

Such  is  the  spirit  and  sentiment  of  our  text,  "  ye  shall  hal 
low  the  5oth  year  and  proclaim  liberty  throughout  all  the 
land,  unto  all  the  inhabitants  thereof.  It  shall  be  a  jubilee 
unto  you,  and  we  shall  return  every  man  unto  his  posses 
sion,  and  we  shall  return  every  man  unto  his  family." 

Happy  are  they  who  can  do  this  with  gratitude  to  the 
God  of  their  sainted  forefathers  !  Happy  are  they  who  can 
thus  return  to  the  home  of  their  childhood  !  Happy  are 
they  who  remain  in  the  honorable  possession  of  the  patri 
mony  of  their  pioneer  ancestors !  The  love  of  liberty,  of 
home  and  of  fatherland  will  be  strong  and  abiding  in  the 
hearts  of  such  a  people. 

A    CONTRAST    BETWEEN    THE    PAST    AND    PRESENT. 

Great  and  marvelous  have  been  the  changes  and  improve 
ments  of  the  century  just  ended.  The  pack-horse  and  the 
lumbering  Conestoga  wagon  have  given  place  to  the  traction 
engine  and  to  the  locomotive  and  railroad  trains  which  daily 
pass  through  our  streets  from  New  York  to  New  Orleans. 
The  express  rider,  galloping  over  the  mountains  and  through 
the  wilderness  on  panting  steed,  at  the  peril  of  his  life,  has 
been  superseded  by  the  electric  telegraph,  which  conveys 
messages  of  love  and  light  in  the  twinkle  of  an  eye  to  the 
remotest  part  of  the  Republic,  yea  underneath  old  ocean's 
briny  waves  to  all  parts  of  the  habitable  globe.  The  flail  and 
the  sickle  of  our  fathers  have  given  place  to  the  steam  separa 
tor  and  the  four-horse  reaper.  The  thirteen  colonies  along 
the  Atlantic  coast,  with  three  or  four  million  people,  a  large 
number  of  them  negro  slaves,  have  increased  to  thirty-eight 
States,  reaching  from  ocean  to  ocean,  with  a  population  of 
fifty  odd  millions  and  territory  enough  for  twenty  States 
more.  "The  Lord  hath  done  great  things  for  us  as  a  na 
tion,  whereof  we  have  reason  to  be  glad  and  to  bless  His 
holy  name."  And  with  the  Psalmist  we  may  exclaim: 
"Bless  the  Lord,  O  my  soul/and  all  that  is  within  me,  bless 
His  holy  name.  Bless  the  Lord,  O  my  soul,  and  forget  not 
all  His  benefits." 


Sermon  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Corf.  91 

The  blood-thirsty  savages  no  longer  skulk  about  our  dwel 
lings  as  they  did  in  the  days  of  our  pioneer  ancestors,  when 
young  and  old  were  ruthlessly  slaughtered  regardless  of  sex, 
age  or  condition. 

In  our  valley  hundreds  of  Indian  youths  are  now  receiving 
instruction  in  the  elements  of  education  and  Christian  civil 
ization  within  the  precincts  of  Carlisle  Barracks,  whence 
the  heroic  Bouquet  marched  to  punish  their  race  for  their 
atrocities,  120  years  ago.  The  same  work  is  going  on  at 
Hampton  Institute,  Virginia,  where  I  addressed  a  large  num 
ber  of  them  through  "an  interpreter,  a  few  weeks  ago,  and 
told  them  of  the  universal  Fatherhood  of  God  and  Brother 
hood  of  man.  No  longer  do  our  children  go  to  school,  and 
our  people  to  church  and  to  their  daily  toil  at  the  peril  of 
their  lives,  as  did  our  pioneer  ancestors.  Peace  and  plenty, 
prosperity  and  safety  is  the  portion  of  our  inheritance  in 
this  goodly  land. 

OUR  DUTY  TO  CHERISH  THE  ANCIENT  LANDMARKS. 

The  blessings  of  constitutional  liberty,  the  principles  of 
representative  self-government  for  which  our  Reformation 
forefathers  suffered  in  Switzerland,  Germany,  Holland, 
France  and  Great  Britain,  have  become  a  fundamental  part  of 
the  institutions  of  our  land. 

Let  us  cherish  these  as  something  more  precious  than  sil 
ver  or  gold.  Above  all  let  us  cherish  the  principles  of 
Christian  faith  and  piety,  so  dear  to  the  hearts  of  our  sainted 
forefathers.  For  the  sake  of  religious  principle,  our  Scotch- 
Irish  and  German-Swiss  ancestors  endured  the  dangers  and 
hardships  of  pioneer  life,  and  only  by  imitating  their  fidelity 
to  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  can  we  preserve  and  perpetuate  the 
blessings  of  civil  and  religious  liberty  enshrined  in  our  con 
stitutional  form  of  government.  It  is  true  now  as  in  the 
days  of  old  "righteousness  exaltetha  nation,  and  sin  is  a  re 
proach  to  any  people. ' '  We  have  made  great  progress  in  the 
arts  and  sciences,  in  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  pursuits, 
but  the  old-fashioned  principles  and  habits  of  honest  indus 
try,  frugality  and  piety  remain  the  enduring  basis  of  all 
true  prosperity  and  power.  In  these  respects  let  us  grate 
fully  "remember  the  days  of  old."  Thus  shall  we  "honor 


9  2  Centennial  Memorial  Sermons. 

father  and  mother,"  and  inherit  the  divine  promise  that  our 
days  shall  be  long  in  the  land  which  the  Lord  our  God, 
hath  given  us.  Let  us  walk  in  the  good  old  paths  of  truth 
and  righteousness  and  keep  in  view  the  ancient  landmarks. 


CONCLUSION. 


And,  finally,  my  Christian  friends,  let  us  remember  that 
all  these  earthly  jubilees  are  but  faint  shadows  ot  the  grand 
reality,  the  Jubilee  of  glorified  humanity,  when  the  ran 
somed  of  the  Lord,  from  every  land  and  nation,  shall  enter 
the  home  of  the  blest  with  songs  and  everlasting  joy  upon 
their  heads.  That  we  may  all  stand  accepted  in  the  Beloved 
and  be  numbered  among  the  saints  in  glory  everlasting,  in 
that  great  and  notable  day,  should  be  our  hope,  our  prayer 
and  our  supreme  endeavor.  Amen.  And,  Amen. 


DEUT. 
tions  ;  as 


CENTENNIAL  SERMON  OF  REV.  J.   HASSLER, 

OF  MERCERSBURG,  PREACHED  IN  ST.  PETER'S  REFORMED  CHURCH, 

IN  FORT  LOUDON,  PA.,  ON  SUNDAY  EVENING,  SEPTEMBER 

7,  1884,  AND  IN  THE  TOWN  HALL,  IN  FANNETTS- 

BURG,  PA.,  SEPTEMBER   14,  1884. 

UT.  32:7— •"  Remember  the  days  of  old,  consider  the  years  of  many  genera- 
;  ask  thy  father  and  he  will  show  thee ;  thy  elders  and  they  will  tell  thee." 

Three  thoughts  are  before  us:  i.  Thanksgiving  and 
praise  for  our  grand  old  mountains,  and  the  rich  and  fertile 
valleys  that  characterize  the  geography  of  our  county. 

2.  Thanksgiving  for  the  moral  integrity  and  upright,  reli- 
gious  life  of  our  pioneer  settlers. 

3.  Civilization  and  National  Freedom,  the  price  of  blood, 

I.    SCENERY  AND  FERTILITY  OF  SOIL. 

The  words  of  our  text  constitute  an  extract  from  the 
plaintive  song  of  a  dying  man.  The  great  drama  of  a  great 
life  is  at  an  end.  The  greatest  commander  that  ever  lived — 
the  greatest  moral  hero  that  ever  stepped  on  the  stage  of 
history — he,  who  is  the  most  honored  of  all  human  beings, 
who  talked  with  God  "face  to  face" — whose  hand  met  the 


Sermon  of  Rev.  J.  Hassler.  93 

fingers  of  Jehovah  in  receiving  the  Law — this  great  man, 
whose  whole  moral  life  is  the  greatest  miracle  of  the  greatest 
age  that  ever  characterized  the  inhabitants  of  earth ;  whose 
life,  and  deeds,  and  death  challenge  infidelity,  and  will 
ever  scatter  to  the  winds  of  heaven  all  doubt  or  uncertainty 
as  to  the  truth  of  inspiration — this  great  man  is  called  upon 
to  die,  to  pass  away  from  the  scenes  of  earth !  His  death 
song  is  contained  in  this  chapter,  the  import  of  which  is : 
Obedience  to  God  secures  independence,  personal  and  national 
prosperity.  Disobedience  brings  ruin,  loss,  captivity,  death  ! 
So  to-day.  It  is  meet  and  right  for  us,  as  a  religious  com 
munity,  to  look  back  a  hundred  years  and  consider  the 
many  trials,  hardships  and  cruel  captivities  our  fathers 
endured,  to  give  us  this  beauteous  land  of  freedom ;  and 
these  grand  and  fertile  valleys,  that  surround  these  lofty 
mountains  of  beauty  and  power !  And  thus,  by  this  review 
of  a  century  past,  generate  in  our  hearts  praise,  thanksgiving 
and  obedience  to  our  fathers'  God. 

In  1682  William  Penn  came  from  England  to  this  coun 
try  and  founded  a  colony,  which  he  called  Pennsylvania — 
the  forest  land,  or  land  of  Penn.  The  whole  country  was 
inhabited  by  rude  and  untutored  Indians,  who  lived  in  wig 
wams  and  subsisted  on  hunting.  Penn  desired  his  people 
to  live  in  peace  with  these  wild  and  savage  tribes,  hence  his 
"Treaty  of  Peace,"  on  the  very  spot  where  now  stands  the 
City  of  Philadelphia,  on  the  banks  of  the  Delaware. 

But  oh !  what  changes !  Instead  of  wild  game,  Indian 
huts  and  camp-fires  you  now  see  hundreds  and  thousands  of 
houses,  built  high,  three,  six  and  eight  stories;  of  brown 
stone,  brick  and  marble ;  and  thousands  upon  thousands  of 
white  people,  all  with  busy  step  and  hurried  trea'd,  eager  in 
business,  -trade  and  commerce — buying,  selling  and  getting 
gain! 

Where  is  the  old  '''•Elm  Tree,"  under  whose  wide  spread 
ing  branches,  late  in  autumn  1682,  the  treaty  was  made? 
Alas !  the  sacred  spot  is  now  covered  by  a  large,  populous 
city;  and  the  place  itself  is  only  marked  by  a  marble  monu 
ment,  to  perpetuate  its  memory.  The  tree  itself  stood  till 
1810,  when  it  was  blown  down  by  a  storm  at  the  age  of  283 
years,  being  155  at  the  time  of  Penn's  treaty.  When  the 


94  Cente-nnial  Memorial  Sermons. 

British  troops  occupied  the  city,  during  the  Revolution,  it 
was  guarded  by  a  band  of  soldiers.  It  was  held  in  great 
veneration,  and  its  sacred  wood  is  yet  preserved  under  the 
form  of  ornaments  for  the  parlor  table  ?  But,  oh !  the 
changes  it  witnessed ! 

So,  too,  similar  changes  belong  to  the  fertile  vales  and 
growing  towns  in  our  own  county,  in  the  100  years  that  are 
past !  Could  some  old  Indian  chief,  who  once  roamed  these 
hills  and  drank  at  the  beautiful  spring  below  our  town, 
where  old  Ft.  Loudon  stood,  revisit  this  land,  he  would  be 
completely  lost — his  mind  would  be  filled  with  wondrous  sur 
prise!  So,  too,  at  a  later  date — from  1790  to  1830 — if 
some  of  the  McCulloughs,  Smiths,  McFarlands,  Bards,  Mc- 
Dowels,  Crawfords,  Dickeys,  Pattons,  Lanes,  Scotts,  and 
others,  who  lived  amid  these  hills  and  tilled  these  lands, 
could  return  to  earth,  oh !  how  spell-bound  with  surprise  ! 

The  old  line  of  "pack  horses,'"  traveling  with  steady  step 
up  the  rugged  steeps  of  yonder  mountain  gorge — the  Cove 
Gap — where  are  they?  The  old  "  Conestoga  wagons"  high 
and  long  and  deep,  with  canvas  top,  that  lined  this  western 
turnpike,  heavy  laden  with  merchants'  goods  from  Balti 
more  to  Pittsburg,  where  are  they?  Not  one  to  be  seen. 
The  line  of  "four-horse  stages"  too,  six  and  eight  a  day, 
crowded  with  Western  merchants  and  others,  eagerly  bound 
for  the  Eastern  cities,  every  hour  feeling  for  their  money,  hid 
in  the  lining  of  their  coat,  or  in  their  boots,  or  some  secret 
place,  lest  the  Robber  Lewis  and  others,  who  lurked  in  these 
hills,  would  rob  both  traveler  and  driver  alike — these,  alas ! 
all  gone ! 

The  days  of  military  parade,  militia  muster — "review 
days" — with  shrill  fife  and  noisy  drum,  and  gaudy  soldiers, 
and  galloping  troopers — these,  too,  have  all  disappeared ; 
together  with  the  gleaming  sickle ;  sowing  wheat  broad 
cast  ;  cutting  the  broad  acres  with  a  hand-cradle,  four  and 
six  in  a  row ;  tramping  the  wheat  in  the  winter  months,  a 
six  weeks'  work ;  all  these  have  disappeared,  and  we  now 
have  railroad  cars,  horse-rakes,  phosphate  grain  drills,  the 
sulky  plough,  the  road  traction  engine,  and  a  dozen  or  more 
of  other  farming  implements. 

But  in  the  school-room  and  in  the   school-house,   oh ! 


Sermon  of  Rev.  J.  Hassler.  95 

what  changes!  "Cobb's  Spelling  Book,"  with  the  picture 
of  the  boy  on  the  apple  tree,  pelted  with  stones  by  the 
honest  farmer  for  his  first  theft;  the  "New  Testament," 
with  Matthew,  Mark,  Luke,  and  John,  all  to  the  Book  of 
Revelation — this  the  scholars'  "  only  reader,'1'1  and  then  even 
skipping  the  hard  names — all  these  have  disappeared. 

So,  too,  in  church  building,  and  in  the  familiar  scenes  of 
the  home  circle ;  oh !  the  changes ! 

The  high-backed  pews,  wine  glass  pulpit,  or  as  the  poet 
has  it — 

"Their pews  of  unpainted  pine,  straight- backed  and  tall; 

Their  gal'ries  mounted  high,  three  sides  around; 
Their  pulpits,  goblet  shaped,  half  up  the  wall, 
With  sounding  board  above,  with  acorn  crowned." 

These  are  now  no  more.  So,  too,  the  old  Franklin  stove, 
the  open  fire-place,  with  "brass  fender,"  and  back-log 
burning  brightly;  "the  oaken  bucket,  the  moss-covered 
bucket,  that  hung  in  the  well," — all,  all  have  given  place 
to  the  "radiant  home,"  "the  gas  burner,"  the  "cast  iron 
pump."  Thus,  too,  instead  of  the  ft  old  lard  lamp"  and 
"tallow  candle"  and  "snuffers"  you  have  coal  oil,  gas 
and  electric  light ! 

But,  oh !  the  changes  in  the  spheres  of  human  life  !  The 
inquiry  is,  where  are  the  great  men  who  laid  out  these 
towns,  built  these  mills  and  subdued  these  forests?  Echo 
answers,  where?  Franklin  county,  to  its  credit  be  it  said, 
has  furnished  "more  men  of  mark,"  both  in  Church  and 
State,  for  the  Judge's  bench,  the  Governor's  chair,  and 
Halls  of  Legislation,  than  any  other  part  of  the  State. 

The  greatest  railroad  king  that  America  ever  furnished, 
Col.  Thomas  A.  Scott,  was  born  in  this  village,  under  the 
shade  of  these  mountains,  in  yonder  "public  mansion  ;"  and 
he  who  sat  in  the  President's  chair,  the  i5th  President, 
James  Buchanan,  received  the  light  of  day  in  yonder 
mountain  gorge  (Cove  Gap)  ;  and  when  a  little  boy  his  fond 
mother  placed  a  "bell  around  his  neck,"  lest  she  would 
lose  her  Irish  boy  amid  the  rocks  of  the  impending  forest. 

But  these  reminiscences  carry  us  too  far. 

On  the  Qth  of  September,  1784,  an  Act  of  the  Assembly 
was  passed  erecting  the  county  of  Franklin,  out  of  the 


g6  Centennial  Memorial  Sermons. 

southwestern  part  of  Cumberland,  thus  bearing  the  name 
of  our  own  honored  natural  philosopher,  Benjamin  Franklin. 
Its  greatest  extent  from  north  to  south  is  38  miles,  and  from 
east  to  west  34  miles,  containing  an  area  of  49, 740  square 
miles.  In  1870  the  population  was  45,365.  In  1880, 
49,855.  The  greatest  part  of  the  county  consists  of  an  ex 
tensive  valley  of  fertile  land,  well  watered,  well  cultivated, 
and  highly  improved.  The  product  of  wheat  alone  in  1880 
was  1,033,824  bushels — other  grains,  such  as  rye,  oats, 
Indian  corn  and  barley,  in  equal  proportions. 

On  the  east  you  have  the  range  of  hills  called  the  South 
Mountain,  reaching  an  elevation  of  600  to  900  feet.  On  the 
west  and  northwest  a  more  elevated  and  rugged  range,  called 
the  North  or  Blue  Mountain,  running  in  almost  an  un 
broken  line  from  the  Delaware  southwestward  and  abruptly 
terminating  in  Mt.  Parnell  and  Mt.  Jordan's  Knob. 

Path  Valley  lies  between  these  lofty  peaks  and  the  Tusco- 
rora  Mountain,  which  stretches  southwest,  on  to  the  waters 
of  the  Potamac.  Some  of  these  lofty  peaks  range  from 
1,500  to  i, 600  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Oh!  the 
grandeur  of  this  mountain  scenery — its  health-giving  power. 
With  the  homesick  Swiss  soldier,  when  far  from  his  native 
Alps,  we  can  say,  "Geb  mir  Berge  oder  Ich  Sterbe."  The 
eye  of  the  traveler  is  never  wearied  in  looking  upon  the 
rugged  brow  of  old  Parnell  and  Mt.  Jordan,  joined  together 
in  one  perpetual  brotherhood  of  beauty  and  power,  and 
looking  down  in  quiet  majesty  upon  the  peaceful  village  of 
Ft.  Loudon,  nestling  quietly  amid  the  shade  of  these  lofty 
peaks ;  or,  casting  our  view  six  miles  beyond,  over  to  our 
neighboring  town  of  Mercersburg,  far-famed  both  in  Europe 
and  America  for  schools  of  learning  and  theological  power ; 
and  then,  still  farther  on  toward  the  south  you  see  "  Casey's 
Knob/'  "Two-top,"  and  the  grand  and  beautiful  chain  of 
vast  blue  mountains  on  to  "Perm-Mar"  and  the  Potomac, 
forming  "one  vast  amphitheatre"  or  "crescent"  of  beauty 
and  mountain  scenery  hardly  eclipsed  by  any  other  in  the 
whole  State.  Strangers  never  cease  to  admire  the  beauty 
of  our  mountain  homes.  Yes,  these  grand  old  mountains 
are  the  finger-boards  of  nature  that  point  the  weary  pilgrim 
up  to  heaven — to  God — to  our  eternal  home  ! 


Sermon  of  Rev.  J.  Hassler.  97 

The  purity  of  air  that  encircles  their  top,  the  green  clad 
plains  and  fertile  vales  that  lie  at  their  base,  the  laughing 
rivulet  and  the  towering  oak  that  dwell  upon  their  haggard 
sides,  all  serve  to  give  health  and  tone  to  the  body,  in 
vigorate  the  mind,  and  inspire  within  the  breast  of  man 
feelings  of  awe,  reverence  and  devotion !  God  himself 
built  these  lofty  hills.  He  laid  them  deep  ;  He  made  them 
broad ;  He  shaped  their  conical  form,  their  broad  founda 
tions,  their  haggard  sides.  He  built  them  for  himself,  to 
point  upward,  to  heaven,  to  our  home  above ! 

The  Saviour  loved  the  mountain.  He  prayed  there;  He 
preached  there;  He  wept  there;  upon  the  mountain  he 
died ;  at  its  base  he  was  buried ;  from  its  top  He  ascended 
to  heaven  !  Oh  !  the  mountain  !  the  mountain  !  !  What 
Christian  born  in  Franklin  county  but  loves  the  mountain  ? 
Especially  as  these  lofty  hills  remind  him  of  Tabor,  Carmel, 
Lebanon,  Pisgah,  Calvary,  and  above  all  Mt.  Zion,  the  city 
of  the  living  God,  a  truthful  type  of  the  Christian  church  1 

Never  can  we  gaze  upon  these  rugged  hills,  or  travel  over 
their  haggard  sides,  or  look  upon  their  lofty  peaks,  without 
thinking  of  the  hill-country  of  Judea,  and  the  mountains  of 
Galilee,  consecrated  to  the  holy  purposes  of  our  holy  reli 
gion,  by  the  prayers  and  tears,  and  deeds,  and  awful  suffer 
ings  and  holy  blood  of  our  blessed  Redeemer  !  Yes, 

"  To  Zion's  hill  I  lift  mine  eyes, 
From  thence  expecting  aid ; 
From  Zion's  hill  and  Zion's  God, 
Who  heaven  and  earth  has  made." 

II.  But  we  must  take  up  our  second  point :  Praise  and 
thanksgiving  for  the  moral  integrity  aud  upright,  religious  life 
of  our  pioneer  settlers. 

Living  in  the  midst  of  such  beautiful  scenery,  dwelling 
under  the  shade  of  such  lofty  mountains,  what  else  could 
our  fathers  be  than  devotit,  honest,  religious  ? 

In  Path  Valley,  tradition  has  it,  a  man  borrowed  a  hun 
dred  dollars  from  his  neighbor.  After  the  money  was  paid 
and  the  note  written  his  neighbor  said  : 

"John,  you  keep  this  paper  too t 
Then  you'll  know  when  the  note  is  due" 


98  Centennial  Memorial  Sermons. 

The  man  had  both  money  and  note.  This  story  is  a 
noble  tribute  of  praise  to  primitive  virtue,  neighborly  con 
fidence  and  Christian  love. 

The  character  of  Enoch  Brown,  the  noble,  heroic  school 
teacher,  murdered  by  the  Indians,  with  his  ten  scholars, 
(one  only  making  his  escape,)  on  the  26th  of  July,  1764, 
in  Antrim  township,  three  miles  from  Greencastle,  is  only  a 
moral  type  of  the  good  and  religious  character  of  our  pioneer 
settlers.  This  teacher  is  said  "  to  be  a  man  of  liberal  culture, 
particularly  noted  and  respected  for  his  truthfulness,  in 
tegrity  and  Christian  character"  His  courage  was  praise 
worthy,  as  it  is  said  he  offered  himself  first  as  a  martyr,  to 
save  the  lives  of  the  innocent  children. 

It  is  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  this  terrible  sacrifice  to 
the  cause  of  freedom  and  education  that  our  offerings  to-day 
are  to  be  devoted.  To  erect,  at  moderate  cost,  a  granite 
monument  to  mark  the  resting  place  of  this  noble  teacher 
and  his  murdered  scholars. 

The  first  settlers  in  our  county  were  of  Scotch-Irish 
descent.  Religious  persecution  and  a  desire  for  freedom  in 
religious  worship  drove  them  from  Ireland  and  Scotland  to 
this  Western  world.  The  rich  valleys  of  the  Conococheague 
settlement  were  objects  of  interest  and  attraction.  These  set 
tlers  were  moral,  honest,  religious  and  devout.  The  Sabbath 
was  strictly  observed.  The  ten  commandments  committed 
to  memory;  next  to  the  Bible,  the  shorter  catechism  was 
daily  studied ;  grace  at  the  table,  and  evening  and  morn 
ing  prayers,  a  usual  occurrence  in  their  religious  life. 

Many  of  this  noble  race  and  of  their  descendants  still 
reside  in  our  county,  but  the  German  population  of  a  later 
date  is  fast  gaining  the  ascendency,  both  in  numbers  and 
in  way  of  possessing  homes  and  lands  once  occupied  by 
this  noble  ancestry  of  the  Scotch-Irish  race. 

The  Rev.  Michael  Schatter,  a  Reformed  minister,  one  of 
our  first  missionaries,  who  came  to  America  in  1746,  and 
who  visited  Conococheague  settlement  in  r748,  uses  these 
words  :  "  The  first  inhabitants,  as  already  stated,  were  from 
Ireland  and  Scotland,  and  a  few  from  Germany  and  Switzer 
land.  Benjamin  Chambers,  the  first  settler,  induced  others 
of  his  countrymen  to  immigrate  to  the  Conococheague .  set 
tlement.  Soon  afterwards  some  German  and  Swiss  descend- 


Sermon  of  Rev.  J.  Hassler.  99 

ents,  principally  from  the  lower  part  of  Lancaster  county, 
found  their  way  to  this  settlement ;  since  then  they  constitute 
a  great  proportion  of  the  present  population.  They  speak 
the  language  of  their  fathers,  but  of  late  years  the  English 
has  the  preference  with  many  whose  grandparents  immi 
grated  from  Germany," 

For  the  benefit  of  these  Germans,  who  soon  intermarried 
and  united  their  religious  worship  and  social  life  with  their 
Scotch-Irish  neighbors,  for  their  good  Rev.  Jacob  Weymer 
and  others,  Reformed  ministers,  visited  Chambersburg, 
Greencastle,  Grindstone  Hill  and  other  places,  where  Re 
formed  churches  were  established  as  early  as  1784.  A 
Reformed  church  stood  on  Stenger's  hill,  below  town,  as 
early  as  1 790.  The  old  brick  church,  to  the  east  of  town, 
much  of  the  material  of  which  also  is  used  in  the  erection 
of  the  new  church  edifice  (1876)  was  built  in  1819,  by  the 
Presbyterians  and  Reformed  united.  Thus,  in  point  of 
morals,  religion  and  true  piety,  the  inhabitants  of  this 
county  can  boast  of  a  noble  ancestry. 

Of  course  there  are  many  exceptions  to  this  estimate  of 
moral  character.  Theft,  robbery,  horse-racing,  intemperance 
and  other  vices  were  also  known  in  those  days.  The  old 
stone  jail  in  Chambersburg,  built  two  stories  high  in  1798, 
was  often  "filled  to  overflowing"  with  criminals  confined 
for  debt.  This  punishment  many  regarded  as  the  fruit  of 
indolence  and  intemperance.  This  may  be  all  true  enough. 
Evil  is  hereditary.  Sin  goes  with  the  race.  Wherever  the 
foot  of  man  treads  their  evil  and  sin  keep  apace,  if  not  with 
a  faster  at  least  with  an  equal  step  with  the  march  of  virtue. 
And  yet  history  generally  credits  this  noble  ancestry  as 
being  exemplary  in  moral  integrity  and  the  practice  of  the 
Christian  graces — education  and  religion.  The  school  and 
the  church — these  were  the  two  cardinal  marks  of  the  primi 
tive  settlements  of  these  hills  by  our  pioneer  fathers. 

Rev.  Dr.  M.  Brown,  for  a  long  time  President  of  Jeffer 
son  College,  who  studied  theology  under  old  Dr.  King,  of 
Mercersburg,  pastor  of  that  church  from  1769  to  1813,  has 
this  testimony,  "that  in  all  his  extensive  travels  in  the 
United  States  he  found  no  population  equal  in  virtue  and 
intelligence  to  the  people  of  the  Cumberland  valley." 
So,  too,  Rev.  Dr.  James  Brownson,  of  Washington,  Pa., 


ioo  Centennial  Memorial  Sermons. 

whose  maternal  grandfather  laid  out  the  town  of  Mercers-" 
burg,  expressing  his  regret  in  not  being  able  to  be  present 
at  this  centennial  celebration,  uses  these  words:  "Not  for 
silver  or  gold  would  I  barter  away  my  lineal  descent  from 
such  a  race."  "  So  noble  a  planting  in  one  of  the  best  and 
most  beautiful  regions  in  our  county,  by  a  race  unsurpassed 
in  intelligence,  culture,  patriotism  and  piety,  and  such  a 
development  and  progress,  extending  over  150  years  since 
the  first  white  settlement,  are  worthy  of  being  held  up  to 
the  grateful  admiration  of  the  descendents  of  a  matchless 
ancestry. ' ' 

Such  testimony,  in  favor  of  integrity  and  true  morality, 
is  worthy  of  special  regard. 

Patriotism,  too,  was  a  crowning  virtue.  McCauley,  in  his 
history  of  '76,  says:  "Not  a  Tory  was  to  be  found  in  the 
whole  Conococheague  settlement." 

No  one  present  to-day  need  be  ashamed  of  his  Scotch- 
Irish  ancestry. 

But  these  early  settlers  experienced  all  the  sad  conse 
quences  common  to  frontier  life.  Homes  were  hardly 
secured,  the  land  tilled,  or  barns  built,  till  these  homes 
were  burnt  by  savage  Indians,  the  grain  destroyed,  cattle 
killed,  and  wife  and  children  carried  into  cruel  captivity. 

"For  eight  or  ten  years  after  General  Braddock's  defeat, 
July,  1755,  the  whole  frontier  of  your  county  was  exposed 
to  the  incursions  of  Indian  war  parties, ' '  who  would  secretly 
surprise  the  inhabitants ;  shoot  down  the  cattle,  massacre 
the  men,  women  and  children,  or  carry  them  away  into  the 
horrors  of  cruel  captivity.  Here  Border  Life,  and  the  narra 
tives  of  Col.  James  Smith,  John  McCullough,  Col.  Craw 
ford,  and  others,  are  full  of  most  thrilling  interest.  These 
noble  patriots  gave  their  lives  for  our  good  and  for  our 
homes.  This  leads  us  to  our  last  point. 

III.    Civilization  and  national  freedom  the  price  of  blood. 

On  the  Fourth  of  July,  1876,  eight  years  ago,  we  cele 
brated  the  centennial  of  our  National  Independence.  It 
was  right  and  proper  on  that  joyous  occasion  that  we  should 
have  poems,  orations,  historical  readings,  Declaration  of 
Independence  recited,  the  highest  forms  of  mechanical 
art  that  genius  could  invent;  all  this,  along  with  military 


Sermon  of  Rev.  J.  Hassler.  101 

processions,  bands  of  music,  banners  afloat,  flags  waving, 
national  toasts,  responses  and  firing  of  guns — all  this  joyous 
festivity  to  impress  upon  the  mind  and  heart  of  every  man, 
woman  and  child  in  the  land  that  our  National  Freedom  is 
a  reality,  and  this  reality  the  price  of  blood.  Citizen  sov 
ereignty  is  a  problem  in  civil  government  the  old  monarchies 
of  Europe  can't  solve;  but  our  Pilgrim  Fathers  solved  it; 
but  they  did  it  with  treasure,  bloodshed,  death  ! 

So  these  fertile  hills  and  these  grand  old  homesteads  in 
this  fertile  county  are  ours  only  by  the  toil,'  hardships,  labor, 
and  fearful  sufferings  and  bloodshed  of  our  Germanic, 
Scotch-Irish  ancestry. 

This  great  truth,  human  perfection  and  true  religious 
freedom,  are  the  price  of  blood,  history,  redemption  and 
science  all  clearly  proclaim.  The  Apostles  died  for  the 
truth  they  preached.  The  reformers  bled  and  suffered  for 
the  truth  of  the  Gospel.  "  The  blood  of  martyrs  is  the  seed 
of  the  church. "  The  idea  of  spiritual  freedom  from  sin 
and  death  is  a  plant  too  celestial,  too  heaven  born  to  grow 
on  the  soil  of  the  human  heart  without  the  watering  of  blood 
to  ensure  its  growth.  The  Disciples  felt  this,  they  knew 
this.  They  were  willing  every  one  of  them  to  suffer  mar 
tyrdom  for  the  cause  of  Christ.  They  knew  that  righteous 
ness,  truth  and  eternal  life  are  ours  only  by  the  death  and 
crucifixion  of  their  Master.  Christ  crucified  contained  the 
seed  of  a  new  creation.  Sin  and  pride  were  the  cruel 
monsters  that  drove  the  spear  into  His  side.  The  Saviour's 
truth  and  purity  were  too  holy  and  divine  to  germinate  in 
the  dead  stock  of  humanity  without  the  shedding  of  blood 
to  ensure  its  growth.  Christ's  death  is  the  germ  of  life. 
"If  I  be  lifted  up  I  will  draw  all  men  unto  Me."  Via 
Cruets,  via  Lucis. 

So,  too,  in  the  sphere  of  intellect.  No  freedom  from  this 
darkness  of  ignorance  and  superstition  except  by  toil,  hard 
ship,  and  even  self-sacrifice  and  death.  Robert  Fulton,  in 
1807,  was  hissed  at,  laughed  at  and  mocked  when  he  sought 
to  launch  forth  his  first  steamboat  on  the  waters  of  the 
Hudson.  Columbus  is  called  the  madman  because  he  seeks 
the  discovery  of  another  world.  Galileo,  in  Italy,  is  im 
prisoned  because  he  seeks  the  improvement  of  astronomy. 

TT^r 


102  Centennial  Memorial  Sermons. 

And  even  that  holy  man,  Paul,  as  he  stood  on  Mar's  Hill, 
is  called  a  Jewish  babbler  because  he  reasoned  of  "the  resur 
rection  and  the  life  to  come." 

History,  too,  is  full  of  the  same  truth.  States  perish, 
nations  die,  all  the  forms  of  life  are  mutable,  only  that  the 
living  spirit  of  humanity  may  go  forward  with  new  energy 
and  create  out  of  these  smouldering  ruins  new  forms  of  life 
and  activity.  The  decay  of  Greece  is  the  life  of  Rome, 
and  the  eruption  of  the  northern  barbarians,  who  lay  all 
Roman  civilization  in  the  dust,  gives  life  to  the  Germanic 
nations  and  the  Anglo-Saxon  race.  Death  is  the  condition 
of  life.  So  in  the  history  of  civilization  and  in  the  progress 
of  civil  freedom.  The  wars  of  George  III.,  the  long  years 
of  cruel  Indian  warfare  and  the  hardships  of  border  life, 
all  prove  that  our  peaceful  homes  and  these  fertile  valleys 
which  we  now  so  richly  enjoy  are  the  price  of  blood  !  They 
are  redeemed  for  us  from  savage  rule  and  the  cruel  toma 
hawk,  only  by  toil,  hardship  and  sacrifices  the  most  horrible, 
such  as  only  true  courage,  martyr-heroism  and  earnest  piety 
could  endure. 

Mark  well,  therefore,  the  resting  place  of  the  man  who 
fell  a  sacrifice  to  education  and  offered  his  life  a  ransom  for 
the  lives  of  innocent  children  !  Keep  green  the  graves  of 
our  patriot  fathers,  who  spent  their  treasure  and  shed  their 
blood  to  secure  to  us  the  fertile  fields  of  this  rich  old  county, 
whose  history  to-day  reaches  up  to  the  hoary  foot-prints  of  a 
hundred  years  ! 

Follow  closely  in  the  steps  and  pathway  of  a  most  worthy 
ancestry,  who  loved  God,  studied  His  word,  kept  the  com 
mandments,  believed  in  His  Son,  confessed  His  name,  and 
everywhere  dotted  this  whole  county  with  the  church  and 
the  school-house  ;  and  then  God  will  be  honored,  our  chil 
dren  blessed  and  freedom  perpetuated. 

Our  mountain  homes,  the  fruit  of  their  blood  and  the 
scalps  of  their  children  ! 

Oh!  sing  to-day  as  you  never  sang  before — 
"  My  country  !  'tis  of  thee, 
Sweet  land  of  liberty, 

Of  thee  I  sing. 
Land  where  my  Fathers  died, 
Land  of  \ht  patriot*  s  pride, 
From  every  mountain  side, 
Let  Freedom  ring. 


Sermon  of  Rev.  J.  W.  Knappenberger.  103 

SERMON  OF  REV.  J.  W.  KNAPPENBERGER,  A.  M., 

PREACHED    IN   TRINITY  REFORMED   CHURCH,  MERCERSBURG,  PA., 
SEPTEMBER  7,  1884. 

PSALM  90.    Last   clause  of  the  gth    verse.    "  We   spend    our   years  as    a 
tale  that  is  told." 

After  speaking  of  the  antiquity  of  the  psalm,  its  beauty 
and  sublimity  and  rich  meaning,  of  the  custom  of  telling 
tales,  among  Eastern  people  and  when  all  were  told  how 
short  they  would  seem  in  thinking  of  them,  we  spoke  as 
follows : 

And  just  so  in  many  respects  is  it  with  our  lives.  They 
are  like  tales  that  have  been  told.  How  short  they  seem  ! 
How  quickly  do  they  pass  away  !  Three  score  years  and  ten 
roll  into  eternity,  before  we  are  aware  of  it.  As  we  think  ot 
our  past  history,  the  oldest  among  us,  how  dim  and  indis 
tinct,  do  the  most  prominent  facts  in  our  lives  stand  out  in. 
memory  !  You,  whose  hair  has  been  silvered  with  the 
weight  of  years,  and  even  those  of  you,  who  have  only 
reached  the  middle  mile  stone  of  your  life,  try  to  recall 
the  scenes  and  incidents  and  experiences  of  your  early 
years, — those  which  happened  under  the  parental  roof,  when 
father,  mother,  brothers  and  sisters  were  with  you,  when  you 
gathered  together,  it  may  be,  around  the  family  altar,  when 
you  ate,  drank,  laughed  and  talked,  played  and  toiled  with 
one  another, — when  you  rejoiced  together  on  some  notable 
interesting  occasion,  or  wept  with  them  over  some  great 
sorrow;  or  when  with  bowed  head  and  sorrowing  hearts, 
you  stood  together  around  an  open  grave,  which  received 
one  after  another  of  those,  who  were  to  you  most  dear. 
How  you  mourned  their  departure  !  How  you  missed  them 
when  you  got  back  home ;  how  sad  you  all  were  then  and 
how  time  gradually  healed  the  wound,  which  death  had 
made  ! 

Or  think,  if  you  please,  of  the  companions  and  associates 
of  your  early  years,  of  those  who  went  to  school  with  you, — 
of  the  lessons,  which  you  studied  and  recited  together,  of 
incidents  that  happened,  indeed  of  all  the  things  connected 
with  those  early,  interesting  days,  and  as  you  dwell  in  medi 
tation  upon  them  does  not  your  whole  past  life, — all  the 
facts,  incidents  and  experiences, — seem  very  much  like  a 


1 04  Centennial  Memorial  Sermons. 

tale  that  is  told  ?      You  know  it  was  real,  actual  and  yet 
how  dim  and  shadowy,  how  like  a  tale  it  all  appears  now  ! 

But  all  their  experiences,  every  early  impression,  as  well 
as  everything,  that  has  happened  to  us  or  which  we  have 
done,  have  had  an  effect  upon  our  lives,  an  influence  which 
we  cannot  even  now  overcome.  All  these  things  have  been 
worked  up  into  the  very  texture  of  our  being,  and  made  us 
what  we  are.  Had  it  not  been  for  all  these  associations 
and  influences  we  would  not  be  what  we  are  to-day.  Our 
characters  are  the  rich  ripe  fruit  of  all  these  complex  forces. 

And  as  it  is  with  the  history  of  our  individual  lives,  so  is 
it  with  the  history  of  a  community  or  of  a  country.  As  we 
think  of  the  early  history  of  this  country,  the  bloody  scenes 
which  marks  its  pages,  the  struggles,  hardships,  dangers,  and 
sacrifices  of  the  early  settlers, — of  the  condition  in  which 
this  country  was  at  that  time,  the  valleys  covered  with  tall 
prairie  grass,  the  rivers  and  creeks  lined  with  forest  trees 
and  the  whole  overrun  with  the  Red  Man,  and  the  wild 
animals  peculiar  to  this  district  of  territory  at  that  time — how 
difficult  is  it  for  us  to  throw  ourselves  back  into  the  spirit  of 
these  trying  days,  and  make  the  conditions,  which  actually 
existed,  and  the  things  which  really  took  place,  seem  real  to 
us  now  !  We  can  read  the  facts  connected  with  the  mas 
sacre  of  Enoch  Brown  and  his  ten  scholars,  but  we  can't  make 
them  as  real  to  us  as  they  were  to  those  who  found  their 
mangled  bodies,  and  buried  them  together  in  one  large  box  in 
one  great  grave.  And  so  it  is  with  the  story  of  John  McCul- 
lough,  the  burning  of  Ft.  McCord,  the  killing  of  men  and 
women,  and  the  taking  of  prisoners.  All  these  facts  and 
incidents,  as  well  as  hundreds  of  others  connected  with  the 
early  settlement  of  this  county,  seem  now  very  much  like 
tales  that  have  been  told.  And  yet  the  history  of  those 
early  days  is  a  true  account  of  the  struggles  and  conflicts 
and  dangers  of  real  men  and  women,  who  labored  to  get  a 
foothold  in  this  new  district  of  country.  Had  they  not  en 
dured,  toiled,  fought  and  bled  as  they  did,  our  country 
to-day  would  not  be  what  it  is.  They  did  a  grand,  noble 
work,  in  times,  too,  which  tried  the  mettle  of  which  men 
and  women  are  made.  In  the  midst  of  peace,  prosperity 
and  plenty,  we  should  not  forget  the  pioneer  settlers  who 
helped  to  secure  the  blessings  which  we  now  enjoy.  Their 


Sermon  of  Rev.  J.  W.  Knappenberger.  ios 

labors  of  love  and  sacrifice  should  still  be  held  in  fond  re 
membrance. 

As  we  think  of  the  condition  of  this  county  and  its  people 
one  hundred  years  ago,  and  their  situation  to-day,  what  a 
contrast  !  If  we  take  a  position  on  the  top  of  one  of  our 
high  mountains,  and  cast  our  eyes  over  the  surface  of 
Franklin  county,  we  can  see  hundreds  of  beautiful  farms, 
in  a  high  state  of  cultivation,  yielding  rich  harvests  of 
almost  every  kind  of  grain,  vegetables  and  fruits.  The 
whole  number  of  farms  in  this  county,  according  to  the 
census  of  1880,  is  3,602,  and  their  estimated  value,  with 
their  improvements,  is  in  the  neighborhood  of  twenty  (20) 
millions  of  dollars.  Upon  these  farms  are  comfortable 
dwellings,  large  barns,  good  fences  and  every  machine 
to  lighten  labor,  and  make  the  soil  fertile  and  fruitful. 
Why,  the  value  of  the  farming  implements  and  machinery 
alone  is  to-day  in  the  neighborhood  of  nearly  one  million  of 
dollars.  All  these  facts  indicate  a  prosperous  condition  of 
affairs  in  this  county  to-day. 

But  look  back  one  hundred  years,  or  more  and  what  do 
you  see  ?  These  same  acres  were  covered  with  stones,  bushes, 
briars  and  trees,  and  it  was  only  with  hardest  labors  that 
the  inhabitants  could  secure  enough  from  them  to  satisfy 
their  necessary  wants.  It  required  the  honest  labor  of 
hundreds,  yea,  thousands  of  persons,  extending  through  a 
hundred  years  or  more,  to  make  their  farms  what  they  are 
to-day.  If  all  the  persons  that  worked  on  these  farms  for 
the  past  one  hundred  years,  or  more,  to  make  them  what 
they  are, — were  to  assemble  in  one  place,  what  an  army 
would  there  be;  what  labors  and  patience  and  sacrifices 
and  sorrow  would  they  represent  !  In  the  enjoyment  of 
present  blessings  how  prone  are  we  to  forget  what  others 
did  to  secure  them  to  us  ! 

To-day  there  are  roads  and  lanes  running  East  and 
West,  North  and  South,  intersecting  one  another  at  almost 
every  angle,  so  that  we  can  travel  anywhere  and  every 
where  in  perfect  safety,  feeling  assured  that  the  law  which 
rules  and  reigns  in  Franklin  county  is  no  dead  letter,  but 
that  it  is  powerful  to  protect  her  citizens,  and  terrible  in  its 
punishment  of  the  transgressor.  One  hundred  years  ago 
these  roads  did  not  exist  in  the  condition  in  which  they  are 


1 06  Centennial  Memorial  Sermons. 

at  present,  and  men  had  to  travel  from  place  to  place  as  best 
they  could,  and  with  that  feeling  of  insecurity  which  be 
longs  to  first  settlers  in  a  savage,  barbarous  country.  The 
contrast  in  this  respect  is  very  great. 

One  hundred  years  ago,  there  was  not  a  post-office  in  the 
county,  nor  was  there  one  in  it  until  about  six  years  after  its  or 
ganization.  Letters  on  business,  letters  on  friendship  or  love, 
had  to  be  sent,  if  sent  at  all,  by  some  traveller.  News  from 
parents  at  home,  or  from  friends  and  'lovers  on  the  other 
side  of  the  great  waters,  or  even  in  this  country,  could  be 
secured  only  at  long  intervals,  and  in  the  most  unlocked  for 
and  unexpected  manner.  The  facilities,  therefore,  for  com 
munication  in  those  early  days  were  very  poor  and  irregu 
lar,  indeed.  When  we  think  of  all  these  things,  we  cannot 
help  but  exclaim,  what  a  deprivation !  what  an  inconveni 
ence  !  Why,  we  feel  terribly  disappointed  and  chagrined 
if  our  mail  does  not  come  twice  every  day,  and  even  if  it 
is  an  hour  behind  time,  as  it  has  been  so  frequently  of  late, 
it  annoys  us  not  a  little.  And  if  it  were  not  to  put  in  an 
appearance  some  day  at  all,  we  should  almost  consider  it  a 
personal  bereavement.  In  that  case  we  fear  the  third  com 
mandment  would  be  violated  by  not  a  few. 

There  are  now  within  the  county  about  60  post-offices, 
and  the  facilities  for  communicating  with  one  another  are 
getting  better  every  year.  We  get  our  daily  newspapers, 
weeklies,  monthlies,  quarterlies,  so  regularly  and  promptly, 
that  we  are  liable  to  make  light  of  the  blessing  and  advan 
tages  which  we  enjoy  over  and  above  those  who  lived  one 
hundred  years  ago.  We  can  receive  news  from  the  Old 
World  by  telegraph  every  day,  know  all  that  is  going  on 
in  civilized  countries,  aye,  by  putting  one  ear  to  the  tele 
phone  and  listening,  we  can  hear  the  pulsative  throbs  of  the 
world's  great  heart.  In  our  complacency  and  self-satisfac 
tion  in  thinking  over  the  deprivations  of  the  early  settlers, 
we  are  apt  to  make  light  of  them  and  say,  "O  they  wouldn't 
have  enjoyed  these  advantages  and  benefits  anyway.  They 
would  not  have  had  the  time,  nor  the  inclination."  But  we 
should  remember  that  they  were  men  and  women,  just  as  we 
are,  with  the  same  feelings,  sympathies,  infirmities,  hopes. 
They  had  hearts,  too.  They  loved  the  Fatherland,  the  dear 
ones  at  home  just  as  tenderly  and  truly  as  we  love  our  nearest 


Sermon  of  Rev.  J.  W.  Knappenberger.  107 

and  best  friends.  News  from  them  would  rejoice  and  cheer 
their  hearts,  and  give  them  as  much  satisfaction  as  news  from 
our  friends  and  relatives  do  us.  The  tears  which  they  shed 
over  their  deprivations  in  this  particular,  and  the  sorrows 
which  they  experienced  are  known  only  to  themselves  and 
to  God.  And  we  do  not  refer  to  them  to  magnify  them, 
but  that  we  may  see  how  much  more  highly  favored  we  are 
than  they  were,  and  to  show  what  wonderful  progress  has 
been  made  in  this  one  respect,  not  only  in  this  county,  but 
in  this  country  and  throughout  the  world  during  the  last  one 
hundred  years.  The  contrast  in  this  particular  is  as  great, 
if  not  greater,  than  any  other. 

But  then  think  of  the  schools  in  those  days.  They  must 
have  been  primitive,  indeed.  The  merest  elements  of  an  ed 
ucation  only  could  be  secured,  and  many  of  the  children, 
on  account  of  bad  roads,  the  distance  to  be  travelled,  and 
the  dangers  incident  to  a  new  country,  would  be  deprived 
almost  altogether  of  the  privileges  and  blessings  of  the  most 
limited  education.  The  number  of  schools  must  have  been 
very  small.  The  school  buildings  were  anything  but  invit 
ing  or  comfortable.  But  what  a  change  has  taken  place  ! 
There  are  to-day  about  290  schools  in  this  county,  and  there 
is  spent  annually  in  the  payment  of  teachers'  salaries  near 
ly  sixty  thousand  dollars.  The  estimated  value  of  school 
property  is  nearly  three  hundred  thousand  dollars,  so  that  no 
boy  or  girl  can  have  any  excuse  whatever  for  growing  up 
in  ignorance  in  such  a  favored  county  as  this  one  is. 
Would  to  God  that  every  parent  might  appreciate  the  privi 
leges  and  benefits  of  the  public  school  system,  and  show 
their  appreciation  and  good  sense  by  sending  their  children 
regularly  and  daily  to  school  during  its  sessions. 

We  have  yet  to  speak-  of  the  influence  of  religion  in 
moulding  and  shaping  the  history  of  this  county.  It  has  al 
ways  been,  and  always  will  be,  the  conserving,  preserving 
power  among  any  people.  It  has  been  so  in  this  county. 
The  majority  of  the  men  who  settled  in  this  county  be 
longed  to  some  branch  of  the  Christian  church.  They 
sought  to  practice  the  principles  of  God's  word  in  daily  life. 
It  is  true,  their  characters  are  not  models  of  human  perfec 
tion.  They  did  many  things  which  would  not  meet  our  ap 
proval.  But  we  cannot  be  too  thankful  for  what  they  did 


1 08  Centennial  Memorial  Sermons. 

in  advancing  the  cause  of  the  dear  Redeemer.  They  or 
ganized  congregations,  they  built  churches,  they  united 
their  voices  and  their  hearts  in  the  worship  of  the  triune 
God  on  the  Sabbath  Day.  Many  pure,  noble,  righteous 
characters  stand  out  prominent  in  the  history  of  this  county. 
Hundreds  of  men  and  women,  noted  for  their  love  of  right 
eousness  and  abhorence  of  evil,  have  gone  out  from  this 
county,  and  have  been  a  power  for  good  in  other  communi 
ties,  who  owed  all  their  influence  to  the  splendid  moral  and 
religious  training  which  they  received  under  the  parental 
roof.  And  while  we  have  no  statistics  to  verify  the  state 
ment,  we  venture  the  assertion  that  the  Christian  religion 
has  a  stronger  hold  upon  the  people  of  this  county  to-day 
than  it  ever  had  before.  There  are  churches  enough  to  ac 
commodate  all  its  people,  and  would  to  God  that  every 
soul  within  its  borders  would  bow  at  this  time  in  submission 
to  the  dear  Redeemer,  so  that  the  rejoicings  on  this  centen-  . 
nial  occasion  may  cause  rejoicings  among  the  the  angels  in 
heaven,  over  the  sinners  saved  in  the  blood  of  Jesus. 

One  hundred  years  have  passed  away — one  hundred  years 
of  mingled  joys  and  sorrows,  of  labor  and  blessings. 

When  we  think  of  the  hundreds  of  families  that  were  or 
ganized  and  then  broken  up  by  the  hand  of  death — when  we 
think  of  the  great  army  of  persons  who  walked  over  these  hills 
and  valleys  and  mountains  during  all  that  time — of  the 
plans  which  they  laid,  of  the  pleasure  which  they  enjoyed, 
of  the  trials  through  which  they  passed,  of  the  work  which 
they  performed,  of  the  emotions  which  filled  their  souls,  as 
they  looked  upon  the  very  scenes  which  meet  us  on  every 
side,  and  then  think  that  their  souls  have  been  called  back 
to  the  spirit  world,  and  their  bodies  are  moulding  away  in 
the  silent  cities  of  the  dead,  does  not  the  whole  history 
seem  like  a  tale  that  has  been  told?  Yet,  how  real  was  it 
all. 

One  hundred  years  ago  you  and  I  were  not.  One  hun 
dred  years  hence  we  shall  not  be.  As  God  has  vouched 
to  us  a  favored  land,  with  so  many  privileges,  blessings,  ad 
vantages,  let  us  live  to  some  purpose.  Let  us  live  to  God's 
glory,  that  our  lives  may  reflect  His  principles,  that  heaven 
may  be  our  eternal  home.  And  to  God  be  all  the  praise. 
Amen. 


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